Ikhulu le-18 leminyaka laliyikhulu lezinguquko. IGreat French Revolution yaziwa njengomcimbi obaluleke kakhulu wekhulu leminyaka, kepha ingabe isimemezelo seRussia njengoMbuso, ukwakhiwa kweGreat Britain noma isimemezelo sokuzimela kwe-US kungabangelwa yimicimbi emincane? Ekugcineni, i-French Revolution yakwazi ukuqeda isiphithiphithi ngaphambi kokuphela kwekhulu leminyaka, futhi iRussia ne-United States ngokuzethemba bajoyina amazwe ahamba phambili emhlabeni.
Ungadlula kanjani ekuguqulweni kwezimboni? Ekupheleni kwekhulu le-18, izinjini ze-steam, ama-looms kanye nama-blast ayesegcwele ngokugcwele, okwakunquma ukuthuthukiswa kwemboni okungenani iminyaka eyikhulu ngaphambili. Kwezobuciko, kube nombango oshisayo phakathi kwezemfundo, ubu-classic kanye ne-baroque entsha ne-rococo. Ubuciko bobuciko bazalelwa empikiswaneni yezindlela zobuciko. Umcabango wefilosofi nezincwadi zakhula, okwaphawula ukuqala kweNkathi Yokukhanyiselwa.
Ikhulu le-18, ngokuvamile, lalithakazelisa ngayo yonke indlela. Yize intshisekelo yethu ingenzeki ukuthi yabelwe inkosi yaseFrance uLouis XVI, ongazange aphile wabona ikhulu leminyaka elisha kuphela iminyaka eyisikhombisa ...
1. NgoJanuwari 21, 1793, isakhamuzi uLouis Capet, phambilini obekwaziwa njengeNkosi uLouis XVI waseFrance, wanqunywa futhi ikhanda ePlace de la Revolution eParis. Ukubulawa kwenkosi kwathathwa njengokufanele ukuqinisa i-republic encane. ULouis wehliswa esikhundleni ngo-Agasti 1792, kwathi i-French Revolution yaqala ngokuhlasela ngempumelelo iBastille ngoJulayi 14, 1789.
2. Ngo-1707, ngokuvumelana, ontanga baseScotland kanye namalungu eNdlu Yamakhosi bahlakaza iphalamende labo futhi bajoyina isishayamthetho saseNgilandi. Kwaqeda kanjalo ukuhlanganiswa kweScotland neNgilandi kwaba uMbuso owodwa waseGreat Britain.
3. Okthoba 22, 1721 Tsar Peter I wemukela isiphakamiso seSenethi futhi abe ngumbusi woMbuso WaseRussia. Isimo senqubomgomo yakwamanye amazwe eRussia ngemuva kokunqoba umbuso onamandla waseSweden besinokuthi kungabikho muntu emhlabeni owamangala ngokuvela kombuso omusha.
4. Eminyakeni eyisishiyagalolunye ngaphambi kokumenyezelwa kweRussia yoMbuso, uPeter wasusa inhlokodolobha esuka eMoscow wayisa ePetersburg esanda kwakhiwa. Idolobha lasebenza njengenhlokodolobha kwaze kwaba ngu-1918.
5. Ekhulwini le-18, i-United States of America ivela ebalazweni lezepolitiki lomhlaba. Ngokusemthethweni, i-United States ihlehlela emuva ngoJulayi 4, 1776. Kodwa-ke, lokhu kusayine kuphela iSimemezelo Sokuzimela. Umbuso osanda kwakhiwa kwakusadingeka ukhombise ukubaluleka kwawo empini nezwe lomama, okwenze ngempumelelo ngosizo lweRussia neFrance. 
6. Kodwa iPoland, kunalokho, yayala ukuthi iphile isikhathi eside ngekhulu le-18. Amakhosi, ayethanda inkululeko ukuzibulala, agula kakhulu ngezindawo eziseduze ukuthi iCommonwealth kwakudingeka ibekezelele izigaba ezintathu. Abokugcina babo ngo-1795 baqeda umbuso wasePoland.
7. Ngo-1773, uPapa Clement XIV wawuhlakaza umyalo wamaJesuit. Ngalesi sikhathi, abafowethu base beqongelele impahla eningi ehambayo nenganyakaziseki, ngakho-ke amakhosi amazwe amaKhatholika, ehlose ukwenza inzuzo, asola amaJesuit ngazo zonke izono ezifayo. Umlando wama-Templars uziphindaphinde ngendlela emnandi.
8. Ngekhulu le-18, iRussia yalwa noMbuso Wase-Ottoman amahlandla amane. Isithasiselo sokuqala seCrimea senzeka ngemuva kwengxenye yesithathu yalezi zimpi. I-Turkey, njengenjwayelo, yalwa ngokuxhaswa kwamandla ase-Europe.
9. Ngo-1733 - 1743, phakathi nemikhankaso eminingi, abahloli bamazwe baseRussia namatilosi benza imephu bahlola izindawo ezinkulu zoLwandle i-Arctic, iKamchatka, iziQhingi zaseKuril kanye neJapan, baphinde bafika ogwini lwaseNyakatho Melika.
10. IChina, eyaba umbuso onamandla kunawo wonke e-Asia, yazivala kancane kancane emhlabeni wangaphandle. "I-Iron Curtain" enguqulweni yekhulu le-18 ayizange ivumele abaseYurophu ukuthi bangene ezweni laseChina, futhi ayizange ivumele izikhonzi zabo ziye naseziqhingini ezisogwini.
11. Impi yango-1756 - 1763, kamuva eyabizwa ngokuthi iMinyaka Eyisikhombisa, yayingabizwa kahle ngokuthi iMpi Yezwe Yokuqala. Bonke abadlali abaphambili baseYurophu ngisho namaNdiya aseMelika basheshe bahileleka engxabanweni phakathi kwe-Austria nePrussia. Balwa eYurophu, eMelika, ePhilippines naseNdiya. Empini eyaphela ngokunqoba kwePrussia, kwafa abantu abafinyelela ezigidini ezimbili, futhi cishe isigamu sezisulu kwakuyizakhamuzi.
12. UThomas Newcomen wayengumbhali wenjini yokuqala yezimboni ezishisayo. Injini entsha kaNewcomen yayisindayo futhi ingaphelele, kepha ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-18 kwaba yintuthuko. Imishini yayisetshenziswa kakhulu ukusebenzisa amaphampu emayini. Ezinjini ezingaba ngu-1 500 ezakhiwe ngomphunga ezakhiwe, amashumi ambalwa aphonsa amanzi emayini emuva ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20.
13. UJames Watt waba nenhlanhla enkulu kuneNewcomen. Wabuye wakha injini esebenza kangcono kakhulu yokuhambisa umusi, negama lakhe egameni leyunithi yamandla lafa.
14. Intuthuko embonini yezindwangu iyamangalisa. UJames Hargreave wakha isondo elisebenza kahle lokuphotha ngo-1765, kwathi ngasekupheleni kwekhulu leminyaka kwaba nezingubo ezinkulu ezingu-150 eNgilandi.
15. ERussia ngo-1773, ukuvukela kwamaCossacks kanye nabalimi kwaqubuka ngaphansi kobuholi bukaYemelyan Pugachev, okwakhula ngokushesha kwaba yimpi ephelele. Kwakungenzeka ukuvimbela ukuvukela umbuso ngosizo lwamabutho ejwayelekile wamabutho nokufumbathisa phezulu kwabavukeli. 
16. Ngokuphikisana nombono oyiphutha owawusabalele wokuthi ngemuva kokuhlulwa nguPeter I, iSweden ayizange ilwe namuntu futhi yaba yizwe elichumayo elingathathi hlangothi, iSweden yaphinda yalwa kabili neRussia. Zombili lezi zimpi aziphendulanga lutho kwabaseSweden - bekungakwazanga ukubuyisa obekulahlekile. Zombili lezi zikhathi abaseScandinavia babesekelwa ngenkuthalo yiGreat Britain.
17. Ngo 1769-1673 kwaqubuka indlala eNdiya. Akubangekanga ngenxa yesivuno esibi, kodwa ngenxa yokuthi izikhulu ze-East India Company zathenga ukudla kumaNdiya ngamanani aphansi wodwa. Ezolimo zawa, okwaholela ekufeni kwamaNdiya ayizigidi eziyishumi.
18. Abaphathi abaphezulu abayi-8 bakwazile ukuvakashela isihlalo sobukhosi soMbuso waseRussia eminyakeni engama-79 yekhulu le-18. Amakhosi abheka ukulingana ngokobulili: Ababusi abayi-4 kanye nezindlovukazi ezi-4 zazigqoka umqhele.
19. Ukuqala kwekhulu le-18 kwezobuciko kudluliswe ngaphansi kophawu lwesitayela se-baroque, engxenyeni yesibili i-rococo yathola ukuthandwa. Ukukubeka kalula, ukungakhathali nokungakhathali sekuthathe indawo yokulingiswa okunzima kwengcebo nengcebo. 
I-Baroque 
URococo
20. Ngekhulu le-18, kwashicilelwa izincwadi ezinjengeGulliver's Travels (Jonathan Swift), Robinson Crusoe (Daniel Defoe) nethi The Marriage of Figaro (Beaumarchais). IDiderot, iVoltaire neRousseau ziyaduma eFrance, eGoethe naseSchiller eGermany.
21. Ngo-1764 iHermitage yasungulwa eSt. Ukuqoqwa komnyuziyamu, okwaqala njengeqoqo lomuntu siqu likaCatherine II, kwakhula ngokushesha okukhulu kangangokuba ngasekupheleni kwekhulu leminyaka kwakudingeka kwakhiwe izakhiwo ezimbili ezintsha (hhayi ihlaya, cishe imidwebo engama-4,000), kanti iHermitage yaba ngomunye weminyuziyamu emikhulu kakhulu.
22. Iphelile iminyaka engama-33 indumezulu yokwakhiwa kweCathhedral yaseSt. Ukuvulwa ngokusemthethweni kwenzeka ngosuku lokuzalwa komakhi omkhulu uChristopher Wren ngo-Okthoba 20, 1708.
23. AbaseBrithani, noma-ke, manje abaseBrithani, baqala ukwenza i-Australia ikoloni. AmaMelika ayizihlubuki awasasamukeli isiboshwa, futhi amajele wedolobha elikhulu agcwaliswa njalo. ISydney yasungulwa ogwini olusempumalanga ye-Australia ngo-1788 ukuqeda isiboshwa esinecala.
24. Abaqambi abahlanu abaphambili bekhulu le-18: uBach, Mozart, Handel, Gluck noHaydn. AmaJalimane amathathu nama-Austrian amabili - akukho ukuphawula mayelana "nezizwe zomculo".
25. Ukuntuleka kwenhlanzeko ngaleyo minyaka sekuyinsakavukela umchilo wesidwaba. Ikhulu le-18 laletha izintwala - i-mercury! Ngempela, i-mercury yabulala izinambuzane ngempumelelo. Futhi ngemuva kwesikhashana, nabathwali babo bangaphambili.
26. Umakhenikha waseRussia u-Andrey Nartov ngo-1717 wasungula isikulufu. Ngemva kokufa kwakhe, okusungulwayo ukhohliwe, futhi manje eyiNgisi Maudsley kubhekwa umsunguli.
27. Ikhulu le-18 lisinike ibhethri kagesi, i-capacitor, induku yombani kanye ne-telegraph kagesi. Indlu yangasese yokuqala eneflush nayo ivela ngomhlaka 18, njengesitimu sokuqala.
Ngo-1783, abafowethu baseMontgolfier bathatha indiza yabo yokuqala. Indoda yacwila ngaphansi kwamanzi ngaphambi kokuba inyukele emoyeni - insimbi yokudilika yayinelungelo lobunikazi emuva ngo-1717.
29. Ikhulu leminyaka lalicebile empumelelweni yamakhemikhali. Kwatholakala i-Hydrogen, i-oxygen ne-tartaric acid. ILavoisier ithole umthetho wokongiwa kwenqwaba yezinto. Izazi zezinkanyezi nazo azichithanga sikhathi: uLomonosov wafakazela ukuthi uVenus unomoya, uMichell ngokweqile wabikezela ukuba khona kwezimbobo ezimnyama, kanti uHalley wathola ukunyakaza kwezinkanyezi.
30. Ikhulu leminyaka laphela ngokomfanekiso ngeqiniso lokuthi ngo-1799 uNapoleon Bonaparte wahlakaza zonke izinhlaka ezazimele eFrance. Izwe ngemuva kokuchitheka kwegazi okwesabekayo empeleni labuyela ebukhosini. Yamenyezelwa ngokusemthethweni ngo-1804.
