ITeotihuacan ingabizwa ngokuthi elinye lamadolobha amadala kakhulu eNtshonalanga Nenkabazwe, izinsalela zazo ezigcinwe kuze kube namuhla. Namuhla kuphela ukuheha izivakashi, endaweni engahlali muntu, kodwa ngaphambili kwakuyisikhungo esikhulu esinamasiko athuthukile nokuhweba. Idolobha lasendulo lisendaweni engamakhilomitha angama-50 ukusuka eMexico City, kepha izinto zasendlini ezenziwe kulo emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka adlule zitholakala kulo lonke izwekazi.
Umlando wedolobha laseTeotihuacan
Idolobha lavela endaweni yeMexico yanamuhla ngekhulu lesi-2 BC. Ngokumangazayo, isu lakhe alibonakali langaphambi kwesikhukhula, kunalokho, kucatshangwa kahle ukuthi ososayensi bayavuma: basondela ekwakheni ngokunakekela okukhethekile. Izakhamizi zamanye amadolobha amabili asendulo zashiya amakhaya azo ngemuva kokuqhuma kwentaba-mlilo futhi zahlangana zakha indawo yokuhlala. Kungaleso sikhathi lapho kwakhiwa khona isikhungo esisha sesifunda esinabantu abalinganiselwa ezigidini ezingamakhulu amabili.
Igama lamanje livela empucukweni yama-Aztec, kamuva ahlala kule ndawo. Kusukela olimini lwabo, iTeotihuacan isho idolobha lapho wonke umuntu eba unkulunkulu khona. Mhlawumbe lokhu kungenxa yokuvumelana kuzo zonke izakhiwo nokukala kwamapiramidi noma imfihlakalo yokufa kwesikhungo esiphumelelayo. Akukho okwaziwayo ngegama lokuqala.
Isikhathi sobumnandi besikhungo sesifunda sithathwa njengesikhathi esisuka ku-250 kuya ku-600 AD. Khona-ke izakhamuzi zaba nethuba lokuxhumana neminye imiphakathi: ukuhweba, ukushintshanisa ulwazi. Ngaphezu kweTeotihuacan esithuthuke kakhulu, idolobha lalidume ngokwenkolo yalo eqinile. Lokhu kufakazelwa iqiniso lokuthi emakhaya onke, ngisho nasezindaweni ezihlupheka kakhulu, kunezimpawu zokukhonza. Oyinhloko phakathi kwabo kwakunguNyoka Enezimpaphe.
Indawo yokuhlala yamaphiramidi amakhulu
Ukubukwa kwenyoni kwedolobha elilahliwe kukhombisa ukugqama kwalo: inemipiramidi eminingana emikhulu egqame ngokuqinile ngasemuva kwezakhiwo ezinesiteji esisodwa. Elikhulu kunawo wonke yiPiramidi Yelanga. Kungokwesithathu ngobukhulu emhlabeni. Ososayensi bakholelwa ukuthi yakhiwa cishe ngo-150 BC.
Enyakatho yoMgwaqo Wabafileyo yiPiramidi Yenyanga. Akwaziwa ukuthi isetshenziselwe yiphi injongo, ngoba izinsalela zemizimba yabantu zitholakale ngaphakathi. Abanye babo banqunywa amakhanda baphonswa ngendlela engahlelekile, abanye bangcwatshwa ngezihlonipho. Ngaphezu kwamathambo abantu, lesi sakhiwo siqukethe namathambo ezilwane nezinyoni.
Esinye sezakhiwo ezibaluleke kakhulu eTeotihuacan yiThe Temple of the Feather Serpent. Ihlanganiswe nezigodlo zaseNingizimu nezaseNyakatho. IQuetzalcoatl yayiyisikhungo senkolo lapho onkulunkulu babekhonjiswa njengezidalwa ezinjengezinyoka. Ngaphandle kokuthi ukukhonza kwakudinga ukuzidela, abantu babengasetshenziselwa lezi zinhloso. Kamuva, iNyoka Enezimpiko yaba uphawu kuma-Aztec.
Imfihlakalo yokunyamalala kwedolobha laseTeotihuacan
Kunemibono emibili mayelana nokuthi izakhamizi zedolobha zanyamalala kuphi nokuthi kungani indawo echumayo yayingenalutho ngokuphazima kweso. Ngokusho kwesokuqala, isizathu silele ekungeneleleni kwempucuko yasemkhathini. Lo mqondo ulungisiswa yiqiniso lokuthi yisizwe esithuthuke kakhulu kuphela esingaba nomthelela omkhulu emadolobheni amakhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umlando awuyikhulumi imininingwane mayelana nemibango ephakathi «indlunkulu» leso sikhathi.
Umbono wesibili ngukuthi uTeotihuacan waba yisisulu sokuvukela okukhulu, lapho izigaba eziphansi zanquma ukuketula imibuthano ebusayo futhi zithathe amandla.
Sikukwazisa ukuthi ubheke idolobha laseChichen Itza.
Idolobha lalandela ngokusobala inkolo yenkolo nokuhlukaniswa okusobala ngesimo, kepha phakathi nalesi sikhathi kwakusezingeni eliphakeme lokuchuma kwalo, ngakho-ke, noma ngabe kwaba yini umphumela, wawungeke nakanye uphenduke indawo yokuhlala eshiyiwe.
Kuzona zozimbili lezi zinto, kunento eyodwa esahlala ingacacile: kulo lonke idolobha, izimpawu zenkolo zalimala kanzima, kepha abukho nobunye ubufakazi bodlame, ukumelana, ukuvukela. Kuze kube manje, akwaziwa ukuthi kungani iTeotihuacan, ekuphakameni kwamandla ayo, iphenduke iqoqo lamanxiwa alahliwe, ngakho-ke ithathwa njengenye yezindawo eziyindida kakhulu emlandweni wesintu.
