Hannibal (247-183 BC) - Umkhuzi waseCarthage. Wayeyisitha esishisekayo seRiphabhulikhi yaseRoma kanye nomholi wokugcina obalulekile waseCarthage ngaphambi kokuwa kwayo ngesikhathi sePunic Wars.
Kunamaqiniso amaningi athakazelisayo ku-biography kaHannibal, esizokhuluma ngaye kulesi sihloko.
Ngakho-ke, ngaphambi kwakho kune-biography emfushane kaHannibal.
UHannibal biography
UHannibal wazalwa ngo-247 BC. eCarthage (manje okuyinsimu yaseTunisia). Wakhula futhi wakhulela emndenini womkhuzi uHamilcar Barki. Wayenabafowabo ababili nodadewabo abathathu.
Ubuntwana nentsha
Lapho uHannibal eneminyaka engaba ngu-9 ubudala, wafunga ukuthi uzohlala eyisitha seRoma impilo yakhe yonke. Inhloko yomndeni, eyayivame ukulwa namaRoma, yayinethemba elikhulu ngamadodana ayo. Wayephupha ukuthi abafana bazokonakalisa lo mbuso.
Ngokushesha, ubaba wakhe wathatha uHannibal oneminyaka engu-9 ubudala waya eSpain, lapho azama khona ukwakha kabusha idolobha lakubo ngemuva kweMpi Yokuqala YasePunic. Kungaleso sikhathi lapho ubaba aphoqa khona indodana yakhe ukuba ifunge ukuthi uzomelana noMbuso WaseRoma impilo yakhe yonke.
Iqiniso elithandekayo ukuthi inkulumo ethi "Isifungo sikaHannibal" yaba namaphiko. Ngesikhathi semikhankaso yezempi yaseHamilcar, indodana yakhe uHannibal yayizungezwe amasosha, maqondana nokuphila kwakhe kwezempi kusukela esemncane.
Ekhulela, uHannibal waqala ukubamba iqhaza emikhankasweni kayise yezempi, ethola ulwazi oluyigugu. Ngemuva kokushona kukaHamilcar, ibutho laseCarthage eSpain laliholwa ngumkhwenyana wakhe noHasdrubal owayehambisana naye.
Ngemva kwesikhathi esithile, Hannibal waqala ukukhonza njengomlawuli wamabutho amahhashi. Wazibonakalisa eyiqhawe elinesibindi, ngenxa yalokho wayenegunya kwabangaphansi kwakhe. Ngo-221 BC. e. UHasdrubal wabulawa, ngemuva kwalokho uHannibal wakhethwa njengomholi omusha webutho laseCarthage.
UMkhuzi Oyinhloko eSpain
Njengoba esebe ngumkhuzi omkhulu, uHannibal waqhubeka nokulwa impi yenkani namaRoma. Wakwazi ukwandisa indawo yaseCarthage ngokusebenza kahle kwezempi. Ngokushesha amadolobha athunjiwe esizwe i-Alcad aphoqeleka ukuba aqaphele ukubusa kweCarthage.
Emva kwalokho, umlawuli wamasosha waqhubeka nokunqoba amazwe amasha. Wahlala emadolobheni amakhulu aseWakkei - eSalamantika nase-Arbokala, futhi kamuva wanqoba isizwe samaCelt - amaCarpetans.
Uhulumeni waseRoma wayekhathazekile ngezenzo eziphumelelayo zabantu baseCarthage, eqonda ukuthi umbuso wawusengozini. Zombili izinhlangothi zaqala ukuxoxisana ngamalungelo okuba nezindawo ezithile. Izingxoxo phakathi kweRoma neCarthage zama, njengoba uhlangothi ngalunye lwalubeka izidingo zalo, lungafuni ukuyekethisa.
Ngenxa yalokho, ngo-219 BC. UHannibal, ngemvume yabaphathi baseCarthage, umemezele ukuqala kobutha. Waqala ukuvimbezela idolobha laseSagunta, elalimelana nesitha ngobuqhawe. Kodwa-ke, ngemuva kwezinyanga eziyisishiyagalombili zokuvinjezelwa, izakhamuzi zedolobha zaphoqeleka ukuba zinikezele.
Ngokomyalo kaHannibal, wonke amadoda aseSagunta abulawa, kwathi abesifazane nezingane bathengiswa ebugqilini. IRoma yafuna ukuthi iCarthage ikhishwe ngokushesha uHannibal, kepha ngaphandle kokuthola impendulo kuziphathimandla, yamemezela impi. Ngasikhathi sinye, umkhuzi wamaphoyisa wayeselikhulisile isu lokuhlasela i-Italy.
Hannibal unake kakhulu izenzo ukuhlonishwa, okuyinto wanikeza imiphumela yabo. Wathumela amanxusa akhe ezizweni zamaGali, iningi lawo lavuma ukuba yizimbangi zabantu baseCarthaginians.
Umkhankaso wase-Italy
Ibutho likaHannibal lalinezinsana ezihlonishwayo ezingama-90,000, abagibeli bamahhashi abangu-12 000 nezindlovu ezingama-37. Ngokwakhiwa okukhulu kangaka, ibutho lawela amaPyrenees, lihlangabezana nokuphikiswa okuvela ezizweni ezahlukahlukene ezazisendleleni.
Iqiniso elithandekayo ukuthi uHannibal akazange njalo angene ezingxabanweni ezivulekile nezitha. Kwezinye izimo, wenza izipho ezibizayo kubaholi, ngenxa yalokho bavumelana ngokungaphazamisi indlela yamasosha akhe enqamula emazweni abo.
Noma kunjalo, kaningi waphoqeleka ukuba alwe izimpi ezinegazi nabaphikisi. Ngenxa yalokho, inani labalwa naye lalilokhu lehla njalo. Lapho esefikile e-Alps, kwadingeka alwe nabaqali bezintaba.
Ekugcineni, uHannibal wafika eMoriena Valley. Ngaleso sikhathi, ibutho lakhe lalinamasosha ahamba ngezinyawo angama-20 000 kuphela nabagibeli bamahhashi abangu-6 000. Ngemuva kokwehla kwezinsuku eziyisithupha kusuka e-Alps, amaqhawe athumba inhlokodolobha yesizwe saseTaurin.
Ukuvela kukaHannibal e-Italy kwamangaza ngokuphelele eRoma. Ngasikhathi sinye, ezinye izizwe zeGallic zajoyina ibutho lakhe. AbaseCarthage bahlangana namaRoma ogwini loMfula iPo, behlula.
Ezimpini ezalandela, uHannibal waphinde wazibonakalisa enamandla kunamaRoma, kuhlanganise nempi yaseTrebia. Ngemuva kwalokho, bonke abantu abahlala kule ndawo bajoyina naye. Ezinyangeni ezimbalwa kamuva, abaseCarthage balwa namabutho amaRoma ayevikela umgwaqo oya eRoma.
Ngalesi sikhathi se-biography yakhe, uHannibal wabhekana nokuvuvukala okukhulu kwamehlo, yingakho alahlekelwa yinye yazo. Kuze kube sekupheleni kwempilo yakhe, waphoqwa ukuba afake ibhandishi. Ngemuva kwalokho, umlawuli wamasosha wanqoba uchungechunge lokunqoba okunzima phezu kwesitha futhi wayesemakhilomitha angama-80 ukusuka eRoma.
Ngaleso sikhathi, uFabius Maximus wayesephenduke umashiqela omusha wombuso. Wanquma ukungangeni empini evulekile noHannibal, ekhetha kuye amaqhinga okuqeda isitha ngokuvukela.
Ngemuva kokuphela kobushiqela bukaFabius, uGnei Servilius Geminus noMarcus Atilius Regulus baqala ukuyala amabutho, nawo alandela isu lobanduleli bawo. Ibutho likaHannibal laqala ukubhekana nokuntuleka okukhulu kokudla.
Ngokushesha amaRoma aqoqa ibutho lamasosha angama-92,000, anquma ukudlulela esitheni esasikhathele yimikhankaso. Empini edumile yaseCannes, amasosha kaHannibal akhombisa ubuqhawe, akwazi ukunqoba amaRoma, ayephakeme ngamandla. Kuleyo mpi, amaRoma alahlekelwa amasosha angaba ngu-50 000, kuyilapho abaseCarthaginian kuphela abalelwa ku-6,000.
Kodwa-ke uHannibal wayesaba ukuhlasela iRoma, ebona ukuthi idolobha lalivikelekile kakhulu. Okokuvinjezelwa, wayengenayo imishini efanelekile nokudla okufanele. Wayenethemba lokuthi amaRoma azomnika isivumelwano, kepha lokhu akwenzekanga.
Ukuwa kweCapua nempi e-Afrika
Ngemuva kokunqoba eCannes, uHannibal wathuthela eCapua, eyayisekela isenzo seCarthage. Ngo-215 BC. amaRoma ahlela ukumfaka uCapua eringini, lapho kwakukhona khona isitha. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi ebusika kuleli dolobha, abantu baseCarthage bazitika ngamadili nokuzijabulisa, okwaholela ekubolaweni kwebutho.
Noma kunjalo, uHannibal wakwazi ukuphatha amadolobha amaningi futhi wenza ubuhlobo nezizwe namakhosi ahlukahlukene. Ngesikhathi kunqotshwa izindawo ezintsha, bambalwa abantu baseCarthage abasala eCapua, amaRoma asizakala ngabo.
Balivimbezela idolobha futhi ngokushesha bangena kulo. UHannibal akazange akwazi ukuphinde alawule iCapua. Ngaphezu kwalokho, wayengeke ahlasele iRoma, eqaphela ubuthakathaka bakhe. Ngemuva kokuma isikhashana eduze neRoma, wahlehla. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi inkulumo ethi "Hannibal emasangweni" yaba namaphiko.
Lokhu kube yisiphazamiso esikhulu kuHannibal. Ukubulawa kwabantu ngamaRoma ngabantu baseCapuaan kwangethusa izakhamuzi zamanye amadolobha, ezawela ohlangothini lwamaCarthaginians. Igunya likaHannibal phakathi kwababambisene nabase-Italy lalincibilika phambi kwamehlo ethu. Ezifundeni eziningi, kwaqala iziyaluyalu ezazivuna iRoma.
Ngo-210 BC. UHannibal wanqoba amaRoma empini yesibili yaseGerdonia, kodwa-ke isinyathelo empini sadlulela kolunye uhlangothi noma kolunye. Kamuva, amaRoma akwazi ukunqoba ukunqoba okubalulekile futhi athola ithuba empini nabaseCarthage.
Ngemuva kwalokho, ibutho likaHannibal labuyela emuva kaningi, linikela ngemizi kumaRoma ngokulandelana. Ngokushesha wathola imiyalo kubadala baseCarthage ukuba abuyele e-Afrika. Lapho kuqala ubusika, umlawuli wamabutho waqala ukulungiselela uhlelo lokuqhubeka nokulwa namaRoma.
Lapho kuqala izingxabano ezintsha, uHannibal waqhubeka nokuhlulwa, ngenxa yalokho waphelelwa yithemba lokunqoba amaRoma. Lapho ebizelwa eCarthage ngokuphuthumayo, waya lapho enethemba lokuphothula ukuthula nesitha.
Ummeli waseRoma uSpipio wethula imigomo yakhe yokuthula:
- ICarthage idedela izindawo ezingaphandle kwe-Afrika;
- ukhipha yonke imikhumbi yempi ngaphandle kwe-10;
- ulahlekelwa yilungelo lokulwa ngaphandle kwemvume yeRoma;
- ibuyise iMassinissa impahla yakhe.
ICarthage yayingenakho okunye engakwenza ngaphandle kokuvumelana nezimo ezinjalo. Womabili la macala aphetha isivumelwano sokuthula, okwagcina ngokuthi kuphele iMpi Yesibili YamaPunic.
Umsebenzi wezepolitiki kanye nokudingiswa
Naphezu kokwehlulwa, uHannibal waqhubeka nokujabulela igunya labantu. Ngo-196 wakhethwa njenge-Suffet - isikhulu esiphezulu seCarthage. Wethula izinguquko ukukhomba ama-oligarchs enza inzuzo yokungathembeki.
Ngakho-ke, uHannibal wazenzela izitha eziningi ezimbi. Wabona ngaphambili ukuthi kungadingeka abaleke kulomuzi, okwenzeka ekugcineni. Ebusuku, le ndoda yahamba ngomkhumbi yaya esiqhingini saseKerkina, yasuka lapho yaya eTire.
Kamuva uHannibal wahlangana nenkosi yaseSiriya u-Antiochus III, owayenobudlelwano obungebuhle neRoma. Uhlongoze inkosi ukuba ithumele iqembu lase-Afrika elizohambela impi, elizodala ukuthi iCarthage ilwe namaRoma.
Noma kunjalo, izinhlelo zikaHannibal bezingahloselwe ukugcwaliseka. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ubudlelwano bakhe no-Antiochus buya ngokuya bushuba. Futhi ngenkathi amabutho aseSyria ehlulwa ngo-189 eMagnesia, inkosi yaphoqeleka ukuba yenze ukuthula ngokuya ngamaRoma, elinye lawo kwakungukukhishwa kukaHannibal.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
Cishe akukho okwaziwayo ngempilo yomuntu kaHannibal. Ngesikhathi ehlala eSpain, washada nowesifazane wase-Iberia ogama lakhe lingu-Imilka. Umphathi washiya unkosikazi wakhe eSpain ngenkathi eya emkhankasweni wase-Italy, wangabe esaphinda wahlangana naye.
Ukufa
Ehlulwe amaRoma, u-Antiochus wathembisa ukunikela uHannibal kubo. Ubalekele enkosini yaseBithynia Prusius. AmaRoma awazange asishiye sodwa isitha sawo esifungelwe, efuna ngenkani ukuthi iCarthaginian ikhishwe.
Amaqhawe aseBithinina azungeze ukucasha kukaHannibal, ezama ukukubamba. Ngenkathi indoda ibona ukungabi nathemba kwalesi simo, yathatha ubuthi eringini, eyayihlala ihamba nayo. UHannibal ushone ngo-183 eneminyaka engama-63.
UHannibal uthathwa njengomunye wabaholi bezempi abakhulu kunabo bonke emlandweni. Abanye bambiza ngokuthi "nguyise wecebo" lokukwazi kwakhe ukuhlola isimo ngokuphelele, ukwenza imisebenzi yezobunhloli, ukutadisha ngokujulile inkundla yempi nokunaka ezinye izici eziningi ezibalulekile.
Izithombe ze-Hannibal
