I-Altamira Cave iqoqo eliyingqayizivele lemidwebo yamadwala kusukela esikhathini se-Upper Paleolithic, kusukela ngo-1985 iye yamukelwa njengendawo eyiGugu Lomhlaba le-UNESCO. Ngokungafani neminye imigede yaseCantabria, eyaziwa ngobuhle bayo obungaphansi komhlaba, i-Altamira iheha ikakhulukazi abathandi bemivubukulo nobuciko. Ukuvakashela le ndawo kufakiwe ohlelweni oluyimpoqo lwamasiko emizila yezivakashi, zombili ezizimele futhi ezihlelwe ama-ejensi.
Ukubukwa komhume wase-Altamira nemidwebo yawo
I-Altamira iluchungechunge lwamaphaseji aphindwe kabili namahholo anobude obungu-270 m, okuyinhloko yawo (okuthiwa yiBig Plafond) ithatha indawo eyi-100 m2... Ama-vaults acishe ambozwe ngokuphelele izimpawu, imidwebo yesandla nemidwebo yezilwane zasendle: inyathi, amahhashi, izingulube zasendle.
Lezi zindonga ziyi-polychrome, zisebenzisa odayi bemvelo: amalahle, i-ocher, i-manganese, i-hematite kanye nezingxube zobumba lwe-kaolin. Kukholakala ukuthi kusuka emakhulwini amabili kuya kwamakhulu amahlanu eminyaka edlule phakathi kwendalo yokuqala neyokugcina.
Bonke abacwaningi kanye nezivakashi e-Altamira bathintwa ukucaca kwemigqa nobukhulu, imidwebo eminingi yenziwa ngohlangothi olulodwa futhi ikhombisa ukuhamba kwezilwane. Azikho neze izithombe ezimile, eziningi zazo zinokubukeka okuthathu ngenxa yendawo okuyo ezingxenyeni ezixubile zomhume. Kuyaqapheleka ukuthi lapho umlilo ukhanyisiwe noma ilambu elikhanyayo, imidwebo iqala ukubonakala ishintsha, ngokuya ngomqondo wevolumu ayingaphansi kwemidwebo ye-Impressionists.
Ukutholwa nokuqashelwa
Umlando wokutholwa, ukumbiwa, ukushicilelwa nokwamukelwa ngumhlaba wesayensi wolwazi ngobuciko bamatshe uhlaba umxhwele impela. Umhume wase-Altamira watholakala ngo-1879 ngabanikazi bomhlaba - uMarcelino Sanz de Sautuola nendodakazi yakhe, nguyena owadonsela ukunaka kukababa wakhe emidwebweni yezinkunzi ezindlini.
USouthwola wayengumvubukuli oyimfundamakhwela owabhala okutholakele kwi-Stone Age futhi wafuna usizo emphakathini wesayensi ukuze kutholakale umazisi onembe kakhudlwana. Ukuphela komuntu owaphendula ngusosayensi waseMadrid uJuan Vilanova y Pierre, owashicilela imiphumela yocwaningo ngo-1880.
Inhlekelele yesimo yayisesimweni esihle futhi ubuhle obungavamile bezithombe. I-Altamira bekungeyokuqala emihumeni etholwe ngemidwebo yamatshe elondoloziwe, ososayensi bebengakulungele nje ukushintsha isithombe sezwe labo futhi babone amandla abantu basendulo ukudala imidwebo enekhono kangaka. Emhlanganweni wangaphambi komlando owawuseLisbon, uSoutoulu wasolwa ngokumboza izindonga zomhume ngemidwebo eyenziwe ngamanga, futhi ukucwaswa komqambi kwahlala kuye kwaze kwaba sekufeni kwakhe.
Sincoma ukuthi ubheke imininingwane ethokozisayo mayelana ne-Tunguska meteorite.
Kutholakale ku-1895, imihume efanayo eFrance yahlala ingaziwa isikhathi eside, kuphela ngo-1902 ukumba okuphindiwe e-Altamira bakwazi ukufakazela isikhathi sokudalwa kwemidwebo - i-Upper Paleolithic, ngemuva kwalokho umndeni wakwaSoutuola wagcina ubonwa njengabavumbuli bobuciko bale nkathi. Ubuqiniso bezithombe buqinisekiswe yizifundo zemisebe, iminyaka yazo elinganiselwa eminyakeni eyi-16 500.
Inketho yokuvakashela i-Altamira Cave
I-Altamira itholakala eSpain: 5 km ukusuka eSantillana del Mar, edume ngokwakhiwa kwayo ngesitayela seGothic, kanye ne-30 km ukusuka eSantadera, isikhungo sokuphatha saseCantabria. Indlela elula yokufika lapho isemotweni eqashiwe. Izivakashi ezijwayelekile azivunyelwe ngqo emhumeni uqobo; ulayini wezivakashi othole imvume ekhethekile ugcwele iminyaka ezayo.
Kepha, ngokufanisa nomhume odumile waseLascaux, ngo-2001 kwavulwa umnyuziyamu eduzane ngokuboniswa kabusha okunembile kakhulu kweGreat Plafond namaphaseji aseduze. Izithombe nezimpinda zemidwebo eqoshiwe evela emhumeni wase-Altamira zinikezwa eminyuziyamu eMunich naseJapan, idorama enamandla - eMadrid.
