Umnotho wanamuhla wakhelwe ngendlela yokuthi ngeke ukwazi ukwenza ngaphandle kwamabhange. Amazwe esaba ukuwa kwamabhange amakhulu ngaphezu kwabanikazi bawo, futhi uma kwenzeka kuba yingozi asiza lawo mabhange ukuthi aphile ngokuwaxhasa kusuka kusabelomali. Ngaphandle kokukhonona kosomnotho ngalokhu, ohulumeni mhlawumbe balungile ukuthatha lesi sinyathelo. Ibhange elikhulu eliqhumayo lingasebenza njenge-domino yokuqala kukholamu yohlobo lwayo, lilahle yonke imikhakha yezomnotho.
Amabhange angabanikazi (uma kungenjalo ngokusemthethweni, bese engaqondile) amabhizinisi amakhulu, ingcebo nezinye izakhiwo. Kodwa lokhu bekungenjalo ngaso sonke isikhathi. Kwakunezikhathi lapho amabhange, kwesinye isikhathi ngokwethembeka, futhi kwesinye isikhathi kungabi kahle kakhulu, enza umsebenzi wawo wokuqala - ukusebenzela ezomnotho nabantu ngabanye, ukwenza ukudluliswa kwemali nokusebenza njengezinqolobane zamanani. Le yindlela amabhange aqala ngayo imisebenzi yawo:
1. Ukuphikisana ngokuthi livele nini ibhange lokuqala, ungaphula amakhophi amaningi bese usala ngaphandle kokuvumelana. Ngokusobala, abantu abanobuqili bekufanele ngabe baqale ukuboleka imali "ngenzuzo" cishe masinyane ngokufika kwemali noma okulingana nabo. E-Greece Yasendulo, abezimali sebeqalile ukusebenza ngezibambiso, futhi lokhu akwenziwa ngabantu nje kuphela, kepha namathempeli. EGibhithe lasendulo, zonke izinkokhelo zikahulumeni, zombili ezingenayo neziphumayo, zanqwabelana emabhange akhethekile wombuso.
2. Ukulobola akukaze kwamukelwe yiSonto LamaRoma Katolika. UPapa Alexander III (lena yinhloko yesonto eyingqayizivele, owayenama-antipode angama-4) enqabela ababolekisi ukuthi bathole isidlo futhi bangcwabe ngokomthetho wobuKristu. Kodwa-ke, iziphathimandla zezwe zazisebenzisa ukwenqatshelwa kwesonto kuphela uma kuzuzisa kubo.
UPapa Alexander III wayengabathandi kakhulu ababolekisi
3. Ngokucishe kufane nokusebenza kobuKristu, balahla inzalo ku-Islam. Ngasikhathi sinye, amabhange amaSulumane kusukela endulo avele athathe kumakhasimende hhayi iphesenti lemali ebolekisiwe, kepha ahlanganyele kwezohwebo, izimpahla, njll. Umsebenzi odumile phakathi kwamaJuda wawavumela ukuba acebe, futhi ngasikhathi sinye kwakuholela ekuqothulweni kwegazi, lapho amakhasimende angenashwa wababolekisi abamba iqhaza ngenjabulo. Izikhulu eziphakeme azizange zinqikaze ukubamba iqhaza kuma-pogroms. Amakhosi asebenze kalula - athola intela ephezulu koosozimali bamaJuda, noma avele athembisa ukuthenga inani elikhulu.
4. Mhlawumbe kungafaneleka ukubiza ibhange lokuqala i-Order of the Knights Templar. Le nhlangano yenze imali enkulu kakhulu ngokuthengiselana kwezezimali. Amanani amukelwa yi-Templars "ukugcinwa" (njengoba abhala ezivumelwaneni zokugwema ukuvinjelwa kwenzalo) afaka phakathi imiqhele yasebukhosini kanye nontanga, izimpawu nezinye izici zombuso. Kuhlakazekile kulo lonke elaseYurophu, okubalulekile kwamaTemplars kwakufana namagatsha amanje amabhange, enza izinkokhelo ezingezona ezemali. Nanku umfanekiso wesikali seKnights Templar: imali abayitholayo ngekhulu le-13 idlule ama-franc ayizigidi ezingama-50 ngonyaka. Futhi abakwaTemplars bathenga sonke isiqhingi saseCyprus nakho konke okuqukethwe kwaso kumaByzantine ngama-franc ayizinkulungwane eziyi-100. Akumangazi ukuthi inkosi yaseFrance uPhilip the Handsome yamangalela ngenjabulo ama-Templars ngazo zonke izono ezingahle zenzeke, yahlakaza lo myalo, yabulala abaholi yathatha nempahla ye-oda. Ngokokuqala ngqa emlandweni, iziphathimandla zombuso zakhombisa osomabhange endaweni yabo ...
Ama-Templars aqede kabi
5. NgeNkathi Ephakathi, inzalo yemalimboleko okungenani yayiyingxenye yesithathu yenani elithathiwe, futhi imvamisa yayifinyelela kokuthathu kokuthathu ngonyaka. Ngasikhathi sinye, isilinganiso samadiphozi asivamile ukudlula ama-8%. Izikele ezinjalo azibanga nomthelela omkhulu othandweni oludumile lwababhange basendulo.
6. Abathengisi bangeNkathi Ephakathi basebenzise ngokuzithandela izikweletu zokushintshana ngozakwabo nezindlu zokuhweba, ukuze bangathwali imali eningi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lokhu kwenza kwaba nokwenzeka ukonga ekushintshanisweni kwezinhlamvu zemali, ezaziningi kakhulu ngaleso sikhathi. Lezi zikhwama kwakuyizibonelo zamasheke asebhange, imali yamaphepha, namakhadi asebhange ngasikhathi sinye.
Ebhange lasendulo
7. Ngekhulu le-14, izindlu zamabhange zaseFlorentine zaseBardi nasePeruzzi zaxhasa izinhlangothi zombili ngasikhathi sinye empini eyiminyaka eyikhulu yamaNgisi namaFulentshi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, eNgilandi, ngokuvamile, zonke izimali zombuso zazisezandleni zabo - ngisho nendlovukazi yathola imali ephaketheni emahhovisi asebhange ase-Italy. Akekho uKing Edward III noma iNkosi uCharles VII abakhokhile izikweletu zabo. UPeruzzi ukhokhe izikweletu ezingama-37% ngokuqothuka, uBardi 45%, kepha noma lokhu akuzange kusindise i-Italy nalo lonke elaseYurophu ebunzimeni obukhulu, izintambo zezindlu zamabhange zingene zajula emnothweni.
8. IRiksbank, ibhange elikhulu laseSweden, yibhange elikhulu likahulumeni elidala kunawo wonke emhlabeni. Ngaphezu kwesisekelo sayo ngo-1668, iRiksbank nayo idume ngeqiniso lokuthi yaqala ukuvela emakethe yezezimali yomhlaba wonke ngesevisi yezezimali eyingqayizivele - idiphozi enenzalo engemihle yenzalo. Okusho ukuthi, iRiksbank ikhokhisa ingxenye encane (okwamanje?) Engxenyeni yezimali zamakhasimende zokugcina izimali zamakhasimende.
Riksbank isakhiwo sesimanje
9. Embusweni waseRussia, iBhange LoMbuso lasungulwa ngokusemthethweni nguPeter III ngonyaka we-1762. Nokho, umbusi waketulwa ngokushesha, futhi ibhange laselikhohliwe. Kuphela ngo-1860 kwavela iBhange loMbuso eligcwele elinemali eyizigidi eziyi-15 zamaRuble eRussia.
Ukwakhiwa kweBhange LoMbuso Lombuso WaseRussia eSt
10. Alikho ibhange likazwelonke noma lombuso e-United States. Ingxenye yendima yomlawuli yenziwa yiFederal Reserve System - inhlanganisela yamakhulu amakhulu ayi-12, amabhange amancane angaphezu kwama-3 000, iBhodi labaPhathi nezinye izinhlaka eziningi. Ngokomqondo, i-Fed ilawulwa yindlu engezansi yeSenate yase-US, kepha amandla ama-congressmen anqunyelwe iminyaka emi-4, kanti amalungu e-Fed Council aqokwa isikhathi eside.
11. Ngo-1933, ngemuva kokudodobala kwezoMnotho Okukhulu, amabhange aseMelika anqatshelwa ukuthi azibandakanye ngokuzimela ekuthengweni nasekuthengisweni kwamasheya, ukutshala imali kanye nezinye izinhlobo zezinto ezingezona ezasebhange. Lokhu kuvinjelwa kwakusadlulwa, kodwa ngokusemthethweni babefuna ukulandela umthetho. Ngo-1999, imikhawulo emisebenzini yamabhange aseMelika yasuswa. Baqala ukutshala imali ngenkuthalo futhi babolekisa ngezindlu, futhi ngo-2008 kwalandela inkinga enamandla yezezimali nezomnotho, ethinta umhlaba wonke. Ngakho-ke amabhange awagcini ngokubolekwa kwemali kanye nokufakwa kwemali, kepha futhi nokuphahlazeka kanye nezinkinga.
