ISMERSH (mfushane okuthi "Ukufakube wama-peonies! ") - igama lezinhlangano eziningi ezizimele zobuhlakani e-USSR phakathi neMpi Yezwe Yesibili (1939-1945).
- Umnyango ophikisayo ophambili "uSmersh" wePeople's Commissariat of Defense - owengamele ezempi, oholwa nguViktor Abakumov. Kubhekiswe ngqo kuJoseph Stalin.
- I-Counterintelligence Directorate "uSmersh" wePublic Commissariat of the Navy, eholwa nguLieutenant General Pyotr Gladkov. Ngaphansi kwe-People's Commissar of the Fleet uNikolai Kuznetsov.
- UMnyango Wezobunhloli "uSmersh" weKhomishani Yabantu Yezangaphakathi, inhloko - uSemyon Yukhimovich. Ngaphansi kwe-People's Commissar Lavrenty Beria.
Umlando nemisebenzi yeSmersh
Umnyango ophambili wobukrelekrele "uSmersh" wePeople's Commissariat of Defense wase-USSR wadalwa ngo-Ephreli 19, 1943. Ngaleso sikhathi, iJalimane lamaNazi lase lihlaselwe yi-fiasco e-Battle of Stalingrad. Kungaleso sikhathi lapho isinyathelo sempi sadlulela e-Red Army.
Ngesikhathi esifanayo, amaJalimane aqala ukusebenzisa izindlela ezintsha zokulwa. AmaNazi aqala ukunaka kakhulu imisebenzi yokuhlola nokucekela phansi ngemuva kweSoviet. Abasebenzi baseSmersh kwadingeka babhekane nalesi songo.
Ngokwesinqumo seKomidi lezokuVikela loMbuso, iSMERSH yasungulwa ngokuhlelwa kabusha kweHhovisi Leminyango Ekhethekile ye-NKVD. Umholi osheshayo we- "Smersh" wayengaphansi kukaPeiss's Commissar Wezokuvikela uStalin kuphela. Ngokunjalo, ezingeni lendawo, imizimba yaseSmersh yayingaphansi kwabaphathi bayo kuphela.
Ngenxa yohlelo olunjalo, ubuhlakani bamaSoviet bakwazi ukwenza imisebenzi ngesikhathi esifushane ngangokunokwenzeka, ngoba ayizange icindezelwe ezinye iziphathimandla eziphakeme.
Ngokumelene nezinhloli nabathengisi
Imisebenzi ye-SMERSH ibukeka kanjena:
- silwe nobunhloli, ukucekelwa phansi, ubuphekula kanye neminye imisebenzi yokuvukela yabezobunhloli bangaphandle;
- ukuqinisekiswa kwamasosha kanye nezakhamizi ezithathiwe noma ezizungezwe isitha;
- impi yokulwa nama-anti-Soviet angenelele amayunithi nobuholi beRed Army;
- ukulawula wonke umugqa wangaphambili ukuze ukwenze kungangeneki ezintweni zezinhloli nezimelene neSoviet;
- impi yokulwa namambuka ezweni laseRed Army (ukubambisana, ubuhloli, ukusiza isitha);
- ukufeza izabelo ezikhethekile;
- ukulwa nokuhlubuka nokuzilimaza ngaphambili.
Ngenxa yomthetho wezempi, abenzeli beSMERSH banikezwa amandla amakhulu. Babenakho ukufinyelela kumadokhumende nelungelo lokusesha, ukuphenya ngemibuzo nokubopha noma yimuphi umuntu osolisayo. UGeneral Viktor Abakumov waqokwa njengenhloko yeSmersh.
Ngokokuqala ngqa i- "Smersh" ikhombise impumelelo enkulu ngesikhathi seMpi yaseKursk. AmaJalimane awakaze akwazi ukuthola ngezinhlelo zeNdlunkulu yeSupreme High Command. Ngasikhathi sinye, imisebenzi yokucekela phansi ingemuva kweRed Army yehle kakhulu.
Ikhadi leBroken Abwehr
I-Abwehr ingumzimba wamasosha ophikisana nobuhlakani boMbuso Wesithathu. Ekuqaleni kuka-1943, amaNazi ayengama-ejenti okuqeqesha okufanele athunyelwe emuva eSoviet ezikoleni ezingama-200 zezobunhloli zaseJalimane. Kodwa-ke, ngenxa yezenzo zobungcweti beSMERSH, amaJalimane awakwazanga ukuthonya kanzima impi.
Ngawo lowo nyaka u-1943, amaNazi ahlela ukuhambisa impi enkulu yombango eKalmykia, eNyakatho Caucasus, eKazakhstan naseCrimea. Abasebenzi bakwa-Abwehr bahlose, ngosizo lwabashisekeli bendawo, ukugwaza iSoviet Union emhlane.
Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi ngesikhathi sempi, izinkulungwane zamaCatar aseCrimea, amaChechens, amaKalmyks nabanye abantu balwa neRed Army. Futhi iqiniso lokuthi amaqembu ezigelekeqe awazange ahlangane ndawonye ebuthweni elilodwa laqinisekiswa ngamabutho eSmersh.
Ubukrelekrele baseSoviet buvame ukusebenzisa lokho okubizwa ngokuthi "imidlalo yomsakazo" - ukudluliselwa kolwazi lwamanga ngamabomu esitheni ngosizo lwama-ejenti athunjiwe. Phakathi neminyaka yempi, kwabanjwa imidlalo enjalo yomsakazo eyi-186, eyayicishe yavimba ngokuphelele ukuthola kwamaNazi imininingwane ehlukanisiwe.
Isihlungi seSMERSH
Izazi-mlando, zichaza okwenziwa yiSMERSH njengomzimba ojezisayo futhi onengcindezelo, kugcizelelwa "ukuhlungwa" kwalabo ababekade beyiziboshwa zempi. Ngesikhathi sokuhlanzwa okunjalo, kuthiwa amaphoyisa abephatha iziboshwa ngesihluku, azithumela emakamu adume kabi.
Noma kunjalo, lokhu akulona iqiniso impela. Akunakuphikwa ukuthi ezenzweni zamaphoyisa asebenza ngezikhathi ezithile kwakukhona "amaphutha", kepha noma kunjalo kwakungeke kwenzeke ngaphandle kwawo. Kwakudingeka bahlole ngokucophelela isiboshwa ngasinye, ngoba noma yisiphi sazo sasingaphenduka umuntu ongase abe yisigebengu, ngakho-ke sibe imbuka ezweni laso.
Kunamacala amaningi aziwayo lapho iziboshwa zempi zabuyiselwa ezingeni lazo, futhi zabanikeza nosizo lwezokwelapha nezinto ezibonakalayo. Ngasikhathi sinye, abasebenzi baseSmersh babevame ukuthola ubufakazi bokuthi lesi noma leso siboshwa sasiyimpimpi.
Ngasikhathi sinye, noma ngabe kutholakala abakhohlisi, abaphathi bezobunhloli abangahlelanga i-lynching, kepha babanikela kubaphenyi ukuze baqhubeke nophenyo. Izibalo zenhloso zithi iningi elikhulu lezakhamizi zaseSoviet "ezazicwengekile" azizange ziboshwe noma zishushiswe.
Kuphephile ukusho ukuthi iSMERSH ibingahlanganyeli ekucindezelweni kwezepolitiki okuhlosiwe, yize kwesinye isikhathi kwakwenziwa amaphutha aholela ekudingisweni noma ekufeni kweziboshwa.
Isifinyezo esifushane
Ngesikhathi seMpi Enkulu Yobuzwe (1941-1945) i- "Smersh" yathulisa ama-ejenti ezitha angama-30,000, ama-saboteurs angaphezu kwama-3 500 namaphekula angama-6,000. Cishe ama-ejenti e-3,000 asebenze ngemuva kwemigqa yezitha.
Bangaphezu kuka-6 000 abaphathi bobuhlakani ababulawa ezimpini nasekwenzeni imisebenzi ekhethekile. Ngo-1946 iSMERSH yaba yingxenye yoMnyango Wezokuphepha Kombuso njenge-3 Main Directorate yayo.
Amafilimu amaningi namabonakude asuselwa kwimicimbi yangempela aqoshwe ngemisebenzi kaSmersh. Namuhla, kusenempikiswano eshubile phakathi kwezazi-mlando mayelana nemisebenzi yalokhu kwakhiwa. Abanye basola abasebenza ngobukrelekrele ngesihluku esingafanele, kanti abanye baphikisana nalokho.
