Kunzima ukuveza ngokungaqondakali isikhathi seminyaka eyikhulu. Ikhulu le-16 leminyaka lihlukile. Ngisho nempumelelo esobala ingaba nezansi eziphindwe kabili. Ukunqotshwa kweMelika kwaphawula ukuqala kokuqothulwa kohlanga kwamaNdiya. Isifiso sokubeka iSonto LamaKatolika okungenani ohlakeni oluthile lohlaka lwaphenduka laba yizigidi zezisulu zezimpi zeNguquko. Ngisho nokuthakazelisa okubukeka kungenacala kwezicukuthwane ngemfashini kwakusho, ngaphezu kwakho konke, ubunzima obusha bezindawo ezikhokha intela.
Uma kuqhathaniswa namakhulu eminyaka alandelayo, lapho umlando ugijima ngokweqile, usula izifundazwe futhi ugumbuqela amakhosi, ikhulu le-16 lingabizwa nangokuthi inzalamizi. Balwa - kepha azibanga khona izifo eziwumshayabhuqe nendlala embi. Amadolobha aseYurophu anwebeka phezulu, futhi amakhosi aguquka kuphela ngokuya ngomthetho wobukhosi. Ingabe leyo yiSpain yathatha iPortugal, ngakho-ke yathatha ucezu lwamakholoni ngaphandle kokuhleleka. Elinye nje ikhulu leminyaka emlandweni ...
1. Izimpi, izimpi ... futhi hhayi noyedwa. Kodwa-ke, kwakuhluke kangaki?
2. Ikhulu le-16 laqhubeka nenkathi yokutholwa okukhulu kwezindawo. Abantu baseYurophu baqala ukubona iPacific Ocean, mhlawumbe bathola i-Australia futhi bahlola iMelika. AmaRussia angena ngokujulile eSiberia.
3. Ngo-1519 - 1522 lolu hambo, olwasungulwa futhi lwaholwa nguFernand Magellan, okokuqala lwazungeza umhlaba. Emikhunjini emithathu, kwasinda owodwa, kubantu abacishe babe ngu-300 abasinda abangu-18 yena uqobo uMagellan wabulawa. Kepha, inothi lomlando, lolu hambo lwenza inzuzo - izinongo zisathunyelwa.
Umzila wohambo lukaMagellan
4. Ngekhulu le-16, iYurophu yahlaselwa yisifo sokuqala sogcunsula. Mhlawumbe lesi sifo sasivela eMelika namatilosi angamaphayona.
5. U-Elizabeth I wabusa iNgilandi iminyaka engama-55. Ngaphansi kwakhe, iNgilandi yaba yiNkosikazi Yezilwandle, ezobuciko nesayensi zachuma, kwathi abantu abangama-80,000 babulawa ngenxa yokuhambahamba.
6. ISpain esikhathini esingaphansi kwekhulu leminyaka ikwazile ukuba zombili zibe namandla amakhulu ngemuva kokutholakala nokuphanga kweMelika, futhi ilahlekelwe yilesi sikhundla ngemuva kokuba imikhumbi yamaNgisi ihlule i- "Invincible Armada". Ngokudlula, abaseSpain, sebethumbe iPortugal, bahlala bekuwukuphela kombuso ePyrenees.
7. Ngo-1543, uNicolaus Copernicus uqeda iminyaka engama-40 yomsebenzi esihlokweni esithi "On the rotation of the spheres sphere." Manje isikhungo se-Universe akusilo uMhlaba, kepha yiLanga. Umbono kaCopernicus awulungile, kepha wanika umfutho omkhulu ekuguqulweni kwesayensi.
ICopernicus yonke
8. Ngekhulu le-16 leminyaka, kwahlanganiswa i-Nikon Chronicle, umthombo oyinhloko nomkhulu kunayo yonke yomlando waseRussia. Umbhishobhi omkhulu u-Nikon akahlangene nokwenziwa komlando - wayenekhophi eyodwa nje. Umlando ngokwawo wahlanganiswa kusukela emlandweni kaDaniel, wanezelwa ngezinye izinto zokwakha.
9. Engxenyeni yesibili yekhulu le-16, kwaqalwa ukuxhumana phakathi kuka-Ivan the Terrible neNdlovukazi yaseNgilandi. I-tsar yaseRussia, ngokusho kweminye imibono, yaphakamisa ukuthi u-Elizabeth I ashade. Ngemuva kokuthola ukwenqatshwa, u-Ivan the Terrible wabiza indlovukazi ngokuthi "intombazane enenhlamba" futhi wamemezela ukuthi iNgilandi ibuswa "ngabantu abancane abathengisayo"
10. Ekupheleni kwekhulu le-16 leminyaka, kwakhishwa imidlalo yokuqala kaWilliam Shakespeare. Okungenani lezi bekuyizincwadi zokuqala ezinegama lakhe. Zishicilelwe ku-quarto - amashidi ama-4 omdlalo ekhasini elilodwa lencwadi.
11. Ngo-1553 emakoloni aseMelika, kwathi ngo-1555 eSpain uqobo, kwavalwa ezothando. Kuyo yonke iYurophu ngaleso sikhathi, kwakuwuhlobo lwezincwadi olwaludume kakhulu.
12. Maphakathi nekhulu leminyaka, ukuzamazama komhlaba eChina kwabulala amakhulu ezinkulungwane zabantu. Ezingxenyeni ezisogwini lwemifula, amaShayina ayehlala khona emihumeni engasogwini, eyawa lapho kushaqeka okokuqala.
13. Umdwebi waseDashi uPieter Bruegel (Omdala) udwebe imidwebo eyishumi nambili, phakathi kwayo okungekho midwebo nezithombe zabanqunu.
14. Kusasele kancane afike eminyakeni yakhe engama-89 yokuzalwa (umuntu owayengakaze azwakale ngaleso sikhathi), uMichelangelo washona ngo-1564. Umpetha omkhulu wokudweba, ukubaza nokwakha izakhiwo washiya ngemuva imisebenzi eyayithonya isiko lomhlaba wonke.
UMichelangelo. "David"
15. ERussia ngekhulu le-16, ukunyathelisa kwavela. Incwadi yokuqala ye-Russian typography kwaba The Apostle, eyanyatheliswa ngu-Ivan Fedorov. Yize kukhona imininingwane yokuthi ngisho nangaphambi kukaFedorov, izincwadi ezi-5 noma eziyisithupha zanyatheliswa ngokungaziwa.
16. Umbuso waseRussia wawubumbene futhi wakhula kakhulu kakhulu. IPskov Republic kanye nobukhosi baseRyazan baphela ukuba khona. U-Ivan the Terrible wanqoba iKazan ne-Astrakhan, wahlanganisa amazwe aseSiberia naseDon, wakhulisa indawo yezwe ngo-100%. Ngokwendawo, iRussia isidlule lonke elaseYurophu.
17. Ngaphezu kokunwetshwa kweRussia, u-Ivan the Terrible uphethe elinye irekhodi elisahlulwa - wabusa iminyaka engaphezu kwengu-50. Isikhathi eside kangaka akekho owabusa iRussia phambilini noma ngemuva kwakhe.
18. Ngo-1569 uMbuso wasePoland neGrand Duchy yaseLithuania babumbana. "IPoland kusuka olwandle kuye olwandle" njalonjalo - lokhu kuyikho konke ukusuka lapho. Ukusuka enyakatho, umbuso omusha wawuboshwe yiBaltic, ukusuka eningizimu yiBlack Sea.
19. Ngekhulu le-16, kwaqala iNguquko - umzabalazo wokwenza ngcono iSonto LamaKhatholika. Izimpi nokuvukela ukwenziwa ngcono kwaqhubeka cishe iminyaka eyikhulu nesigamu futhi kwathatha izimpilo zezigidi zabantu. Ensimini yanamuhla yaseJalimane lapho inani labantu lehle khona kathathu.
20. Ngaphandle kokufa kwezigidi, ubusuku bukaSt. Bartholomew buthathwa njengesihluku esikhulu seNguquko. Ngo-1572, amaKatolika namaHuguenot ahlangana eParis ngesikhathi somshado wenkosazana. AmaKatolika ahlasela abaphikisana nemibono futhi abulala abangaba ngu-2 000 kubo. Kodwa lezi zisulu zazivela ekilasini elihloniphekile, ngakho-ke Ubusuku bukaSt. Bartholomew bubhekwa njengesibhicongo esibi.
Ubusuku bukaSt. Bartholomew ngobhulashi wesimanje
21. Impendulo ngeNguquko kwaba ukusungulwa kohlelo lwamaJesuit. Izikhathi eziningi banyundelwa ezincwadini eziqhubekayo, abafowethu empeleni benza imizamo ye-titanic yokusakaza ubuKristu nokukhanyiselwa ezindaweni ezikude kakhulu zomhlaba.
22. Amanoveli amaningi ka-Alexandre Dumas anikezelwe ezenzakalweni zekhulu le-16. Ukuqapha! Izazi-mlando zikhombisa ukuthandwa kozakwabo ngenkulumo ethi "Ngifunde umlando waseFrance ngokusho kukaDumas!" U-D'Artagnan empeleni wayengumsekeli wekhadinali, futhi u-Athos wafihla igama lakhe hhayi ngenxa yezikhulu, kepha ngoba uyise wamane wathenga isihloko.
23. Engxenyeni yesibili yekhulu leminyaka, kwaqala ukuhweba phakathi kwabaseYurophu nabaseJapane. Okokuqala amaPutukezi, kwalandela abaseSpain, baqala ukuletha izimpahla ezahlukahlukene eJapan. Utamatisi nogwayi kwavela ku-Land of the Rising Sun, futhi uhhafu wesigidi wamadonki, athathwa ngabantu baseYurophu, aqala ukunyamalala minyaka yonke (lokhu kwakungukutholwa okulinganisiwe).
24. Ekupheleni kwekhulu leminyaka, amazwe amaningi (kodwa hhayi wonke) aseYurophu ashintshela ekhalendeni likaGregory (sisalisebenzisa manje). Kube khona ukungahambisani nesikhathi sezenzakalo, kwavela imiqondo “yesitayela sakudala” kanye “nesitayela esisha”, eyayingahlobene nemfashini.
25. Ekupheleni kwekhulu leminyaka, imfashini yayisiphenduke isalukazi sangempela sezikhulu. Lapho echaza inani lezimpahla zokugqoka, uPorthos Dumas wakhombisa iqiniso elingokomlando: abaphathi bezinkantolo kwakudingeka babe nezingubo ezimbalwa, futhi imfashini yashintsha minyaka yonke.
IMini, izithende kanye namajini adabukile kusesekude kakhulu
