U-Isaac Newton (1643-1727) - Isazi sefilosofi esiNgisi, isazi sezibalo, umakhenikha nesayensi yezinkanyezi, ongomunye wabasunguli be-classical physics. Umbhali womsebenzi oyisisekelo "iMathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy", lapho wethula khona umthetho wamandla adonsela phansi kanye nemithetho emi-3 yemishini.
Uthuthukise ukubala okuhlukile nokuhlanganisiwe, ithiyori yombala, wabeka izisekelo zokukhanya komzimba wanamuhla futhi wakha imibono eminingi yezibalo neyomzimba.
Kunamaqiniso amaningi athakazelisayo ku-biography kaNewton, esizokhuluma ngaye kulesi sihloko.
Ngakho-ke, ngaphambi kwakho kune-biography emfushane ka-Isaac Newton.
Umlando kaNewton
U-Isaac Newton wazalwa ngoJanuwari 4, 1643 edolobhaneni laseWoolstorp, elisendaweni yaseNgilandi yaseLincolnshire. Wazalelwa emndenini womlimi ocebile, u-Isaac Newton Sr., owashona ngaphambi kokuzalwa kwendodana yakhe.
Ubuntwana nentsha
Unina ka-Isaac, u-Anna Eiskow, waqala ukuzalwa ngaphambi kwesikhathi, ngenxa yalokho umfana wazalwa ngaphambi kwesikhathi. Ingane ibibuthaka kangangokuba odokotela bebengathembi ukuthi izosinda.
Noma kunjalo, uNewton ukwazile ukuphuma nokuphila impilo ende. Ngemuva kokushona kwenhloko yomndeni, umama wososayensi wakusasa wathola amahektare angamakhulu amaningana omhlaba namakhilogremu angama-500, ngaleso sikhathi okwakuyimali enkulu.
Ngokushesha, u-Anna waphinde washada. Okhethiweyo wakhe kwakuyindoda eneminyaka engama-63 ubudala, owazala izingane ezintathu.
Ngaleso sikhathi ku-biography yakhe, u-Isaac waphucwa ukunakwa ngunina, ngoba wayenakekela izingane zakhe ezincane.
Ngenxa yalokho, uNewton wakhuliswa ngugogo wakhe, futhi kamuva wakhuliswa ngumalume wakhe uWilliam Ascoe. Ngaleso sikhathi, umfana wayekhetha ukuba yedwa. Wayengumuntu omubi kakhulu futhi ehoxisiwe.
Ngesikhathi sakhe sokuphumula, u-Isaac wayekujabulela ukufunda izincwadi nokuklama amathoyizi ahlukahlukene, kufaka phakathi iwashi lamanzi nensimbi yomoya. Kodwa-ke, waqhubeka nokugula kaningi.
Lapho uNewton eneminyaka engaba yishumi ubudala, usingababa wakhe washona. Eminyakeni embalwa kamuva, waqala ukuya esikoleni esiseduze neGrantham.
Umfana uthole amamaki aphezulu kuyo yonke imikhakha. Ngaphezu kwalokho, wazama ukuqamba izinkondlo, ngenkathi eqhubeka nokufunda izincwadi ezahlukahlukene.
Kamuva, umama wathatha indodana yakhe eneminyaka engu-16 wabuyela efeni, wanquma ukudlulisela kuye izibopho eziningi zezomnotho. Kodwa-ke, uNewton wayenqikaza ukwenza umsebenzi wezandla, wakhetha zonke izincwadi ezifanayo zokufunda nokwakha izindlela ezahlukahlukene.
Uthisha wesikole sika-Isaac, umalume wakhe uWilliam Ascoe kanye nomuntu amjwayele uHumphrey Babington, bakwazile ukuncenga u-Anna ukuthi avumele le nsizwa enekhono ukuthi iqhubeke nezifundo zayo.
Ngenxa yalokhu, lo mfana wakwazi ukuqeda ngempumelelo esikoleni ngo-1661 futhi wangena eNyuvesi yaseCambridge.
Ukuqala komsebenzi wesayensi
Njengomfundi, u-Isaac wayesesimweni esihle, okwamvumela ukuthi athole imfundo yamahhala.
Kodwa-ke, ukubuya, umfundi ubephoqelekile ukwenza imisebenzi eyahlukahlukene eyunivesithi, kanye nokusiza abafundi abacebile. Futhi yize lesi simo sezinto samcasula, ngenxa yokufunda, wayekulungele ukufeza noma yiziphi izicelo.
Ngaleso sikhathi se-biography yakhe, u-Isaac Newton wayesathanda ukuqhubeka nokuphila yedwa, ngaphandle kokuba nabangane abaseduze.
Abafundi bafundiswa ifilosofi kanye nesayensi yemvelo ngokwemisebenzi ka-Aristotle, yize bekuthi ngaleso sikhathi ukutholwa kukaGalileo nabanye ososayensi kwase kwaziwa.
Mayelana nalokhu, uNewton wayezifundise, efunda ngokucophelela imisebenzi kaGalileo ofanayo, uCopernicus, uKepler nabanye ososayensi abadumile. Wayenesifiso sezibalo, i-physics, i-optics, i-astronomy kanye nomculo womqondo.
U-Isaac wasebenza kanzima kangangokuthi wayevame ukungondleki futhi engalali kahle.
Lapho le nsizwa ineminyaka engama-21 ubudala, yaqala ukwenza ucwaningo yodwa. Ngokushesha wehlisa izinkinga ezingama-45 empilweni yomuntu nasemvelweni ezazingenazixazululo.
Kamuva, uNewton wahlangana nesazi sezibalo esivelele u-Isaac Barrow, owaba uthisha wakhe futhi waba omunye wabangane abambalwa. Ngenxa yalokho, umfundi waba nentshisekelo eyengeziwe kwizibalo.
Ngokushesha, u-Isaac wenza ukutholwa kwakhe kokuqala okungathi sína - ukunwetshwa okuyisisekelo komkhulumeli onengqondo ongenangqondo, lapho afika khona ngendlela eyingqayizivele yokwandisa umsebenzi ube uchungechunge olungapheli. Ngawo lowo nyaka wanikezwa iziqu ze-bachelor.
Ngo-1665-1667, lapho ubhadane lwaludla lubi eNgilandi futhi impi ebizayo neHolland yenziwa, usosayensi wazinza isikhashana eWoustorp.
Ngalesi sikhathi, uNewton wafunda ngokukhanya, ezama ukuchaza ubunjalo bokukhanya. Ngenxa yalokho, wafika emfanekisweni ohlangene, ebheka ukukhanya njengomfudlana wezinhlayiya ezikhishwa emthonjeni othile wokukhanya.
Kungaleso sikhathi lapho u-Isaac Newton ethula khona, mhlawumbe, ukutholakala kwakhe okudume kakhulu - Umthetho Wamandla Okudonsela phansi.
Iqiniso elithandekayo ukuthi indaba ehlobene ne-apula eliwele ekhanda lomcwaningi iyinganekwane. Eqinisweni, uNewton wayesondela kancane kancane ekutholeni kwakhe.
Isazi sefilosofi esidumile uVoltaire wayengumbhali wenganekwane nge-apula.
Udumo lwesayensi
Ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yama-1660, u-Isaac Newton wabuyela eCambridge, lapho athola khona iziqu ze-master, indawo yokuhlala ehlukile neqembu labafundi, abafundisa isayensi ehlukahlukene.
Ngaleso sikhathi, i-physicist yakha isibonakude esikhanyayo, esamenza waduma futhi samvumela ukuba abe yilungu leRoyal Society yaseLondon.
Inani elikhulu lezinto ezibalulekile zokutholwa kwezinkanyezi lenziwe ngosizo lwe-reflector.
Ngo-1687 uNewton waqedela umsebenzi wakhe omkhulu, "iMathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy." Waba isisekelo semishini enengqondo nayo yonke isayensi yemvelo yezibalo.
Le ncwadi ibiqukethe umthetho wamandla adonsela phansi, imithetho emi-3 yemishini, uhlelo lukaCopernicus olusenkabeni yelanga, neminye imininingwane ebalulekile.
Lo msebenzi wawugcwele ubufakazi obuqondile nokwakhiwa. Bekungaqukethe noma yiziphi izinkulumo ezingaqondakali nezincazelo ezingacacile ezitholwe kubanduleli bakaNewton.
Ngo-1699, lapho umcwaningi ephethe izikhundla eziphezulu zokuphatha, uhlelo lomhlaba oluchazwe nguye lwaqala ukufundiswa eNyuvesi yaseCambridge.
Ukugqugquzelwa kukaNewton kwakungososayensi abaningi: uGalileo, uDescartes noKepler. Ngaphezu kwalokho, wayazisa kakhulu imisebenzi ka-Euclid, Fermat, Huygens, Wallis noBarrow.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
Yonke impilo yakhe uNewton wayephila njenge-bachelor. Wagxila kuphela kwisayensi.
Kuze kube sekupheleni kokuphila kwakhe, i-physicist cishe yayingakaze igqoke izibuko, nakuba yayine-myopia encane. Wayengavamile ukuhleka, cishe akazange alahlekelwe yintukuthelo futhi wayevinjelwa imizwa.
U-Isaac wayeyazi i-akhawunti yemali, kepha wayengelona igolo. Akakhombisanga ntshisekelo kwezemidlalo, umculo, itiyetha, noma ukuvakasha.
Sonke isikhathi sakhe samahhala uNewton unikele kwisayensi. Umsizi wakhe ukhumbule ukuthi usosayensi akazange azivumele ngisho nokuphumula, ekholwa ukuthi yonke imizuzu yamahhala kumele isetshenziswe ngenzuzo.
U-Isaac waze wacasulwa ukuthi uchithe isikhathi esiningi elele. Wazibekela imithetho eminingi nokuzibamba, ahlala eyilandela ngokuqinile.
UNewton waphatha izihlobo nozakwabo ngemfudumalo, kepha akazange afune ukwakha ubungane, ethanda isizungu kubo.
Ukufa
Eminyakeni embalwa ngaphambi kokufa kwakhe, impilo kaNewton yaqala ukuwohloka, ngenxa yalokho wathuthela eKensington. Yilapho afela khona.
U-Isaac Newton ushone ngoMashi 20 (31), 1727 eneminyaka engama-84. ILondon yonke yeza ukuzovalelisa kusosayensi omkhulu.
Izithombe zeNewton
