I-Astrakhan Kremlin, eyakhiwe esiQhingini esiphakeme saseHare, esizungezwe imifula nxazonke: iVolga, iKutuma neTsarev, yayisebenza njengendawo yokuvikela eyayivikela imingcele eseningizimu yoMbuso WaseMoscow ekuhlaselweni yizitha kusukela ngosuku lwesisekelo sayo. Kuvaliwe yi-Cossack Erik eringini elilodwa lamanzi, kwaba yisithiyo kubahlaseli ababezama ukuthatha i-Astrakhan.
Ngemuva kwezindonga zezinqaba ezinamandla, izinto eziyingqayizivele ezingama-22 zomlando namasiko ezokuvikela zaseRussia, amasonto nezakhiwo zomphakathi zekhulu le-16 - ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20 zigcinwe kuze kube namuhla, ezathola isimo sezindawo ezikhangayo ngaphansi kokuvikelwa kombuso.
Umlando we-Astrakhan Kremlin
Ukwakhiwa kwesakhiwo sokuzivikela seKremlin kuqale maphakathi nekhulu le-16 ngokusho komklami wonjiniyela uVyrodkov onodonga lwenqaba oluphindwe kabili ngokhuni. Izikhala ezivulekile zodonga zazigcwele umhlaba namatshe amakhulu. Uthango lwenqaba ekuhlelweni kwalo lwalungunxantathu onama-angled angakwesokudla onesiqongo esiqondiswe eningizimu-ntshonalanga. Eminyakeni emine ngemuva kokuqala kokwakhiwa, kwavela eKremlin umbhoshongo nesango lokungena.
Ngemuva kokufakwa kwamazwe amasha ezweni laseRussia nokuthola ukufinyelela kuLwandle iCaspian, ukubaluleka kwenqaba kwanda. Ngesikhathi sokubusa kuka-Ivan the Terrible, ukwakhiwa kwenqaba yamatshe kwaqala ngoBoris Godunov. Isakhiwo esiyinqaba, isonto kanye nezakhiwo zomphakathi sikhule sizungeze umbhoshongo.
Prechistenskaya bell umbhoshongo
Isango iProcistenskaya Gate lingena ngemuva esibhakabhakeni esinensimbi emhlophe eneqhwa emaceleni amane emamitha ayi-80 ukuphakama. Leli bhande, elakhiwe eminyakeni eyishumi yokuqala yekhulu le-18, lakhiwa kabusha amahlandla amane ngenxa yethambeka elihlala libangelwa ukuncipha kwenhlabathi. Ekupheleni kwekhulu le-19 leminyaka, ukuthambeka kwakusobala kakhulu kangangokuba abantu bendawo bayibiza ngokuthi “yi-Leaning Tower of Pisa”.
Unyaka we-1910 wawungukuzalwa okusha kwebell tower eyingqayizivele ngenxa yomakhi wezakhiwo uKaryagin, owayakha ngesitayela sakudala saseRussia sokwakha. Ngo-1912, i-belfry yayihlotshiswe ngama-chimes kagesi kagesi, ikhipha i-melodic chime njalo ngemizuzu engu-15, futhi ngo-12: 00 no-18: 00 - idlala umculo onesizotha kaMikhail Glinka "Glory". Umbhoshongo wensimbi oyi-Prechistenskaya, okhonjiswe esithombeni sezindlela eziningi zabavakashi, siwabona namuhla.
Umbono Cathedral
Eduze nombhoshongo odumile wensimbi kumi iKhathedrali Yokwenyuka Kwezingcwelengcwele Theotokos, ebilokhu yakhiwa kusukela ngo-1699 iminyaka engu-12. Isonto eliphakeme elinamasondo amabili, elakhiwe emasikweni esonto laseMoscow Baroque, liyaphakama, licwebezela ngegolide izindlu ezinhlanu ezigqoke iziphambano. Izingubo ezingaphambili ezimhlophe njengeqhwa zijabulisa ubuciko bokubaza amatshe okuvula.
Ithempeli lesigaba esiphansi, elinikezelwe uMhlangano Wesithonjana SikaVladimir Umama kaNkulunkulu, liphansi, futhi lasebenza njengendawo yokungcwaba abefundisi abasezingeni eliphezulu. Iqukethe i-crayfish enezinsalela zabangcwele: uTheodosius noMetropolitan Joseph, owabulawa ngesikhathi sokuvukela kukaStepan Razin, angcwatshwa amakhosi aseGeorgia - uVakhtang VI noTeimuraz II.
ISonto Lokwenyusa, elisendaweni ephezulu, liyisakhiwo eside esenzelwe imisebenzi yaphezulu. Izindonga zemabula, amawindi ezinhlangothi ezimbili, amakholomu, i-iconostasis kanokusho, imidwebo yophahla yesitayela saseByzantine nemidwebo kaPalekh yemigqomo ebusayo - yile ndlela ingaphakathi lethempeli elivela ngayo phambi kwezivakashi.
I-Trinity Cathedral noCyril Chapel
Isonto, elakhiwa ukuhlonipha uZiqu-zintathu Onika Ukuphila ngo-1576 esigodlweni sezindela samadoda, lingesinye sezakhiwo ezindala eKremlin. Ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-17, isonto elenziwe ngamapulangwe lathathelwa indawo yithempeli elikhulu lamatshe, elakhiwa kabusha kaningana ngaphezu kwamakhulu amathathu eminyaka ngemuva komlilo nezimpi.
Namuhla, i-Trinity Cathedral iyinhlanganisela yamasonto amathathu: iSretenskaya, Vvedenskaya neTrinity, ebekwe egumbini elingaphansi elilodwa elinamakhosombe amabili aseduze kwabo. Isonto lombhishobhi liqukethe amathuna ababhishobhi bokuqala base-Astrakhan. Ngokwenganekwane, eduze nohlangothi olungaphandle olusenyakatho lwethempeli kulele izinsalela zabahlali base-Astrakhan abangama-441, abahlukunyezwa ngokubulawa yizihlubuki uStepan Razin.
Ama-facade e-Trinity Cathedral abuyiselwe kakhulu futhi alethwa ekubonakaleni kwawo kwasekuqaleni. Ku-2018, umsebenzi wokubuyisela uyaqhubeka ngokuqedela ngaphakathi kwethempeli.
Sikukwazisa ukuthi ubheke eNovgorod Kremlin.
Eduze kwesonto lombhishobhi kumi iCyril Chapel, lapho kungcwatshwa khona umphathi wokuqala weSigodlo Sezindela, uCyril.
ISonto Church of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker
Isonto lesango, eliqanjwe ngosanta, ngokwesiko lasendulo lobuKristu, lalisebenza njengomgcini wedolobha kanye nezakhamizi zalo. Ukwakhiwa kweSango likaNikolsky embhoshongweni osenyakatho kanye nesonto lesango likaSt.Nicholas the Wonderworker kwenziwa ngasikhathi sinye nokwakhiwa kwetshe i-Astrakhan Kremlin.
Amasango aholela esikhumulweni lapho kwakuklanywa khona imikhumbi ehlukahlukene, kufaka phakathi umkhumbi kaPeter I, owavakashela iKremlin ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-18. Ngo-1738 isonto elidilikayo lakhiwa kabusha ngendlela ejwayelekile yeNkathi Ephakathi YaseRussia. Izindonga zesonto ezinamatshe amhlophe ezinamandla, zimbozwe ngetende, elithweswe umqhele ngo-anyanisi omncane, zavela phezu kwemengamo yamatshe yesango lendlela.
Imibhoshongo yaseKremlin
I-Astrakhan Kremlin yayivikelwe ngohlelo olucijile lwemibhoshongo engu-8, exhunywe ngamaphaseji: eyimpumputhe, etholakala odongeni, emincane, ephuma odongeni nasekuhambeni, esesangweni. Izindonga zombhoshongo zazifinyelela kumamitha ayi-3.5 ubukhulu. Izindlu zabo ezingagudluki zazithweswe imiqhele yamatende enziwe ngokhuni, okwakuhlala kuwo izinqaba. Imibhoshongo ngayinye yenza umsebenzi wayo lapho ivikela le nqaba:
- Umbhoshongo oyisithulu wasekhoneni likaBishop ungabonakala ohlangothini lwesobunxele lwesango elikhulu laseKremlin - umbhoshongo wesango iPrekistenskaya. Izindonga zombhoshongo ngendlela yazo yamanje zakhiwa ngesikhathi sokwakhiwa kabusha kwe-1828. Umbhoshongo wombhishobhi waqanjwa ngo-1602, ngenkathi kwakhiwa idayosisi yase-Astrakhan, umhlaba owabelwa ingxenye eseningizimu-mpumalanga yeKremlin. Indawo yokuhlala yamatshe eyizitezi ezimbili yeMetropolitan yakhiwa egcekeni lombhishobhi - isakhiwo esinamagumbi nesonto lendlu. Ngenxa yokwakhiwa kabusha, indlu yombhishobhi yaba nezitezi ezine. Kusukela esakhiweni sokuqala esingaphambili, kusindile amathayili amathathu asendulo, akhombisa: u-Alexander Omkhulu ephethe isabula, egibele ihhashi, ibhubesi eligade isigodlo sobukhosi kanye nesithombe sesilo esinamaphiko.
- IZhitnaya blind tower, etholakala ohlangothini oluseningizimu yenqaba, igcinwe isesimweni sayo sokuqala ngenxa yechibi nezakhiwo ezivela ezinhlangothini ezahlukene. Igama lombhoshongo lanikezwa nguZhitny Dvor - indawo ebiyelwe eduze nodonga oluseningizimu, lapho kwakukhona khona izakhiwo zangaphandle zokugcina okusanhlamvu nokunye ukudla.
- Isakhiwo sokuqiniswa kwezithulu - iCrimeaan Tower, sathola igama laso endaweni yaso maqondana neCrimean Way, lapho iKrymchaks yahlasela khona. Lesi sakhiwo esinamandla sakhiwa kabusha amahlandla amaningi ngenxa yomonakalo esasithola ngenkathi sibuyisa ukuhlaselwa kwesitha.
- Umbhoshongo iRed Gate utholakala engxenyeni esenyakatho-ntshonalanga yodonga lwaseKremlin ngenhla nebhange eliphakeme leVolga. Ihlukile kokunye ekwakhiweni kwesakhiwo esinamacala ayi-12 esinophahla oluyindilinga, olwanikeza ithuba lokuvikela okuyindilinga ezitheni. Ngokobufakazi obusindile obubhaliwe, ama-cannonballs avela kulo mbhoshongo andiza amamitha ayi-200-300, futhi evela endaweni yesikhulumi, kwaqashwa ibhange langakwesokudla leVolga, lapho izitha namakharavani anokudla okufika khona emfuleni asondela khona. Umbhoshongo waba negama lawo ngenxa yokubukeka kwawo okuhle okuhle. Ngemuva kokubuyiselwa kuka-1958, kwafakwa umbukiso wasemnyuziyamu, lapho kukhonjiswa khona imibukiso mayelana nokuthi ngubani owakha iKremlin, izithombe ezindala ezingandile ezinencazelo yokubukwa kweKremlin, amamephu angavamile nezithombe ze-Astrakhan yakudala.
- Ikhoneni elisenyakatho-mpumalanga lodonga lwenqaba limakwe yi-Artillery Tower, eqondane nalo negceke langaphambili laseZeleyny (isibhamu). Umagazini olondoloziwe we-medieval powder unentshisekelo egcekeni. Umbhoshongo wenza hhayi kuphela umsebenzi wokuzivikela weKremlin, kodwa ngekhulu le-17, ngesikhathi sempi yabalimi ngaphansi kobuholi bukaStepan Razin, kwakuyindawo yokuboshwa kwezikhulu nezikhulu, lapho kwenziwa khona ukuphenywa kusetshenziswa ukuhlukunyezwa nokubulala. Ngakho-ke, abantu bayibiza ngokuthi yiTorture Tower. Okuxakayo ukuthi ngemuva kokucindezelwa kokuvukela kukaRazin nguhulumeni wobukhosi, amavukelambuso abhekana nesimo esifanayo embhoshongweni. IZeleyny Dvor Square isiphenduke indawo lapho kukhonjiswa khona izinganono zasendulo, futhi ngaphakathi kombhoshongo kukhona umbukiso owazisa izivakashi ukuthi kwenziwa kanjani ukujeziswa ngomuntu ngekhulu le-16 kuya kwele-18 embusweni waseMoscow. Njengoba zehla ngaphansi kwamakhothamo ePowder Magazine, izivakashi kulo mbukiso wokuxhumana zizothola ulwazi oluthokozisayo ngemvelaphi nokwenziwa ngcono kwezibhamu.
Imfihlakalo yeSango Lamanzi
Ngesikhathi sokuvuselelwa kabusha kwengxenye yodonga lwenqaba kusukela ngo-Nikolsky kuya eSangweni Elibomvu, kwatholakala umgudu ongaphansi komhlaba owawungaphansi kwesisekelo sendawo yezempilo eyayingasasebenzi kahle yamasosha. Iphaseji lemba ngaphansi komhlaba lalakhiwe ngezitini. Ukuphuma ngaphandle kwavalwa yinsimbi enesisindo esindayo ephakama futhi iwele lapho isigubhu semishini sizungeza. Inganekwane ethandwayo mayelana nomgwaqo ongaphansi komhlaba oya eVolga yaqinisekiswa. Indawo yokucasha ngaphansi kwentaba kwakuyisango lamanzi elaliyindlela kuphela yokugcwalisa amanzi ngesikhathi sokuvinjezelwa kwenqaba.
Isakhiwo sogada
Indlu yokuqala yonogada yakhiwa ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-18 ngesikhathi sokubusa kukaPeter I. Indlu yonogada, ebonakala emehlweni ezivakashi zaseKremlin namuhla, isukela ku-1808. Yakhiwa esizeni sendlu endala yonogada bamasosha. Manje, ukuvakasha kwenziwa ngasendlini yonogada, lapho izivakashi zizofunda imininingwane ethokozisayo ngempilo nomsebenzi wamasosha ngekhulu le-19, bahlole ingaphakathi legumbi lokuphumula laleli phoyisa nehhovisi lomkhuzi wamasosha, futhi bavakashele indawo yeziboshwa.
IKremlin Museum
Ukuvulwa kwesakhiwo esiyigugu semyuziyamu "i-Astrakhan Kremlin" sezivakashi kwakungo-1974. Izinto ezibuyisiwe zibandakanya: imnyuziyamu ye-ethnography eneqoqo eliyingqayizivele nemibukiso eminingi eveza umlando weKremlin, Astrakhan neRussia kusuka eNkathini Ephakathi kuze kube namuhla. Indawo yokugcina izikhali iyikhaya lesikhungo sombukiso esiphethe imibukiso yabaculi abadumile, izibalo ze-wax nempumelelo yesayensi. Njalo ngonyaka i-Astrakhan Opera House ikhombisa i-opera ethi "Boris Godunov" ngokuqhathaniswa nezinto ezingemlando ezisebenza njengendawo evulekile emoyeni.
Isakhiwo ngasinye seKremlin sinezinganekwane nezimfihlo zaso ezijabulisayo, ezitshelwa abaqondisi ngokuthakazelisayo. Kusukela embhoshongweni wokubuka weSango Olubomvu, kuvuleka ukubukwa okumangazayo futhi kutholwe izithombe ezinhle ezizokukhumbuza i-Astrakhan neparele lalo - iKremlin.
Ikuphi i-Astrakhan Kremlin, amahora okuvula nokuthi ungafika kanjani lapho
Ikheli lesakhiwo semnyuziyamu: i-Astrakhan, umgwaqo uTrediakovskogo, 2.
Isikhathi sokusebenza esikahle kusuka ku-7: 00 kuye ku-20: 00 sikuvumela ukuthi uhlale eKremlin usuku lonke. Akunzima ukufika kumbono oyingqayizivele. Ibhasi # 30, ibhasi yetroli # 2 namabhasi amaningi asondele esiteshini sesitimela, esiseduze nesiteshi sebhasi. Kufanele uye eLenin Square noma ngo-Okthoba Square. Kungukuphonswa nje kwetshe kusuka eKremlin, eholwa umbhoshongo wensimbi iPrechistenskaya.
Ubuhle bobuciko bamatshe amhlophe bokwakhiwa kwaseRussia, njengozibuthe, kuheha ukugeleza okuningi kwezivakashi eziya e-Astrakhan Kremlin. Umuzwa wamandla angajwayelekile adlulisela ezikhathini ze-Ancient Rus awusuki lapha, obangela isifiso sokubuyela e-Astrakhan futhi.
