Sekuyiminyaka engamakhulu ambalwa manje, izazi-mlando zilokhu ziphula imikhonto phezu kukaKievan Rus, noma njengoba zibiza nangokuthi yi-Ancient Rus. Abanye babo baze baphike ubukhona besimo esinjalo ngokomthetho. Isimo sibhebhethekiswa yisimo sezepolitiki esithuthukile futhi esihlala siwohloka emazweni angaphambili aseKievan Rus eminyakeni engama-30 edlule, ngemuva kokuwa kwe-USSR. Izazi-mlando kaningi azifundisi okwedlule, kepha zigcwalisa ukuhleleka kwezepolitiki kwabaholi bezwe labo. Ngakho-ke, akunangqondo ukwethemba ukuthi ingxoxo ngoKievan Rus esikhathini esizayo esizoba khona izoba nohlobo oluthile lwesiphetho esakhayo.
Noma kunjalo iKievan Rus, noma ngabe ithathwa njengezwe noma cha, yayikhona. Abantu babehlala ezindaweni ezisuka eNyakatho Dvina ziye eTaman Peninsula nasezinkanjini zeDnieper kuya ezindaweni eziphezulu. Babehlala ngezindlela ezahlukahlukene: balwa futhi babumbana, babalekela ukucindezelwa futhi bahamba ngaphansi kwengalo yezikhulu ezinamandla. Kuze kube sekuhlaselweni kweMongolia ngekhulu le-13, iKiev, ngisho idluliswa kaninginingi isuka esandleni iya kwesinye futhi yabhujiswa, yahlala iluhlobo lwesibonakaliso sobunye, noma ngabe ubunye obuyinkohliso. Futhi abantu abavamile, njengakuzo zonke izikhathi ezedlule nezizayo, kwakudingeka basebenze ensimini noma e-workshop, beziphilisa, futhi bangakhohlwa ukukhokha intela. Lapho ngamabele noma ngemali, nangegazi lakho noma impilo yakho. Ake sizame ukulahla izingxabano zomlando nezimpi ezingapheli zamakhosana ngazo zonke izinto ezincane nezomisa izabelo, futhi sinake izici ezijwayelekile zempilo yamaSlav eKievan Rus.
1. Kuhlwanyelwe endaweni yaseKievan Rus, ikakhulukazi, i-rye yasebusika (ukudla kwabantu) ne-oats (ukudla kwamahhashi). Ukolweni wasentwasahlobo nebhali kwakuyizilimo ezincane. Emazweni acebile aseningizimu, i-buckwheat yayitshalwa, imidumba nezitshalo zezimboni - i-hemp nefilakisi.
2. Igceke ngalinye lalinezivande zalo zemifino ezinophizi, iklabishi, itheniphu no-anyanisi. Imifino eyayithengiswa yayitshalwa kuphela emadolobheni amakhulu.
3. Imfuyo, kuhlanganise namahhashi, yayincane. Izilwane zigcinwe isikhathi esingaphansi konyaka - ngemuva kokuqala kwesimo sezulu esibandayo, izingulube, izimbuzi nezimvu ngaphandle kwenzalo zahamba ngaphansi kommese. Isabelo senyama sanezelwa yizinkukhu nokuzingela.
4. Iziphuzo ezidakayo zazitholakala ngamandla amancane kakhulu, ngamaphesenti ambalwa. Bebephuza ikakhulu uju, itiye nejeli. Utshwala babutholakala kuphela phezulu komphakathi.
5. Impahla enkulu yezolimo ethunyelwa kwamanye amazwe kwakuyizinyosi kanye ne-wax ehambisana nayo.
6. Ezolimo ezentengiselwano zazicishe zenziwe kuphela emazweni angamakhosazana nakwezindela. Abalimi abazimele basebenza cishe ukuze bondle bona nemindeni yabo kuphela. Yize kunjalo, abantu besikhathi samanye amazwe bachaza izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zemikhiqizo edayiswa ezimakethe ngamanani aphansi eYurophu.
7. Imali engenayo evela emazweni ayizikhulu zamakhosi ayemakhulu. Izigodlo zezindela zazingakwazi ukugcina izivande, futhi izikhulu zazigcina imihlambi yamahhashi ezinkulungwaneni.
8. Igama "amathuna" laqala ukukhomba amathuna cishe ngekhulu le-18. Ekuqaleni, ngezikhathi zikaKievan Rus, kwakuyingxenye yensimu yabaphathi, lapho kwakukhona khona omele ukuqoqwa kwentela. UPrincess Olga wasungula amagceke esonto ukuze amise i-polyudye - ukuqoqwa kwentela yasebusika. Ngesikhathi se-polyudye, izikhulu nezikwele zazihlanya ngamandla amakhulu, kwesinye isikhathi ziqoqa konke ezikubonayo (ngoba empeleni, iNkosana Igor yahlupheka). Manje, empeleni, kwafakwa intela yokuvota, eyaqoqwa egcekeni lesonto.
9. Ukuhweba kwakubaluleke kakhulu emnothweni waseKievan Rus. Kwakunamadolobha amaningi aqhamuka njengendawo yokushintshana kwezimpahla phakathi kwabenzi bezandla nabalimi, ngakho-ke, kwakukhona okuthile okuhwebelana ngakho. UKievan Rus wenze ukuhweba kwangaphandle okusebenzayo, esendleleni esuka kumaVarganiya eya kumaGriki. Amafutha, izindwangu, i-wax nobucwebe bathunyelwa phesheya, kepha izigqila yizo ezazithunyelwa kakhulu. Futhi hhayi abantu bakwamanye amazwe abathunjwa ndawo thile, kodwa abantu bakithi. Izimpahla ezazingeniswa kakhulu kwakuyizikhali, izinsimbi ezingenayo i-ayoni, izinongo nezimpahla zikanokusho, kufaka nezindwangu ezibizayo.
10. ERussia, umndeni wawungeyona ingxenye yezomthetho ngomqondo wamanje - wawungenayo impahla. Kukhona okwakungokankosikazi, okuthile kwendoda, kepha kwakungahlangene emndenini futhi kwakungathengiswa, kudluliswe futhi kuzuzwe ngokwehlukana. Lokhu kufakazelwa imisebenzi eminingi elondoloziwe kanye namafa. Omunye wale mibhalo wazisa ngokuthengwa komhlaba ngumyeni kumkakhe, udadewabo nomkhwenyana wakhe.
11. Ekuqaleni, amakhosana namaqhawe ayehlanganyela kwezohwebo. Kusukela cishe ngekhulu le-11, amakhosana aqala ukwaneliseka ngemisebenzi, namaqhawe - ngamaholo.
12. Ngesikhathi sokuhlasela kwamaMongol eRussia, kwase kunezingcweti ezingama-60. Kwamanye amadolobha kwakukhona ngisho aze afike kwikhulu. Mayelana nentuthuko yezobuchwepheshe, izingcweti zazingaphansi kwabalingani bazo baseYurophu. Abasebenzi bensimbi bancibilikisa insimbi futhi benza izikhali, benza imikhiqizo ngokhuni, ingilazi nezinsimbi ezingekho zensimbi, baphotha futhi baklama.
13. Yize kwabiwa impahla ngokungathi sína, kwakungekho ndlala noma inqwaba yezinxibi eKievan Rus.
14. Abalobi bezindaba abaningi, ababungaza abantu ezimakethe, bachaza ngemisebenzi yabo izenzo zezingwazi zamaqhawe esikhathi esedlule. Kwakunamaqhawe angama-50 anjalo.
15. Amadolobha nezinqaba kwakhiwa ngokhuni. Kwakunezinqaba zamatshe ezintathu kuphela, kanye neVladimir castle ka-Andrei Bogolyubsky.
16. E-Kievan Rus bekunabantu abaningi abafundile. Ngisho nangemva kokubhapathizwa, ukufunda nokubhala akuzange kube yilungelo labaholi besonto. Ngisho nezinhlamvu ze-birch bark ezivela empilweni yansuku zonke ziye zagcinwa.
Isimemo se-Birch bark sosuku
17. Ngesikhathi sayo sobukhosi, iKiev kwakuyidolobha elikhulu futhi elihle kakhulu. Izivakashi zaphesheya kwezilwandle zaze zayiqhathanisa neConstantinople, eyayiyinhloko-dolobha yangempela ngaleso sikhathi.
18. Ngemuva kokubhabhadiswa kukaRus nguVladimir, ithonya lobuqaba lahlala linamandla amakhulu. Ngisho nezikhulu kanye neqembu labo babevame ukubiza izingane ngamagama amaSlav. Kwesinye isikhathi lokhu kwaholela ekudidekeni: abalobi bemibhalo babiza umuntu ofanayo ngamagama ahlukene: abamukelwa lapho bebhapathizwa futhi benikezwa lapho bezalwa.
19. Ngaphezu kwezizwe eziningi zamaSlav, abanye abantu babehlala eRussia. Ngakho-ke, eKiev kwakukhona umphakathi omkhulu wamaJuda. AmaSlav amaningi-ke ayehlala emadolobheni akhelene neKievan Rus, ikakhulukazi eDon.
20. Ngaphandle kohlelo lomthetho oluthuthukiswe kahle (ku "Russkaya Pravda", ngokwesibonelo, kunezihloko ezingaphezu kwe-120), uKievan Rus wabhujiswa ngokunembile ngokungaqiniseki okungokomthetho efeni lesihloko senkosana. Ifa ngokwesisekelo sobudala emndenini, lapho umalume, ngokwesibonelo, ethola itafula lokudlula indodana yenkosana, akakwazanga ukuholela ezingxabanweni nasezimpini zombango.
21. Umkhankaso weNkosana u-Oleg oya eConstantinople ngo-907 emibhalweni yonyaka ubukeka njenge-Hollywood action movie: izikebhe ezingama-2000 zamadoda angamaqhawe angama-40, zigijimela emasangweni omuzi ngamasondo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-hryvnia eyi-12 (lena cishe ingu-2 kg) intela ngewashi ngalinye le-rook. Kepha isivumelwano se-911 siyiqiniso impela: ubungani nokuhloniphana, ukungavikeleki kwabathengisi, njll. Ngisho nezwi nje mayelana nokuhweba ngaphandle kwemisebenzi. Kepha kunesigatshana sokunikeza usizo kumatilosi angaphandle asenkingeni. EYurophu ngaleyo minyaka, umthetho wasogwini wakhula ngamandla nangamandla: konke okwaminza eduze nogu kungokomnikazi womhlaba osogwini.
22. Kolunye uhambo lokuhweba oluya eConstantinople, amathani afinyelela kwangu-5 000 emithwalo athuthwa esuka eKiev. Babethuthwa kancane emuva, ngoba izimpahla zaseByzantine zazilula. NgeSaint-Gotthard Pass - okuwukuphela komgwaqo ohlanganisa iNyakatho Yurophu neNingizimu Yurophu - ngemuva kweminyaka engama-500, cishe amathani e-1,200 wezimpahla ayethuthwa ngonyaka. Kwakunenye futhi indlela yokuhambisa izimpahla zisuka eRussia ziye eConstantinople futhi zibuyele emuva. Izigqila zazihlala ezigwedleni zemikhumbi, uRus ayekhuthele kakhulu ekuhwebeni. EByzantium, akuzange kuthengiswe kuphela izimpahla ezazilethwa, kodwa nezigqila ngisho nemikhumbi - "kumaGrikhi ayesebhodini". Uhambo lokubuya lwenziwa umhlaba.
23. INkosana u-Igor wabulawa ngabakwaDrevlyans ngenxa yokungazibandakanyi ekuqoqeni intela. Okokuqala, wavumela amasosha aseVarangian ukuba aphange lesi sizwe, bese eza nenhloso efanayo yena. AbakwaDrevlyans babona ukuthi ayikho enye indlela yokuqeda ubuqili benkosana enkulu.
24. Ngesikhathi sokubusa kuka-Olga, iRussia yayingabhapathizwa uPapa. Uqhekeko phakathi kwamasonto lwalusanda kuqala, ngakho-ke inkosazana, yabhabhadiswa eConstantinople, ngemuva kokungezwani nabaphathi bendawo, yathumela izithunywa kumbusi u-Otto I. Wathumela umbhishobhi eRussia, owashonela endaweni ethile endleleni. Thola umbhishobhi eKiev, umlando wawungahamba ngokuhlukile.
25. Inganekwane “yokuphonswa kwezinkolo”, okusolwa ukuthi, yayiqhutshwa yiNkosana uVladimir ngaphambi kokubhabhadiswa kweRussia, kungenzeka ukuthi yasungulwa ukukhombisa ukuthi umuntu owayeyinkosi nombhaphathizi wayeqaphela futhi ecabangisisa kangakanani. Ithi inkosana ibize abashumayeli bamaKhatholika, ubuJuda, ubuSulumane nobu-Orthodox. Ngemuva kokulalela izinkulumo zabo, uVladimir wanquma ukuthi i-Orthodox yayifanele iRussia.
26. Ukucabanga ukuthi ubedinga inyunyana yezepolitiki neByzantium kubukeka kunengqondo kakhulu. UVladimir uqobo wayesebhapathiziwe, futhi umbusi waseByzantium wayedinga usizo lwezempi kumaRussia. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uVladimir wakwazi ukusho isimo se-autocephaly yesonto ebusosheni bakhe. Usuku olusemthethweni lokwamukelwa kobuKristu yiRussia ngama-988. Kuyiqiniso, ngisho nango-1168, uPrince Svyatoslav Olgovich waxosha uMbhishobhi Anthony eChernigov ngoba wahlukumeza isikhulu ngesidingo sokuthi angayidli inyama ngezinsuku zokuzila. Futhi i-bigamy yayikhona obala kuze kube sekhulwini le-13.
27. Kwakungaphansi kukaVladimir the Great lapho kwaqala khona umkhuba wokwakha imigqa yamanothi, izinqaba kanye nezinqaba zokuvikela imingcele yombuso kubantu abayimizulane. Ukuqiniswa kokugcina okunjalo kungabhekwa ngokuphepha okuthiwa yi-Stalin Line, eyakhiwa ngaphambi kweMpi Enkulu Yobuzwe.
28. Isibhicongo sokuqala samaJuda emlandweni waseRussia senzeka ngonyaka we-1113. Ukugasela kwabantu basePolovtsian konakala futhi banquma indawo yokuhlala yabantu abaningi. Bathutheleka eKiev futhi kwadingeka baboleke imali kumaKievite acebile, iningi lawo okwenzeka njengamaJuda ngokuqondana. Ngemuva kokushona kukaPrince Svyatopolk, izakhamuzi zaseKiev zadinga ubukhulu bukaVladimir Monomakh. Ekuqaleni wenqaba, futhi ngemuva kwalokho abantu bazwakalisa ukungeneliseki kwabo ngokubanjwa inkunzi nokubulawa kwabantu. Kusukela okwesibili Monomakh wabusa umbuso.
29. Imithombo yangaphandle ibika ukuthi ngekhulu le-11 leminyaka uKiev ubencintisana neConstantinople. Ngemishado, uYaroslav the Wise wahlobana nababusi baseNgilandi, iPoland, iJalimane, iScandinavia, iFrance neHungary. Indodakazi kaJaroslav u-Anna wayengunkosikazi wenkosi yaseFrance uHenry I, kanti indodakazi yakhe yona yayishade noMbusi Ongcwele WaseRoma uHenry IV.
30. Ngesikhathi seKievan Rus (ngekhulu le-XIII), kwakukhona amadolobha ayi-150 endaweni yayo. Emakhulwini amabili eminyaka ngaphambili kwakukhona abangu-20 kuphela. Igama elithi "Gardarika" - "Izwe lamadolobha" - elinikezwe iRussia ngabokufika, alizange livele ngoba babemangazwe inani lamadolobha, kodwa ngenxa yobuningi bendawo yabo - noma yimuphi umuzi omkhulu noma omncane wawubiyelwe ngodonga ...
31. Umdwebo ojwayelekile wokuthambekela kwekhulu eRussia: Ipathiev Chronicle cishe iminyaka engama-80 iqopha ama-38 "okushayisana" phakathi kwezikhulu. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, kwazalwa noma kwafa izikhulu ezingama-40, kwaba nokusitheka kwelanga noma kweNyanga izikhathi eziyisishiyagalombili nokuzamazama komhlaba okuyi-5. Amakhosana alwa nokuhlaselwa noma wona aqhubeka nemikhankaso yokulwa nabantu bokufika amahlandla angama-32 kuphela - okuncane kakhulu kunalokho abalwa phakathi kwabo. Ezinye “izingxabano” zaqhubeka amashumi eminyaka.
32. Imali yaseKievan Rus 'kubantu abangaziwanga ingamangala kakhulu ngokwehluka kwayo. Noma yiziphi izinhlamvu zemali ezenziwe ngegolide nangesiliva, ezazivela emazweni akude, zazisakazwa. Izikhulu zazenzela izinhlamvu zemali zazo. Konke lokhu bekungamasayizi ahlukene nesithunzi, obekunikeza umsebenzi abashintshi bemali. Iyunithi yemali ibibukeka njenge-hryvnia, kepha, okokuqala, i-hryvnia ibinezisindo ezahlukahlukene, futhi okwesibili, bezingezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene: igolide, isiliva ne-hryvnia kun (kufushane ngokuthi "uboya be-marten"). Izindleko zabo, yebo, nazo azizange zihambisane - i-kun hryvnia yayishibhile ngokuphindwe kane kune-hryvnia yesiliva.
33. Kwezinsimbi ezisendaweni yaseKievan Rus, kwakuyinsimbi kuphela. Umholi walethwa evela eBohemia (namuhla eyiCzech Republic). Ithusi lalethwa lisuka eCaucasus nase-Asia Minor. Isiliva lilethwe livela e-Urals, eCaucasus naseByzantium. Igolide lafika liyizinhlamvu zemali noma impango yempi. Bazenzela izinhlamvu zemali zabo ngezinsimbi eziyigugu.
34. INovgorod yayiyisizinda sokuhwebelana ngobuchwepheshe eRussia. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kwamanye amazwe, lapho babekhetha khona ukwakha ama-artel, lolo lwazi lwabangela ukuhlekwa usulu. Ngaphambi kwenye yezimpi, i-voivode yaseKiev, efuna ukucasula amaNovgorodians, yathembisa ukuthi izoguqula izigqila ibathumele eKiev bayokwakhela amasosha aseKiev izindlu.
35. Kwakusetshenziswa indwangu, umuzwa, i-hemp nelineni ukwenza izingubo. Izindwangu ezincane, kufaka phakathi usilika, zazingeniswa ikakhulukazi zivela eByzantium.
36. Ukuzingela kudlale indima ebalulekile empilweni yezomnotho yabantu baseKievan Rus. Uhlinzeke ngenyama yokudla, izikhumba zezingubo nentela. Kwamakhosana, ukuzingela kwakuwukuzijabulisa. Babegcina izindlu zezinja, bezingela izinyoni, kanti abanye babenezingwe eziqeqeshwe ngokukhethekile.
37. Ngokungafani namakhosi ombuso aseYurophu, izikhulu zaseRussia zazingenazo izinqaba noma izigodlo. Indlu yenkosi ingaqiniswa uma ngasikhathi sinye esebenza njengesiqhema - i-fortification yangaphakathi yedolobha. Ngokuyinhloko, izindlu zamakhosana zazingafani neze nezindlu zamakhwenkwe nabantu abacebile - kwakuyizindlu zamapulangwe, mhlawumbe ezinkudlwana ngosayizi.
38. Ubugqila babudlangile impela. Kwakungenzeka ukuthi ungene ezigqilazweni ngisho nangokushada nesigqila. Futhi ngokobufakazi bangaphandle, ulimi olwalugxile kakhulu ezimakethe zezigqila zasempumalanga kwakungesiRussia.
