Ithempeli laseParthenon lisinde ngokulambisa kuze kube manje, futhi, yize ukubukeka kokuqala kwesakhiwo bekukuhle kakhulu, namuhla kubhekwa njengesibonelo sobuhle basendulo. Lokhu ukukhanga okuyinhloko eGrisi futhi kufanele ukuvakashelwe lapho ujikeleza izwe. Izwe lasendulo lalidume ngezakhiwo zalo ezinkulu, kepha lokhu kungamangaza ngempela.
Ukwakhiwa kwethempeli laseParthenon
Eningizimu ye-Acropolis e-Athene, kuvuka ithempeli lasendulo, elidumisa unkulunkulukazi wokuhlakanipha, ohlonishwa amakhulu eminyaka ngabantu baseHellas. Izazi-mlando zikholelwa ukuthi ukuqala kokwakhiwa kubuyela emuva ku-447-446. BC e. Alukho ulwazi oluqondile ngalokhu, ngoba ukulandelana kwezwe lasendulo nabantu besikhathi sakhe kwehlukile. EGrisi, ukuqala kosuku kwakubhekwa njengesiwombe sasehlobo.
Ngaphambi kokwakhiwa kwethempeli elikhulu lokuhlonipha unkulunkulukazi u-Athena, kwakhiwa izakhiwo ezahlukahlukene zamasiko kule ndawo, kepha azikho ezisasele kuze kube namuhla, futhi yiParthenon kuphela, yize ngokwengxenye, esemi esiqongweni segquma. Iphrojekthi yefa lesakhiwo lesikhathi esizayo yathuthukiswa ngu-Iktin, kanti uKallikrate wayebandakanyekile ekuqalisweni kwayo.
Umsebenzi wethempeli uthathe cishe iminyaka eyisithupha. IParthenon inomhlobiso wayo ongajwayelekile kumqophi wemifanekiso wasendulo ongumGreki uPhidias, ophakathi kuka-438 no-437. ifake isithombe sika-Athena, esimbozwe ngegolide. Isakhamuzi ngasinye salezo zikhathi sasazi ukuthi ithempeli lalinikezelwa kubani, ngoba ngesikhathi seGrisi yasendulo onkulunkulu babehlonishwa, futhi kwakungunkulunkulukazi wokuhlakanipha, impi, ubuciko nemisebenzi yezandla owayevame ukuzithola ephezulu esiteji.
Umlando ongakhululekile wesakhiwo esikhulu
Kamuva ekhulwini lesithathu leminyaka. I-Athene yathunjwa ngu-Alexander the Great, kodwa ithempeli alizange lilimale. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umbusi omkhulu wayala ukufakwa kochungechunge lwamahawu ukuvikela ukwakhiwa okukhulu kwezakhiwo, futhi wethula izikhali zamaqhawe asePheresiya njengesipho. Kuliqiniso, akubona bonke abanqobi ababenomusa kangako ekudalweni kwamakhosi amaGrikhi. Ngemuva kokunqotshwa kwesizwe sakwaHerul, kwaqubuka umlilo eParthenon, ngenxa yalokho ingxenye yophahla lwacekelwa phansi, kanye nokufakwa nophahla kwalimala. Kusukela lapho, awukho umsebenzi omkhulu wokubuyisela owenziwe.
Ngesikhathi seMpi Yenkolo, ithempeli laseParthenon laba ngumthombo wengxabano, njengoba isonto lobuKristu lazama ngazo zonke izindlela ukuqeda ubuqaba kubantu baseHellas. Cishe ngekhulu lesi-3, isithombe sika-Athena Parthenos sanyamalala satholakala; ngekhulu lesi-6, iParthenon yaqanjwa kabusha ngokuthi yiCathedral of the Most Holy Theotokos. Kusukela ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-13, ithempeli elake laba likhulu labahedeni laba yingxenye yeSonto LamaKatolika, igama lalo lalishintshwa kaningi, kepha akukho zinguquko eziphawulekayo ezenziwe.
Sikukwazisa ukuthi ufunde ngethempeli lika-Abu Simbel.
Ngo-1458, ubuKristu bathathelwa indawo ubuSulumane, njengoba i-Athene yathunjwa uMbuso Wase-Ottoman. Naphezu kokuthi uMehmet II wayebabaza ikakhulukazi i-Acropolis neParthenon, lokhu akuzange kumvimbe ekubekeni amabutho empi endaweni yawo. Ngesikhathi sobudlova, lesi sakhiwo sasivame ukugoqelwa ngamatshe, yingakho ibhilidi elalivele selibhidlikile lawela ekonakaleni okukhulu kakhulu.
Ngo-1832 i-Athens yaphinda yaba yingxenye yeGreece, futhi eminyakeni emibili kamuva iParthenon yamenyezelwa njengefa lasendulo. Kusukela kulesi sikhathi, isakhiwo esiyinhloko se-Acropolis saqala ukubuyiselwa ngokoqobo kancane kancane. Ngesikhathi sokumbiwa kwemivubukulo, ososayensi bazama ukuthola izingxenye zeParthenon futhi bayibuyisela ibe yinto eyodwa ngenkathi begcina izici zokwakha.
Amaqiniso athakazelisayo ngethempeli
Izithombe zethempeli lasendulo azibonakali zehluke kangako, kepha uma sihlolisisa, singasho ngokuqiniseka ukuthi indalo enjalo ayitholakali kunoma yiliphi idolobha laseMandulo. Ngokumangazayo, ngenkathi kwakhiwa, kwakusetshenziswa izindlela ezikhethekile zokwakha ezakha imibono ebonakalayo. Ngokwesibonelo:
- amakholomu atsheke ngezindlela ezihlukile kuye ngendawo akuyo ukuze kubonakale kuqondile;
- ububanzi bamakholomu buya ngokuya ngesikhundla;
- i-stylobate iphakama ibheke maphakathi.
Ngenxa yokuthi ithempeli laseParthenon lihlukaniswa ngokwakhiwa kwalo okungavamile, babevame ukuzama ukulikopisha emazweni ahlukahlukene emhlabeni jikelele. Uma uzibuza ukuthi ukwakhiwa okufanayo kutholakala kuphi, kufanelekile ukuvakashela eJalimane, e-USA noma eJapane. Izithombe eziphindaphindwayo ziyahlaba umxhwele ngokufana, kepha azikwazi ukudlulisa ubukhulu beqiniso.
