I-Baikonur Cosmodrome - owokuqala futhi futhi oyi-cosmodrome enkulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni. Itholakala eKazakhstan eduze nomzana waseTyuratam futhi ihlanganisa indawo engama-6717 km².
Kwakuvela eBaikonur ngo-1957 lapho i-rocket engu-R-7 yethulwa ngesiphuphutheki sokuqala somhlaba sokufakelwa, kwathi ngemuva kweminyaka emi-4 indoda yokuqala emlandweni, u-Yuri Gagarin, yathunyelwa ngempumelelo emkhathini ukusuka lapha. Eminyakeni eyalandela, kwasungulwa amarokhethi e-N-1 wenyanga kanye nemodyuli yeZarya kusuka kule sayithi, lapho kwaqala khona ukwakhiwa kwe-International Space Station (ISS).
Ukudalwa kwe-cosmodrome
Ngo-1954, kwahlelwa ikhomishini ekhethekile ukukhetha indawo efanelekile yokwakha inkundla yezempi neyezikhala. Ngonyaka olandelayo, iqembu lamaKhomanisi lavuma isimemezelo sokwakhiwa kwendawo yokuhlola yokuhlolwa kwendiza yomcibisholo woku-1 waseSoviet ophakathi kwamazwe "R-7" ehlane laseKazakhstan.
Indawo ihlangabezane nenqubo ethile edingekayo ukuze kuthuthukiswe iphrojekthi enkulu, kufaka phakathi indawo enabantu abambalwa esifundeni, imithombo yamanzi okuphuza nokutholakala kwezixhumanisi zesitimela.
Umklami odumile wamarokhethi nezinhlelo zesikhala uSergei Korolev ubuye wakhuthaza ukwakhiwa kwe-cosmodrome kule ndawo. Ushukumisele isinqumo sakhe ngeqiniso lokuthi lapho isiza esisuka sisondele enkabazwe, kuzoba lula kakhulu ukusebenzisa ijubane lokujikeleza kweplanethi yethu.
I-Baikonur cosmodrome yasungulwa ngoJuni 2, 1955. Inyanga nenyanga, indawo eyihlane yaphenduka indawo enkulu yezobuchwepheshe enengqalasizinda esithuthukile.
Ngokufana nalokhu, idolobha labahloli lalakhiwa kabusha endaweni eseduze nale ndawo. Ngenxa yalokhu, indawo yokulahla udoti kanye nomzana bathola isidlaliso "Zarya".
Qalisa umlando
Ukwethulwa kokuqala okuvela eBaikonur kwenziwa ngoMeyi 15, 1957, kepha kwagcina kwehlulekile ngenxa yokuqhuma kwelinye lamabhulokhi erokhethi. Cishe ngemuva kwezinyanga ezintathu ososayensi bekwazile ukwethula ngempumelelo irokhethi engu-R-7, eletha izinhlamvu ezijwayelekile endaweni ebekiwe.
Ngawo lowo nyaka, ngo-Okthoba 4, i-PS-1 yokufakelwa komhlaba satellite yasungulwa ngempumelelo. Lo mcimbi uphawule ukuqala kwenkathi yesikhala. I- "PS-1" ibizungeza izinyanga ezi-3, ikwazile ukuzungeza iplanethi yethu izikhathi ezingama-1440! Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi ama-transmitter akhe asebenza amasonto ama-2 ngemuva kokuqala.
Eminyakeni engu-4 kamuva, kwenzeka esinye isigameko esethusa umhlaba wonke. Ngo-Ephreli 12, 1961, umkhumbi-mkhathi i-Vostok wethulwa ngempumelelo kusuka kwi-cosmodrome, kugibele uYuri Gagarin.
Iqiniso elithandekayo ukuthi kwaba lapho lapho inkundla yezokuqeqeshelwa ezempi eyimfihlo ephezulu yaqanjwa okokuqala ngokuthi yiBaikonur, okusho ukuthi ngokwezwi nezwi okusho ukuthi "isigodi esicebile" ngesiKazakh.
NgoJuni 16, 1963, owesifazane wokuqala emlandweni, uValentina Tereshkova, wavakashela isikhala. Ngemva kwalokho, yena waklonyeliswa isihloko Hero weSoviet Union. Ngokulandelayo, izinkulungwane ezengeziwe zamarokhethi ahlukahlukene zenziwa eBaikonur cosmodrome.
Ngasikhathi sinye, kwaqhubeka izinhlelo zokwethulwa komkhumbi-mkhathi ophethwe ngabantu, iziteshi eziphakathi kwamaplanethi, njll. NgoMeyi 1987, imoto yokwethulwa kwe-Energia yethulwa ngempumelelo isuka eBaikonur. Ngemuva konyaka nohhafu, ngosizo lwe-Energia, ukwethulwa kokuqala nokokugcina kwendiza esebenza kabusha ye-spacecraft-rocket iBuran yenziwa.
Ngemuva kokuphothula izinguquko ezimbili eMhlabeni "iBuran" yafika ngokuphepha e-cosmodrome. Iqiniso elithandekayo ukuthi ukufika kwalo kwenzeka ngemodi ezenzakalelayo ngokuphelele futhi ngaphandle kweqembu.
Esikhathini sika-1971-1991. Iziteshi zesikhala ezingama-7 zeSalyut zethulwe kusuka eBaikonur cosmodrome. Ukusuka ngo-1986 kuya ku-2001, amamojula we-Mir complex ne-ISS, asasebenza nanamuhla, athunyelwa emkhathini.
Ukuqasha nokusebenza kwe-cosmodrome yiRussia
Ngemuva kokuwa kwe-USSR ngo-1991, iBaikonur yaba ngaphansi kolawulo lweKazakhstan. Ngo-1994, i-cosmodrome yaqashiselwa iRussia, eyayifinyelela ku- $ 115 million ngonyaka.
Ngo-1997, kwaqala ukudluliswa kancane kancane kwezakhiwo ze-cosmodrome zisuka eMnyangweni Wezokuvikela we-RF zaya kwabaphathi baseRoskosmos, kwathi kamuva zaya ezinkampanini zomphakathi, ukhiye wazo okungukuthi:
- Igatsha le-FSUE TSENKI;
- RSC Energia;
- GKNTSP kubo. M. V. Khrunicheva;
- TsSKB-Intuthuko.
Njengamanje iBaikonur inezakhiwo eziyisi-9 zokwethula amarokhethi ezithwala, zinama-launcher amaningi neziteshi zokugcwalisa. Ngokwesivumelwano, iBaikonur yaqashwa eRussia kwaze kwaba ngu-2050.
Ingqalasizinda ye-cosmodrome ifaka ama-aerodromes ama-2, ama-470 km wesitimela, ngaphezu kwe-1200 km yemigwaqo, ngaphezu kuka-6600 km wezintambo zokudlulisa ugesi kanye no-2780 km wezintambo zokuxhumana. Inani eliphelele labasebenzi eBaikonur lingaphezu kuka-10 000.
IBaikonur namuhla
Manje umsebenzi uyaqhubeka wokwakha i-space-rocket complex "iBaiterek" ngokuhlanganyela neKazakhstan. Izivivinyo kufanele ziqale ngonyaka ka-2023, kepha lokhu kungenzeka kungenzeki ngenxa yobhadane lwe-coronavirus.
Ngesikhathi sokusebenza kwe-cosmodrome, ukwethulwa kwamarokhethi ahlukahlukene afika ku-5000 kwenziwa endaweni yawo yokuhlola. Kuwo wonke umlando, cishe osomkhathi abangaba ngu-150 abavela emazweni ahlukahlukene bangena emkhathini kusukela lapha. Esikhathini 1992-2019. Kwethulwe ama-rocket abathwali angama-530.
Kuze kube ngu-2016, iBaikonur ibibambe ubuholi bomhlaba ngenani lokwethulwa. Kodwa-ke, kusukela ngo-2016, indawo yokuqala kulesi sibonakaliso ithathwe yi-spaceport yaseMelika iCape Canaveral. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi isiyonke iBaikonur cosmodrome nedolobha kubiza isabelomali sombuso waseRussia ngaphezu kwama-ruble ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane eziyishumi ngonyaka.
Kukhona ukunyakaza kwezishoshovu "i-Antiheptil" eKazakhstan, egxeka imisebenzi yeBaikonur. Abahlanganyeli bayo bamemezela ngokusobala ukuthi i-cosmodrome iyimbangela yokucekelwa phansi kwemvelo esifundeni kusuka emfucumfucwini olimazayo wemoto eyethulwe ngebanga elisindayo "iProton". Mayelana nalokhu, izenzo zokubhikisha zihlelwe kaninginingi lapha.
Isithombe se-Baikonur cosmodrome
