Kusukela yasungulwa, iNovgorod Kremlin ibe yisibonelo esivelele sobunjiniyela bezempi. Kusendaweni yayo lapho kukhona khona izinto ezidumile njengesikhumbuzo seminyaka eyi-Millennium of Russia, iSt.Sophia Cathedral, neVladychnaya Chamber.
Izindonga zezinqaba ezinamakhilomitha aphelele angaphansi kwelilodwa nengxenye ubude zifinyelela kumamitha ayi-15, kanti emibhoshongweni eyishumi nambili yekhulu le-15, kusele eziyisishiyagalolunye kuphela kuze kube namuhla. Manje iDetinets (njengoba iKremlin ibizwa kanjalo), indawo yayo engaphezulu kwamahektha ayi-12, ivikelwe yi-UNESCO futhi iyingxenye yesigcinamagugu sedolobha, izithombe zaso ezinhle eziheha izivakashi ezivela kuwo wonke umhlaba.
Umlando wokudalwa kweNovgorod Kremlin
Akukho lwazi oluqondile mayelana nokuthi yakhiwa nini le nhlangano yokwakha, akwaziwa ukuthi ngakuphi unyaka. Ukukhulunywa ngakho okokuqala kubuyela emuva ku-1044, ngoba ngaleso sikhathi indodana endala kaJaroslav the Wise, iNkosana uVladimir waseNovgorod yakha inqaba yokuqala. Kwakukholelwa ukuthi akukho lutho olwalusindile kulo, kodwa ngesikhathi sokumba abavubukuli bathola izingodo ze-oki, okungenzeka ukuthi zingezinsalela zale nqaba yekhulu le-11.
Kwakubhekwa njengesakhiwo esiqinile futhi kwathathwa kanye kuphela yinkosana yasePolotsk: washisa ingxenye yayo waphanga iSt. Sophia Cathedral. Ama-Detinets abuye abuyiselwa futhi andiswa yindodana kaVladimir Monomakh - iNkosana uMstislav Vladimirovich. Kungaleso sikhathi lapho iNqaba yaseNovgorod yafinyelela khona ubukhulu obusekhona kuze kube namuhla.
Maphakathi nekhulu le-12, ngenxa yokuqiniswa kwamandla kaMeya waseNovgorod, isikhulu kwadingeka sithuthele indawo yaso yokuhlala eRurikovo Gorodishche, lapho yayitholwe khona isikhathi esingaphezu kwamakhulu amathathu nesigamu. Iningi leNovgorod Kremlin ngaleso sikhathi lalinenkantolo yombhishobhi omkhulu, owayephethe ezezimali nokuphatha izinsimbi nezilinganiso. Ensimini yokuhlala kwakhe kwakukhona amasonto amaningi kanye nezakhiwo zezomnotho.
Ngendlela, ngaphansi kuka-Archbishop Vasily ukwakhiwa kwetshe iKremlin kwaqala, kepha ukushintshwa okuphelele kwe-ensemble yokhuni kwaqedwa kuphela maphakathi nekhulu le-15. Itshe le-limestone ngaleso sikhathi lisindile kancane kuze kube yilolu suku, ngokwesibonelo, lingabonakala eceleni kwekamelo laseGranovita (Vladychnaya).
I-Ensemble yezakhiwo ithole ukubukeka kwanamuhla noma okuncane ngemuva kweRiphabhuliki yaseNovgorod ehlanganiswe nobukhosi baseMoscow. Lapho-ke, ezimpini, izibhamu zase zisetshenziswa ngamandla amakhulu, futhi inqaba yakudala yayingakwazi ukuhlala isikhathi eside ezimweni ezinjalo. Imithombo yomlando yaleso sikhathi yathi ukwakhiwa kabusha kwenzeka ngokuya ngamamodeli amadala, kepha kuzobe kunembile kakhulu ukusho ukuthi le nqaba yakhiwa kabusha ngokuphelele.
Ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-18, uPeter I wakhipha isimemezelo ngokuqiniswa kweDetinets, kwase kulungiswa imibhoshongo nezindonga zayo. Maphakathi nekhulu leminyaka elilandelayo, kwethulwa isikhumbuzo seminyaka eyi-Millennium of Russia. Ngaleso sikhathi, kwakudingeka ukuthi kubuyiswe ingxenye yodonga engaphezulu kwamamitha ayi-150 ubude, eyayidilikile kungekudala.
Ngesikhathi seMpi Enkulu Yobuzwe, iNovgorod Kremlin, njengedolobha uqobo, yahlupheka kakhulu ngenxa yezimpi nokudutshulwa kwezibhamu. Ithende leSpasskaya Tower liwile, kwaphonswa ibhomu eKokuy Tower. Kusukela lapho, ukubuyiselwa kokubukeka kwangaphambilini kwale nqaba akuphelanga: ngaphezu kokwakhiwa kabusha, ukumba kuqhubeka njalo lapho, okwenzelwe ukufunda kabanzi ngempilo edlule yale nqaba.
Hlanganisa
Iqoqo lezakhiwo likaVeliky Novgorod liyaphawuleka ngokuthi libhekwa njengenqaba yokuqala yaseRussia, eyakhiwa ngokusetshenziswa kwezitini ezibomvu. Kukholakala ukuthi, ngokulandela isibonelo salesi sakhiwo esithile, kwaqala ukwakhiwa kwezakhiwo ezinamazinyo ngohlamvu M (obizwa nangokuthi i-dovetail). Le nto ihlobisa kuphela.
Kwamenywa abadwebi bamapulani abavela e-Italy nabasebenza eJalimane. Le nqaba imele iDetinets, elungele ngokuphelele impi ngokusetshenziswa kwezibhamu zokudubula. Amabhola enganono awenzanga lutho emibhoshongweni, inhloso yawo bekuwukuvikela ukujikeleza nxazonke. IDetinets yayizungezwe izinhlangothi ezintathu umsele ojulile oholela eMfuleni iVolkhov.
Imibhoshongo uqobo lwenziwa yalandelana. Ukuba phezulu kakhulu, unogada wayekwazi ukubona kahle emabangeni amade, ngakho-ke isitha sasibonakala isikhathi eside ngaphambi kokuba siye eNovgorod Kremlin. Uphahla lwemibhoshongo lwancipha kakhulu lwaya phezulu ukuze intuthu enobuthi ephuma emgqonyeni wezibhamu isakazeke kangcono. Ezinye zazo zazisetshenziselwa ukungena, okungukuthi, zazinesango. Ngaphakathi, bekunamathiselwe amathempeli esango. Izisekelo bezinemigodi ebisetshenziswa njengezisele, amasela noma amagumbi okugcina ukudla.
Namuhla, izindlu zaseNovgorod Kremlin:
- Elinye lamasonto amadala kakhulu aseRussia - USophia Cathedral, ukwakhiwa kwaqala ngo-1045. I-belfry yayo ingesinye sezakhiwo ezindala kakhulu zalolu hlobo, futhi ingenye yezinkulu kakhulu. Akukho okufana nakho ngisho okwamanje eRussia. Ngendlela, inikeza umbono omuhle, ongabonakala ezithombeni eziningi zeKremlin.
- Igumbi Elibhekelelwe Ingabe yihholo lapho kubanjelwe khona imikhosi yezenkolo ebaluleke kakhulu kuleli dolobha. Kwakunamagumbi okudlela okunesibusiso nezibusiso, ihhovisi lombhishobhi negumbi lokugcina izinto zesonto. Kubhekwa njengesona sodwa isakhiwo samaGothic eRussia.
- Itshe lesikhumbuzo "Millennium of Russia".
- Umbhoshongo wewashi, ifinyelela kumamitha angama-40 ukuphakama, ibisetshenziswa futhi njengombhoshongo womlilo.
- Imibhoshongo eyisishiyagalolunye, ibuyiselwe kusukela ekuchazweni okungokomlando okuphumela ngale komugqa wezindonga zenqaba. Zonke ziyamangalisa ngobukhulu bazo obuhle nezinto zokuhlobisa.
Amaqiniso athakazelisayo ngeNovgorod Kremlin
Izinganekwane eziningi, izimfihlo namaqiniso athakazelisayo ahlotshaniswa nokwakhiwa kweKremlin kanye ne-ensemble yezakhiwo uqobo lwazo, enye yazo ehlotshaniswa nokuqanjwa kwale ndawo ngegama elingajwayelekile elithi "ama-detinets". Izivakashi eziningi ziyazibuza ukuthi kungani iKremlin ibizwa ngeDetinets futhi lisho ukuthini leli gama? ERussia Yasendulo, leli kwakuyigama lenqaba, elizungezwe izindonga nomsele. Ngemuva kwalokho, igama elithi "Kremlin" laqala ukusetshenziswa esikhundleni salokho. Kukholakala ukuthi leli gama ekuqaleni lalisetshenziswa emithonjeni yomlando yaseNovgorod nasePskov. Kusukela ekugcineni, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, wanyamalala, ngakho-ke waqala ukuhlobana kuphela nezigodi zeNovgorod.
Akukho lwazi oluqondile okuvela kulo igama elithi "detinets". Ezinye izazi ze-philologists zikholelwa ukuthi kuhlotshaniswa nomqondo wokuthi "ingane" (amanani uma kwenzeka izimo ezingaba yingozi "zenze" noma zafihlwa enqabeni) noma "umkhulu", ngoba kulapha lapho abantu asebekhulile babuthana khona ukuxazulula noma yiziphi izindaba ezibalulekile zomphakathi.
Nayi eminye imininingwane ethokozisayo ehlobene nezikhumbuzo zesakhiwo:
- insimbi enkulu yomkhosi yekhulu le-18 isisindo samathani angaba ngu-26;
- Ngesikhathi sokumba kwatholakala isakhiwo sokuqala sokhuni, ngenxa yokuthi i-shaft ayizange idilike. Yayiqukethe izingodo ze-oki, zimbozwe ngomhlabathi futhi zine-ramm;
- amagama eminye imibhoshongo asungulwa kuphela izazi-mlando noma izazi-mlando zendawo, ngoba azikhonjisiwe kunoma iyiphi imithombo noma imibhalo;
- ekupheleni kwekhulu le-18, iSonto Lokungenelela laqala ukusetshenziswa njengethempeli lasejele, ngoba umbhoshongo uqobo owawuseduze kwawo kwakuyijele.
Vakashela eDetinets
Amahora okuvula avuliwe ikuvumela ukuba uhambe kuyo kusukela ekuseni kakhulu (amahora ayisithupha) kuze kube phakathi kwamabili, kepha ezindaweni ezithile isikhathi sokuvakasha siyehluka. Amanani kuya ngokuthi izivakashi zifuna ukuvakashela ini, kepha aziphezulu. Isibonelo, ukuvakashela i-Museum of Fine Arts kumuntu omdala kuzobiza ama-ruble angama-200. Ithikithi elilodwa linesaphulelo esingu-30%, okubandakanya ukuvakashela izindawo ezimbalwa ezikhangayo ngasikhathi sinye: yomnyuziyamu kanye ne-Faceted Chamber. Kukhona nezinsuku lapho kusungulwa umbuso okhethwayo wezinhlobo ezithile zezakhamizi futhi ungafika eDetinets mahhala ngokuphelele. Izivakashi zivunyelwe ukuthatha izithombe, izinkomba zokulalelwayo noma ukuvakasha kunikelwa ukusetshenziswa.
Sincoma ukubheka i-Astrakhan Kremlin.
Manje i-Novgorod Kremlin iyisikhungo samasiko esidonsela izivakashi eziningi ohambweni hhayi eRussia kuphela kodwa nakwamanye amazwe. Kuyisakhiwo lapho kutholakala khona ukuvezwa okuyinhloko kweMnyuziyamu yaseNovgorod, lapho izivakashi zinokuthile ezizokubona: umtapo wolwazi kanye nomphakathi we-philharmonic, isikole sobuciko nomculo. I-Kremlin Ensemble ayijwayelekile futhi ingeyokuqala, ngoba kulapha lapho ungabona khona ukuthi ukwakheka kwezinto zezempi nezomphakathi kuthonye kanjani omunye nomunye.
