USalvador Dali (1904 - 1989) wayengomunye wabadwebi abaqhakaze ngekhulu lama-20. UDali wethusa izethameli futhi ngasikhathi sinye walandela imizwa yakhe ngokukhulu ukuzwela. Lo mculi wagxeka uNkulunkulu eYurophu futhi wasakaza izinsolo zokuthi uNkulunkulu akekho e-United States. Futhi, okubaluleke kakhulu, noma ikuphi ukuzikhandla kwaletha imali kuDali. Uma ukudalwa kwabaculi abaningi kwaba yigugu ngemuva kokushona kwabo, uSalvador Dali waphumelela kakhulu ekuboneni indalo yakhe ngesikhathi esaphila. Uphendule ukufuna kwamahhala kweqiniso kwaba yindlela enhle yokuhola.
Ekukhetheni okungezansi, akukho ukulandelana kwesikhathi kokubhalwa kwemidwebo kaSalvador Dali, ukuhunyushwa kwezincazelo zabo noma ukuhlaziywa kobuciko - izigidi zamakhasi sezibhaliwe ngalokhu. Lezi yizigameko nje ezivela empilweni yomculi omkhulu.
1. USalvador Dali wakhuluma ngomlomo futhi wabhala encwadini yakhe yokuphila ukuthi abazali bakhe babembheka njengokuzalwa kabusha komfowethu osekhulile owafa eneminyaka eyisikhombisa, wayene-meningitis. Kunzima ukusho ukuthi umdwebi ngokwakhe wayazi yini ngalokhu, kodwa empeleni, uSalvador Dali, owokuqala (umfowabo omdala wayebizwa ngegama elifanayo), waphila izinyanga ezingama-22 kuphela futhi washona, cishe enesifo sofuba. USalvador Dali owesibili wakhulelwa ezinsukwini ezimbalwa ngemuva kokushona komfowabo omdala.
2. Ubungcweti bokudweba obuzayo wafunda ngaphandle kwempumelelo enkulu ezikoleni zikamasipala nezindela. Impumelelo yakhe yokuqala kwezemfundo, kanye nabangane bakhe bokuqala, yavela kuphela esikoleni sokudweba kusihlwa, lapho uDali nabangane bakhe baze bashicilela khona umagazini.
3. Njengoba kufanele kube ngaleyo minyaka kuyo yonke insizwa, uDali wanamathela kunxele, cishe imibono yobukhomanisi. Lapho enikezwa inkulumo emhlanganweni wokugubha ukuzinikela kweJalimane eMpini Yezwe I, waphetha ngokungalindelekile inkulumo yakhe evuthayo ngala mazwi: “Phila iGermany! Phila iRussia! " Kuwo womabili la mazwe izinqubo ezinamandla zenguquko zazenzeka ngalezo zinsuku.
4. Ngo-1921, uDali wangena eRoyal Academy of Fine Arts eMadrid. Ikomidi lokwamukelwa libize lo mdwebo wakhe, owenziwe njengomhlola wokungena, "ongenacala" kangangokuba ikhomishini yakushaya indiva ukuphulwa kwemithetho yokwenza imidwebo futhi yabhalisa lo mculi njengomfundi.
5. Ngenkathi efunda e-Academy, uDali uqale wazama ukwethusa izethameli ngokubukeka kwakhe okugqamile, wabe esezama ukushintsha isithombe sakhe, echeka izinwele zakhe futhi egqoka okomuntu odidekile. Cishe kwamlahlekisela ngamehlo: ukushelela imivimbo egobile, wasebenzisa i-varnish ukumboza, imidwebo kawoyela. Kungagezwa kuphela nge-turpentine, okuyingozi kakhulu emehlweni.
6. Ngo-1923, lo mculi waxoshwa e-Academy unyaka wonke ngenxa yokubamba iqhaza emibhikishweni elwa nokuqokwa kukathisha ongahambisani nabafundi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngemuva kokubuyela ezweni lakubo, uDali waboshwa. Kodwa-ke, naphezu kwakho konke ukwesaba, ukuboshwa kwenzelwa ukuqinisekiswa kuphela.
7. Njengoba wayengenaso isikhathi sokuqalisa kabusha izifundo zakhe e-Academy, ekugcineni uDali waxoshwa kuyo ngenxa yokufeyila kwezemfundo. Uphuthelwe izivivinyo ezimbili, watshela abahloli be-Fine Arts Theory ukuthi uyangabaza ukuthi osolwazi bangalihlola izinga lakhe lolwazi.
8. UFederico Garcia Lorca noSalvador Dali babengabangani, futhi kuyimbongi evelele, ubunjalo balobu bungani busachazwa ngokuthi "ngalezo zinsuku, phakathi kwababhemi, lobu bungani babungathathwa njengobungenacala". Kungenzeka, uDali wazenqaba izimangalo zikaLorca: "Isithunzi sikaLorca senza ubumnyama bangempela bomoya wami nenyama yami," wabhala.
UFederico Garcia Lorca
9. Umbhalo wefilimu ethi "Inja yase-Andalusi", obhalwe nguLuis Buñuel noDali, nakulo mbhalo ubukeke ukuze, kukho konke ukunganaki kwabo, ababhali bangalokothi bafune abaxhasi abavela eceleni. UBuuuel uthathe imali kunina. Abangani basebenzise uhhafu wale mali, kanti kwabanye benza ifilimu ehehayo, impumelelo eyacasula uBuuuel.
ULuis Buñuel
10. Ekuqaleni kokujwayelana kukaDali noGala Bunuel, owayengamthandi kakhulu uGala, wacishe wamklinya olwandle. UDali, esikhundleni sokuvikela isithandwa sakhe, wancenga uBuñuel ngamadolo akhe ukuba ayidedele intombazane.
11. Kamuva, encwadini yakhe yokuphila kwakhe ethi Imfihlo Yempilo kaSalvador Dali, lo mculi wabiza uBuñuel ngokuthi akekho. Ngo-1942, e-United States, lokhu kwakufana nokulahlwa - uBunuel washesha wasuka emsebenzini. Ezinsolweni zakhe, uDali waphendula ngokuthi le ncwadi wayibhala hhayi ngoBuuuel, kodwa ngaye.
12. Kuze kube yiminyaka engama-25, waze wahlangana noGala, uDali akazange abe nobudlelwano bezocansi nabesifazane. Ababhali bezobuciko bomculi bakholelwa ukuthi amahloni anjalo abangelwa izinkinga zengqondo hhayi zomzimba. Futhi ngisho esengumntwana, incwadi eyinkomba yezokwelapha enezithombe ezicacile zezilonda ezibangelwa izifo ezithathelwana ngocansi yawela ezandleni ze-El Salvador. Lezi zithombe zamsabisa impilo yakhe yonke.
13. UMuse Dali Galá (1894 - 1982) emhlabeni wabizwa ngo-Elena Ivanovna (ngemuva kukayise uDimitrievna) Dyakonova. WayengumRashiya, odabuka eKazan. Umndeni wakhe, eceleni kukanina, babephethe izimayini zegolide, usingababa wakhe (ubaba wakhe washona ngesikhathi intombazane eneminyaka engu-11 ubudala) wayengummeli ophumelelayo. UGala kusukela eneminyaka engu-20 welashelwa isifo sofuba, ngaleso sikhathi okwakucishe kube isigwebo sentambo. Yize kunjalo, uGala waphila impilo egculisa kakhulu kuzo zonke izindlela futhi washona eneminyaka engama-87.
UDali noGala
14. Ngo-1933, umthombo wemali engenayo ezimele wavela okokuqala empilweni kaDali (ngaphambi kwalokho, zonke izindleko zazikhokhelwa nguyise). UGala unxenxe uMntwana uFosini-Lusenge ukuthi asungulele lo mculi ikilabhu labantu abangu-12. Iqembu, elibizwa nge- "Zodiac", lithembise ukukhokha uDali ama-franc angu-2 500 ngenyanga, kanti lo mculi kwakumele anikeze ababambiqhaza bakhe umdwebo omkhulu noma umdwebo omncane kanye nemidwebo emibili kanye ngenyanga.
15. Umshado womhlaba kaDali noGala, obudlelwano babo baqala ngasekupheleni kwehlobo noma ekuqaleni kokwindla ngo-1929, waphothulwa ngo-1934, futhi laba bashada ngo-1958. UPapa Pius XII akazange anikeze imvume yomshado, futhi uJohn XXIII, owalandela yena, wasekela kakhulu isehlukaniso sikaGala (kusukela ngo-1917 wayeshade nembongi uPaul Eluard).
16. Komunye wemibukiso ebiseLondon, uDali uthathe isinqumo sokudlala edlubhe isudi. Kwakumele a-ode enkampanini ekhethekile. Inkosi, elethe isudi, yaqinisa onke amantongomane esigqokweni ngonembeza yahambahamba izungeza umbukiso - yatshelwa ukuthi lo mdlalo uzothatha isigamu sehora. Eqinisweni, uDali waqala ukuminyaniswa ngemizuzu yokuqala. Bazama ukukhipha amantongomane ngosizo lwezindlela ezithuthukisiwe, bese bewisa phansi ngesando. Ngokubona uDali ethukile edonsa umoya, izethameli zawela enjabulweni - kwabonakala sengathi konke lokhu kwakuyingxenye yokusebenza kwe-surreal.
17. Uma sebeseNew York, abasebenzi baklama ngokungafanele iwindi lesitolo ngokusho komdwebo kaDali. Umnikazi wenqabile ukushintsha noma yini. Ngemuva kwalokho lo mculi ungene ngewindi ngaphakathi, waliphahlaza futhi waphonsa ubhavu, owawuyinto yokuhlobisa, emgwaqweni. Amaphoyisa ayekhona lapho. Ngokushesha uGala wabiza izintatheli, kwathi uDali, owenqaba ukukhokha ibhondi, wathola isimemezelo esihle. Ijaji limkhombile ngakwesokudla, lajezisa uDali kuphela ngokufuna umonakalo: "Umculi unelungelo lokuvikela indalo yakhe". Iqiniso lokuthi umculi wenze umugqa ngokunembile ngoba bekuyi hhayi lokho ayenakho emqondweni, ngokusobala, kwakungangeni emqondweni wejaji.
18. UDali wayemhlonipha kakhulu uSigmund Freud nezimfundiso zakhe. Umsunguli we-psychoanalysis, naye, wabamba imibono yendabuko, uma kungenjalo. Ngakho-ke, lapho uDali efika e-Italy ngo-1938, uFreud wavuma ukuhlangana naye kuphela ngemuva kwezicelo eziningi ezivela kubantu ababaziyo.
19. UDali ubize ukuqhunyiswa kwamabhomu e-athomu emadolobheni aseJapan "ngesimo sokuzamazama komhlaba". Ngokuvamile, ukwesaba kwempi kwaba nomthelela omncane kakhulu emsebenzini wakhe.
20. Ababhali bomlando kaDali, bebhekisa ekusebenzisaneni kwakhe neHollywood, bavame ukusho ukungabi bikho kwemali njengesizathu sokwehluleka. Eqinisweni, bobabili uWalt Disney no-Alfred Hitchcock babezimisele ukusebenzisana nomculi, kodwa benombandela wokukwazi ukulungisa umsebenzi wakhe. UDali wenqaba ngokuqinile, kwase kuqala ukusebenza kwengxabano yezezimali.
21. Ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yama-1970, u-Amanda Lear wavela embuthanweni omkhulu wabantu abasha ababezungeze uDali noGala. UGala, obenomona ngomyeni wakhe ngabo bonke abamele abesifazane, uthathe lo mculi ngendlela emnandi waze wafuna nokuba afunge ukuthi uzoba noDali ngemuva kokushona kwakhe. U-Amanda wajabulisa isalukazi ngesifungo, kwathi ezinyangeni ezimbalwa kamuva washada nendlovukazi yaseFrance.
USalvador Dali no-Amanda Lear
22. Ngaphambi nje kokushona kwakhe, uGala wabanjwa ukwesaba ubumpofu ngokungenangqondo. Yize bebehlala ngokwehlukana, unkosikazi wayehlala ekhuthaza umculi ukuthi asebenze, noma okungenani bamane basayine amaphepha angenalutho. Okushiwo ukuthi babekhokhelwa ama-autographs. Ngemuva kokushona kukaDali, abameli babamba amakhanda abo: ngokwezibalo ezahlukahlukene, lo mculi usayine amashumi ezinkulungwane zamashidi, kodwa okungabekwa noma yini - kusuka emdwebeni kuya ku-IOU.
23. Ebusika bango-1980, ngenkathi base-United States, lezi zithandani zahlaselwa umkhuhlane. UDali wayeneminyaka engama-76, uGala wayeneminyaka eyishumi ngaphezulu. Lesi sifo, empeleni, saba yingozi kubo. UGala ushone ngemuva konyaka nohhafu, uDali wabambelela eminye iminyaka eyisishiyagalombili, kepha isikhathi esiningi wayengakwazi ukwenza lutho ngaphandle kosizo lwangaphandle.
24. UGala ushonele ePort Lligat, kodwa bekufanele angcwatshwe ePubol, okuyisigodlo somndeni esakhiwe kabusha nguDali amakhilomitha ayishumi nambili ukusuka lapho. Umthetho waseSpain uyakwenqabela ukuthuthwa kwezidumbu zabangasekho ngaphandle kwemvume yeziphathimandla eziphakathi (lo mthetho wamukelwa ngisho nangesikhathi semikhuhlane). UDali akazange acele, futhi akazange alinde nemvume, ehambisa isidumbu somkakhe kuCadillac yakhe.
ICastle Pubol
25. Ngo-1984, kwenzeka isifunda esifushane ebhathini inkinobho uDali ayesembhedeni ayibiza ngomhlengikazi. Lo mculi ukwazile ukuphuma embhedeni ovuthayo. Washiswa kanzima futhi waphila eminye iminyaka emihlanu. Ushonele esibhedlela ngenxa yenhliziyo.
