U-Otto Eduard Leopold von Bismarck-Schönhausen, uMbusi waseZu Lauenburg (1815-1898) - ushansela wokuqala woMbuso WaseJalimane, owenza icebo lokuhlanganiswa kweJalimane endleleni encane yaseJalimane.
Kuthe esethathe umhlalaphansi, wathola isicoco esingelona ifa likaDuke waseLauenburg kanye nesikhundla sikaPrussian Colonel General esesikhundleni seField Marshal.
Kunamaqiniso amaningi athakazelisayo ku-Bismarck biography, esizokhuluma ngayo kulesi sihloko.
Ngakho-ke, ngaphambi kwakho kune-biography emfushane ka-Otto von Bismarck.
Umlando kaBismarck
U-Otto von Bismarck wazalwa ngo-Ephreli 1, 1815 esifundazweni saseBrandenburg. Wayengowomndeni wama-knightly, okwakuthi noma ubhekwa njengezicukuthwane, angakwazi ukuziqhayisa ngengcebo nangomhlaba.
Umphathi wakusasa wakhulela emndenini womnikazi womhlaba uFerdinand von Bismarck nomkakhe uWilhelma Mencken. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi ubaba wayemdala kuneminyaka engu-18 kunina. Ngaphezu kuka-Otto, ezinye izingane ezi-5 zazalwa emndenini wakwaBismarck, abathathu babo abashona besebuntwaneni.
Ubuntwana nentsha
Lapho uBismarck eneminyaka engu-1, yena nomndeni wakhe bathuthela ePomerania. Kwakunzima ukuthi ingane yakhe ijabule, ngoba ubaba wakhe wayevame ukushaya futhi alulaze indodana yakhe. Ngasikhathi sinye, ubudlelwane phakathi kwabazali nabo babungekuhle.
UWilhelma osemncane futhi ofundile akazange athole isithakazelo ekuxhumaneni nomyeni wakhe, owayeyikhadethi yasemakhaya. Ngaphezu kwalokho, le ntombazane ayizange inake ngokwanele izingane, ngenxa yalokho u-Otto akazange aluzwe uthando lomama. Ngokusho kukaBismarck, wayezizwa eyisihambi emndenini.
Lapho umfana eneminyaka engu-7 ubudala, wathunyelwa ukuyofunda esikoleni esigxile ekukhuleni ngokomzimba. Kodwa-ke, ukutadisha akuzange kumnikeze injabulo, ayekhala ngayo njalo kubazali bakhe. Ngemuva kweminyaka emihlanu, waqhubeka nokuthola imfundo yakhe ejimini, lapho afunda khona iminyaka emithathu.
Lapho eneminyaka engu-15, u-Otto von Bismarck wathuthela kwenye indawo yokuvocavoca umzimba, lapho akhombisa khona ulwazi olulinganiselwe. Ngaleso sikhathi se-biography yakhe, wayefunda isiFulentshi nesiJalimane, enaka kakhulu ukufunda okwakudala.
Ngasikhathi sinye, uBismarck wayezithanda ezepolitiki nomlando wezwe. Kamuva wangena eyunivesithi, lapho engazange afunde kahle khona.
Wathola abangane abaningi, ayephila nabo impilo yasendle. Iqiniso elithandekayo ukuthi wabamba iqhaza kuma-duels angama-27, lapho alimala khona kanye kuphela.
U-Otto ngokuhamba kwesikhathi wavikela uthisha wakhe ngefilosofi emkhakheni wezomnotho wezepolitiki. Ngemuva kwalokho, wayesebenze imisebenzi yokuxhumana isikhathi esithile.
Umsebenzi kanye nomsebenzi wezempi
Ngo-1837 uBismarck wayosebenza ebuthweni laseGreifswald. Ngemuva kweminyaka emi-2 waziswa ngokufa kukanina. Ngokushesha yena nomfowabo bathatha ukuphathwa kwamafa omndeni.
Ngaphandle kokuthukuthela kwakhe, u-Otto wayedume ngokubala futhi afunde umnikazi womhlaba. Kusukela ngo-1846 wayesebenza ehhovisi lapho ayebambe khona ekuphathweni kwamadamu. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi wayezibheka njengekholwa, ebambelela ezimfundisweni zobuLuthela.
Njalo ekuseni, uBismarck wayeqala ngokufunda iBhayibheli, azindle ngalokho ayekufundile. Ngalesi sikhathi se-biography yakhe, wavakashela izifundazwe eziningi zaseYurophu. Ngaleso sikhathi, imibono yakhe yezepolitiki yayisivele yakhiwe.
Le ndoda yayifuna ukuba ngusopolitiki, kodwa idumela lomshayeli owayenolaka futhi enodlame laphazamisa ukuthuthukiswa komsebenzi wakhe. Ngo-1847 u-Otto von Bismarck wakhethwa njengesekela le-United Landtag yoMbuso wasePrussia. Kwakungemva kwalokhu lapho aqala khona ukukhuphuka ngokushesha esigabeni somsebenzi.
Izombusazwe ezikhululekile nezenhlalo zivikela amalungelo nenkululeko. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uBismarck wayengumsekeli wemibono elandelanayo. Abangane benkosi yasePrussia baqaphela amakhono akhe okufunda nokubhala.
Avikela amalungelo obukhosi, u-Otto waphelela ekamu eliphikisayo. Ngokushesha wasungula iqembu leConservative Party, wabona ukuthi wayengenandlela yokubuyela emuva. Ukhuthaze ukwakhiwa kwephalamende elilodwa nokulawulwa kwegunya lalo.
Ngo-1850, uBismarck wangena ephalamende lase-Erfurt. Ugxeke inkambo yepolitiki, engaholela ekuxabaneni ne-Austria. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi wayeqonda amandla aphelele ase-Austrian. Kamuva waba ngungqongqoshe eBundestag yaseFrankfurt am Main.
Naphezu kokuhlangenwe nakho okuncane kwezombusazwe, lo sopolitiki wakwazi ukujwayela ngokushesha futhi abe nguchwepheshe emkhakheni wakhe. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, wazuza udumo olukhulu ngokwengeziwe emphakathini naphakathi kozakwabo.
Ngo-1857 u-Otto von Bismarck waba yiNxusa lasePrussia eRussia, esebenze kulesi sikhundla cishe iminyaka emihlanu. Ngalesi sikhathi, wayekwazi ukukhuluma isiRashiya futhi wazi kahle amasiko namasiko aseRussia. Iqiniso elithandekayo ukuthi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi umJalimane uzosho le nkulumo elandelayo: "Yenzani ubuhlobo nanoma ngubani, nidedele noma yiziphi izimpi, kodwa ningalokothi nithinte abaseRussia."
Ubudlelwano phakathi kukaBismarck nezikhulu zaseRussia babusondele kangangokuba waze wanikezwa isikhundla enkantolo ye-Emperor. Ngokungena esihlalweni sobukhosi sikaWilliam I ngo-1861, kwenzeka esinye isenzakalo esibalulekile ku-biography ka-Otto.
Ngalowo nyaka, inkinga yomthethosisekelo yashaya iPrussia ngesikhathi kunengxabano phakathi kwenkosi neLandtag. Amaqembu ahlulekile ukuthola ukuvumelana kwisabelomali samasosha. UWilhelm ucele usizo kuBismarck, ngaleso sikhathi owayesebenza njengenxusa eFrance.
Ezombusazwe
Izingxabano ezinkulu phakathi kukaWilhelm nabakhululekile zasiza u-Otto von Bismarck ukuba ngomunye wabantu ababaluleke kakhulu kuhulumeni. Ngenxa yalokho, wanikezwa isikhundla sokuba undunankulu nongqongqoshe wezangaphandle ukusiza ukuhlela kabusha amasosha.
Izinguquko ebezihlongozwayo bezingenakho ukwesekwa amaqembu aphikisayo, abekwazi ngesikhundla sika-Otto sokugcina ngendlela eyisimanga. Ukungqubuzana phakathi kwamaqembu kwamiswa iminyaka emithathu ngenxa yezinxushunxushu zasePoland.
UBismarck wanikeza usizo kumbusi wasePoland, ngenxa yalokho wabangela ukungeneliseki phakathi kwezikhulu zaseYurophu. Noma kunjalo, waqinisekisa ukwethenjwa ngumbusi waseRussia. Ngo-1866, kwagqashuka impi ne-Austria, kanye nokwahlukaniswa kwezindawo zombuso.
Ngokwenza umsebenzi wobungcweti, u-Otto von Bismarck wakwazi ukuthola ukwesekwa yi-Italy, eyaba ngumlingani wePrussia. Impumelelo yezempi yasiza uBismarck ukuthola umusa emehlweni abantu bakubo. Ngokulandelayo, i-Austria yaphelelwa amandla futhi ayibange isaba usongo kumaJalimane.
Ngo-1867, lo mlisa wasungula iNorth German Confederation, eyaholela ekuhlanganisweni kothishanhloko, izinyosi nemibuso. Ngenxa yalokhu, uBismarck waba ngushansela wokuqala waseJalimane. Uvume ilungelo lokhetho leReichstag futhi wathola wonke amandla okuphikisana.
Inhloko yaseFrance, uNapoleon III, wayengagculisekile ngokuhlanganiswa kwamazwe, ngenxa yalokho wanquma ukumisa le nqubo ngosizo lokungenelela kuhlonyiwe. Kwaqubuka impi phakathi kweFrance nePrussia (1870-1871), eyagcina ngokunqoba okulimazayo kumaJalimane. Ngaphezu kwalokho, inkosi yaseFrance yathunjwa futhi yathunjwa.
Le micimbi kanye neminye kwaholela ekusungulweni koMbuso WaseJalimane, uMbuso Wesibili, ngo-1871, uWilhelm I aba uKaiser kuwo, naye u-Otto wanikezwa isicoco sokuba yinkosana.
Ngaleso sikhathi se-biography yakhe, u-von Bismarck wayephethe futhi aqukethe noma yiziphi izinsongo ezivela kumaSocial Democrats, kanye nakubabusi base-Austrian naseFrance. Ngenxa yobuhlakani bakhe kwezepolitiki, wabizwa ngegama elithi "iKhansela lensimbi". Ngasikhathi sinye, waqinisekisa ukuthi awekho amabutho abucayi alwa namaJalimane ayenziwa eYurophu.
Uhulumeni waseJalimane wayengaqondi njalo ngezinyathelo eziningi zika-Otto, ngenxa yalokho wayevame ukucasula ozakwabo. Osopolitiki abaningi baseJalimane bazama ukukhulisa indawo yombuso ngezimpi, kanti uBismarck wayengeyena umsekeli wenqubomgomo yamakholoni.
Ozakwabo abasebasha be-Iron Chancellor bafuna amandla amaningi ngangokunokwenzeka. Eqinisweni, babengenandaba nobunye boMbuso WaseJalimane, kodwa ekuphathweni komhlaba. Ngenxa yalokho, u-1888 kwavela kwaba “unyaka wababusi abathathu”.
UWilhelm I nendodana yakhe uFrederick III bashona: owokuqala esekhulile, owesibili wabulawa ngumdlavuza womphimbo. UWilhelm II waba yinhloko entsha yezwe. Kwakungesikhathi sokubusa kwakhe lapho iJalimane yadalula khona iMpi Yezwe Yokuqala (1914-1918).
Njengoba umlando uzokhombisa, le mpi izobonakalisa ukubusa kombuso ohlanganiswe nguBismarck. Ngo-1890, lo sopolitiki oneminyaka engama-75 ubudala wasula esikhundleni. Ngokushesha, iFrance neRussia babambisana neBrithani ngokumelene neJalimane.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
U-Otto von Bismarck wayeshade nendlovukazi okuthiwa nguJohann von Puttkamer. Ababhali bezombusazwe bezombusazwe bathi lo mshado waba namandla kakhulu futhi ujabule. Lo mbhangqwana wawunendodakazi, uMaria, namadodana amabili, uHerbert noWilhelm.
UJohanna ufake isandla emsebenzini nasempumelelweni yomyeni wakhe. Abanye bakholelwa ukuthi lo wesifazane wadlala indima ebalulekile eMbusweni waseJalimane. U-Otto waba ngumlingani omuhle, naphezu kothando olufushane no-Ekaterina Trubetskoy.
Usopolitiki wakhombisa intshisekelo yokugibela amahhashi, kanye nokuzilibazisa okungavamile kakhulu - ukuqoqa ama-thermometer.
Ukufa
UBismarck wachitha iminyaka yokugcina yempilo yakhe ngokuchuma okugcwele nokwaziwa emphakathini. Ngemuva kokuthatha umhlalaphansi, wanikezwa isihloko seDuke waseLauenburg, yize engazange asisebenzisele izinhloso zakhe. Ngezikhathi ezithile wayeshicilela izindatshana ezigxeka uhlelo lwezepolitiki kuhulumeni.
Ukushona komkakhe ngo-1894 kwaba yigalelo langempela ku-Iron Chancellor. Ngemuva kweminyaka engu-4 elahlekelwe ngumkakhe, impilo yakhe yawohloka kakhulu. U-Otto von Bismarck ushone ngoJulayi 30, 1898 eneminyaka engama-83.
Izithombe zeBismarck
