Isivumelwano sokungabi nobudlova phakathi kweJalimane ne-USSR (obeye aziwe njengo Isivumelwano seMolotov-Ribbentrop noma Isivumelwano sikaHitler-Stalin) - isivumelwano sohulumeni esasayinwa ngo-Agasti 23, 1939 yizinhloko zeminyango yezangaphandle iJalimane ne-USSR, kubantu bakaJoachim Ribbentrop noVyacheslav Molotov.
Ukuhlinzekwa kwesivumelwano seJalimane neSoviet kuqinisekise ukuthula phakathi kwezinhlangothi zombili, kufaka phakathi ukuzibophezela okumenyezelwe kokuthi akekho kubo bobabili ohulumeni ozongena kumfelandawonye noma asize izitha zolunye uhlangothi.
Namuhla iMolotov-Ribbentrop Pact ingenye yemibhalo ekhulunywa kakhulu ngomlando emhlabeni. Emazweni amaningi, kufaka phakathi iRussia, ngosuku olwandulela u-Agasti 23 emaphephandabeni nakuthelevishini, ingxoxo esebenzayo ngesivumelwano phakathi kwabaholi abakhulu kunabo bonke bezwe ngaleso sikhathi - uStalin noHitler bayaqala.
Isivumelwano seMolotov-Ribbentrop sabangela ukugqashuka kweMpi Yezwe II (1939-1945). Uqaqe izandla ze-fascist Germany, ezazizimisele ukunqoba umhlaba wonke.
Kulesi sihloko, sizobheka amaqiniso athakazelisayo ahlobene nenkontileka, kanye nemicimbi esemqoka ebekwe ngokulandelana kwesikhathi.
Isivumelwano sempi
Ngakho-ke, ngo-Agasti 23, 1939, iJalimane, ngaphansi kobuholi buka-Adolf Hitler, kanye ne-USSR, ngaphansi kobuholi bukaJoseph Stalin, benza isivumelwano, kwathi ngoSepthemba 1, kwaqala impi enegazi elikhulu futhi enkulu emlandweni wesintu.
Ezinsukwini eziyisishiyagalombili ngemuva kokusayinwa kwesivumelwano, amasosha kaHitler ahlasela iPoland, kwathi ngo-Septhemba 17, 1939, ibutho laseSoviet langena ePoland.
Ukwahlukaniswa kwendawo kwePoland phakathi kweSoviet Union neJalimane kuphele ngokusayinwa kwesivumelwano sobungani kanye nenqubo eyengeziwe eyimfihlo kuso. Ngakho-ke, ngo-1940 izifundazwe zaseBaltic, iBessarabia, iNyakatho Bukovina nengxenye yeFinland zahlanganiswa ne-USSR.
Iphrothokholi eyengeziwe eyimfihlo
Iprotocol eyimfihlo ichaze "imingcele yemikhakha yezintshisekelo" yaseJalimane neSoviet Union uma kwenzeka ukuhlelwa kabusha kwezindawo nezombusazwe kwezifunda eziyingxenye yeFinland, i-Estonia, iLatvia, iLithuania kanye nezwe lasePoland.
Ngokusho kwezitatimende zobuholi baseSoviet, inhloso yesivumelwano kwakuwukuqinisekisa ithonya le-USSR eMpumalanga Yurophu, ngoba ngaphandle kwesivumelwano esiyimfihlo isivumelwano seMolotov-Ribbentrop sizolahlekelwa ngamandla.
Ngokwe-protocol, umngcele osenyakatho weLithuania waba umngcele wemikhakha yezintshisekelo zaseJalimane ne-USSR emazweni aseBaltic.
Umbuzo wenkululeko yasePoland wawuzoxazululwa kamuva, ngemuva kokuxoxisana ngamaqembu. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, iSoviet Union yabonisa intshisekelo ethile eBessarabia, ngenxa yalokho iJalimane ayizange idinge ukufuna lezi zindawo.
Isivumelwano sithonye kakhulu ukudalelwa okuqhubekayo kwabaseLithuania, base-Estonia, baseLatvia, kanye nabase-Western Ukraine, abaseBelarus kanye nabaseMoldova. Ekugcineni, laba bantu babecishe bafakwe ngokuphelele e-USSR.
Ngokuhambisana ne-protocol eyengeziwe, eyokuqala etholakala ezinqolobaneni zePolitburo kuphela ngemuva kokuwa kwe-USSR, ibutho laseJalimane ngo-1939 alizange lihlasele izingxenye ezisempumalanga yePoland, ehlala ikakhulukazi abaseBelarusian nabase-Ukraine.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, amaNazi awazange angene emazweni aseBaltic. Ngenxa yalokho, zonke lezi zindawo zathathwa ngaphansi kokulawulwa yiSoviet Union.
Ngesikhathi sempi neFinland, eyayiyingxenye yezintshisekelo zaseRussia, iRed Army yathatha ingxenye yalesi sifundazwe.
Ukuhlolwa kwezepolitiki kwesivumelwano
Ngakho konke ukuhlolwa okungaqondakali kweMolotov-Ribbentrop Pact, namuhla okugxekwa kakhulu yizifundazwe eziningi, kufanele kuvunywe ukuthi empeleni akuzange kudlule uhlaka lomkhuba wobudlelwano bamazwe omhlaba owamukelwa ngaphambi kweMpi Yezwe Yesibili.
Isibonelo, ngo-1934, iPoland yenza isivumelwano esifanayo neJalimane lamaNazi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amanye amazwe azamile ukusayina izivumelwano ezifanayo.
Noma kunjalo, kwakuyinkqubo eyengeziwe eyimfihlo enamathiselwe esivumelwaneni seMolotov-Ribbentrop ngokungangabazeki esaphula umthetho wamazwe omhlaba.
Kuyaphawuleka futhi ukuthi kusukela kulesi sivumelwano i-USSR ayitholanga izinzuzo ezingako zomhlaba njengeminyaka eyengeziwe engu-2 yokulungiselela impi engaba khona ne-Third Reich.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uHitler wakwazi ukugwema impi ezinhlangothini ezimbili iminyaka emi-2, ehlula ngokulandelana iPoland, iFrance namazwe amancane aseYurophu. Ngakho-ke, ngokombono wezazi-mlando eziningi, iJalimane kufanele ibhekwe njengabahlomuli abakhulu besivumelwano.
Ngenxa yokuthi imigomo yenkambiso eyimfihlo yayingekho emthethweni, bobabili uStalin noHitler banquma ukungawenzi obala lo mbhalo. Iqiniso elithandekayo ukuthi akukho nezikhulu zaseRussia noma zaseJalimane ezazazi ngale protocol, ngaphandle kombuthano omncane wabantu.
Ngaphandle kokungacaci kweMolotov-Ribbentrop Pact (okusho ukuthi umthetho olandelwayo oyimfihlo), kusamele ibhekwe kumongo wesimo samanje sezombusazwe nezepolitiki ngaleso sikhathi.
Ngokomqondo kaStalin, lesi sivumelwano kwakufanele sisebenze njengempendulo yenqubomgomo "yokuncenga" uHitler, elandelwa yiGreat Britain neFrance, ababezama ukududula amakhanda abo emibusweni emibili yobushiqela.
Ngo-1939, iJalimane lamaNazi lalawula iRhineland futhi, ngokwephula iSivumelwano SaseVersailles, lavuselela amabutho alo, okwathi ngemuva kwalokho lahlanganisa i-Austria ne-Czechoslovakia.
Ngezindlela eziningi, inqubomgomo yaseBrithani, iFrance, iJalimane ne-Italy yaholela emiphumeleni edabukisayo enjalo, eyathi ngoSepthemba 29, 1938 yasayina isivumelwano eMunich ngokuhlukaniswa kweCzechoslovakia. Funda kabanzi ngalokhu ku-athikili "Isivumelwano SaseMunich".
Uma ucabangela konke lokhu okungenhla, akulungile ukusho ukuthi yiMolotov-Ribbentrop Pact kuphela eyaholela eMpini Yezwe II.
Ngokushesha noma kamuva, uHitler wayezoqhubeka ahlasele iPoland, futhi amazwe amaningi aseYurophu ayefuna ukwenza isivumelwano neJalimane, ngaleyo ndlela akhulule izandla zamaNazi.
Iqiniso elithandekayo ukuthi kuze kube ngu-Agasti 23, 1939, wonke amazwe aseYurophu anamandla, kubandakanya iBrithani, iFrance neSoviet Union, azama ukuxoxisana nomholi waseJalimane.
Ukuhlolwa kokuziphatha kwesivumelwano
Ngokushesha ngemuva kokuphothulwa kwesivumelwano seMolotov-Ribbentrop Pact, izinhlangano eziningi zamakhomanisi zomhlaba zasigxeka kakhulu isivumelwano. Ngasikhathi sinye, bebengazi nokuthi kukhona umthetho olandelwayo owengeziwe.
Abezombusazwe abangamakhomanisi bazwakalise ukungagculiseki ngokuhlangana kabusha phakathi kwe-USSR neJalimane. Izazi-mlando eziningi zikholelwa ukuthi yilesi sivumelwano esaba yisiqalo sokwehlukana kwenhlangano yamakhomanisi yamazwe omhlaba nesizathu sokuhlakazwa kweKhomanisi Lamazwe ngo-1943.
Eminyakeni eyishumi kamuva, ngoDisemba 24, 1989, iCongress of People's Deputies yase-USSR yazilahla ngokusemthethweni lezi zinqubo eziyimfihlo. Abezombusazwe bagcizelela ngokukhethekile ekutheni isivumelwano noHitler saphothulwa nguStalin noMolotov ngasese kubantu nakubamele iqembu lamaKhomanisi.
Imibhalo yasekuqaleni yaseJalimane yezivumelwano eziyimfihlo kuthiwa yacekelwa phansi ekuqhunyisweni kwamabhomu eJalimane. Kodwa-ke, ngasekupheleni kuka-1943, uRibbentrop wayala ukwenziwa kwamafilimu amarekhodi ayimfihlo kakhulu oMnyango Wezangaphandle waseJalimane kusukela ngo-1933, enamakhasi angaba ngu-9 800.
Ngenkathi, ekupheleni kwempi, iminyango ehlukahlukene yoMnyango Wezangaphandle eBerlin ikhishwa eThuringia, isisebenzi sikahulumeni uKarl von Lesch sathola amakhophi amafilimu amancane. Wayalwa ukuba acekele phansi imibhalo eyimfihlo, kodwa uLesh wanquma ukuyifihla ukuze athole umshwalense wakhe kanye nenhlalakahle yakhe yesikhathi esizayo.
NgoMeyi 1945, uKarl von Lesch wacela uLieutenant Colonel Robert K. Thomson waseBrithani ukuthi ahambise incwadi yakhe kuDuncan Sandys, umkhwenyana kaChurchill. Encwadini, umemezele amadokhumende ayimfihlo, nokuthi wayekulungele ukuwahlinzeka ukuze anikeze ukuhlukumezeka kwakhe.
UColonel Thomson nozakwabo waseMelika uRalph Collins bavumelane ngale migomo. Ama-microfilms aqukethe ikhophi ye-Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact kanye ne-protocol eyimfihlo.
Imiphumela ye-Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact
Imiphumela emibi yesivumelwano isazwakala ebudlelwaneni phakathi kweRussia Federation kanye namazwe athintwe yisivumelwano.
Emazweni aseBaltic nasentshonalanga ye-Ukraine, amaRussia abizwa ngokuthi "abahlali." EPoland, i-USSR neJalimane lamaNazi cishe zilinganiswa. Ngenxa yalokho, abantu abaningi basePoland banesimo sengqondo esingesihle ngamasosha aseSoviet, eqinisweni, abasindisa ekuqothulweni amaJalimane.
Ngokusho kwezazi-mlando zaseRussia, ubutha obunjalo bokuziphatha kwabasePoland abunabo ubulungiswa, ngoba akekho noyedwa emasosheni angaba ngu-600,000 aseRussia afela ukukhululwa kwePoland owayeke wezwa ngemithetho eyimfihlo ye-Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact.
Isithombe soqobo lweMolotov-Ribbentrop Pact
Isithombe se-Original Protocol Secret to the Treaty
Futhi lesi isithombe esifanayo I-Protocol eyimfihlo ye-Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, lapho izingxoxo ezinjalo ezishubile ziqhubeka.
