Phakathi kwemiklomelo emihlanu eyamukelwa ekuqaleni yeNobel (ekhemistry, i-physics, ezokwelapha, ezokuthula kanye nokuthula), ngumklomelo we-physics onikezwa ngokwemithetho eqinile futhi onegunya eliphakeme embonini yawo. Ukuthi kunokumiswa kweminyaka engama-20 kuphela ekunikezeni imiklomelo ngokutholwe okuthile - kumele kuhlolwe isikhathi. Izazi zemvelo zisengozini enkulu - manje azenzi okutholwayo zisencane, futhi umuntu ozobhalwa angase afe okungenani eminyakeni engama-20 ngemuva kokutholakala kwakhe.
UZhores Ivanovich Alferov wathola umklomelo ngo-2000 ngokuthuthukiswa kwama-semiconductors ukuze asetshenziswe ku-optoelectronics. U-Alferov waqala ukuthola ama-semiconductor heterostructures maphakathi nawo-1970, ngakho-ke izifundiswa zaseSweden ezazikhetha abaphumelele zaze zeqa "umthetho weminyaka engama-20".
Ngesikhathi kuklonyeliswa umklomelo kaNobel, uZhores Ivanovich wayesenayo yonke imiklomelo kazwelonke ongayithola usosayensi. Umklomelo kaNobel wawungekona ukuphela, kepha wawungumqhele womsebenzi wakhe omuhle. Amaqiniso anelukuluku futhi abalulekile avela kuwo anikezwe ngezansi:
1. UZhores Alferov wazalwa ngo-1930 eBelarus. Uyise wayengumholi omkhulu weSoviet, ngakho-ke umndeni wawuhlala uhamba njalo. Ngisho nangaphambi kweMpi Enkulu Yobuzwe, ama-Alferovs akwazi ukuhlala eNovosibirsk, eBarnaul naseStalingrad.
2. Igama elingajwayelekile laliyinto evamile eSoviet Union ngawo-1920 kanye no-1930. Abazali babevame ukuqamba izingane zabo ngamavukelambuso adumile akudala ngisho namanje. UMfoweth 'uZhores wayebizwa ngokuthi uMarx.
3. Ngesikhathi sempi, uMarks Alferov washona ngaphambili, futhi umndeni wawuhlala esifundeni saseSverdlovsk. Lapho uZhores waqeda amakilasi ayi-8. Khona-ke ubaba wayiswa eMinsk, lapho indodana esisele kuphela iziqu esikoleni iziqu. UZhores wathola ithuna lomfowabo ngo-1956 kuphela.
4. Umfundi osanda kwamukelwa wangena e-Faculty of Electronic Engineering yaseLeningrad Electrotechnical Institute ngaphandle kokuhlolwa.
5. Kakade ngonyaka wakhe wesithathu, uZhores Alferov waqala ukwenza izivivinyo ezizimele, kwathi ngemuva kokuthweswa iziqu waqashwa yiPhystech edumile. Kusukela lapho, ama-guides abe yindikimba eyinhloko yomsebenzi womklomelo kaNobel wesikhathi esizayo.
6. Impumelelo yokuqala ebalulekile ye-Alferov kwaba ukuthuthukiswa okuhlangene kwama-transistors asekhaya. Ngokusekelwe ezintweni zokusebenza zeminyaka emihlanu yokusebenza, isazi semvelo esincane sabhala i-Ph.D. Ithisisi yakhe, futhi izwe lamnika i-Order of the Badge of Honor.
7. Isihloko sophenyo oluzimele, olukhethwe ngu-Alferov ngemuva kokuvikela iziqu zakhe, saba isihloko sempilo yakhe. Unqume ukusebenza kuma-semiconductor heterostructures, yize ngawo-1960 babebhekwa njengabathembisi eSoviet Union.
Ukukubeka ngokusobala, isakhiwo se-heterostation siyinhlanganisela yama-semiconductors amabili akhule endaweni engaphansi eyodwa. Lawa ma-semiconductors negesi eyakhiwe phakathi kwawo kwakha i-semiconductor kathathu, lapho i-laser ingakhiqizwa khona.
9. U-Alferov neqembu lakhe bebelokhu besebenza emcabangweni wokudala i-heterostructure laser kusukela ngo-1963, futhi umphumela owufunayo watholakala ngo-1968. Lokhu kutholakala kwanikezwa umklomelo weLenin.
Ngemuva kwalokho iqembu lika-Alferov laqala ukusebenza ekutholeni imisebe yokukhanya futhi laphinde lazuza impumelelo enkulu. Imihlangano yeHeterostructure enamalensi isebenze kahle kumaseli elanga, iwavumela ukuthi abambe cishe lonke inani lokukhanya kwelanga. Lokhu kuphawuleka (amahlandla ayikhulu) kwandise ukusebenza kahle kwamaseli elanga.
11. Izakhiwo ezakhiwe yithimba lakwa-Alferov zithole ukusetshenziswa kwazo ekukhiqizeni ama-LED, amaseli elanga, omakhalekhukhwini kanye nobuchwepheshe bekhompyutha.
12. Amapaneli elanga, akhiqizwe yithimba lakwa-Alferov, ahlinzeka isiteshi sesikhala sakwaMir ngogesi iminyaka eyi-15.
13. Ngo-1979 usosayensi wakhethwa waba yisifundiswa, kwathi ngeminyaka yama-1990 wakhethwa waba yiphini likamongameli we-Academy of Sciences. Ngo-2013, wakhethwa esikhundleni sokuba uMongameli we-Academy of Sciences, Alferov wathatha indawo yesibili.
14. Iminyaka eyi-16 kusukela ngo-1987, uZhores Alferov walibangisa ePhystech, lapho afunda khona ngeminyaka yama-1950 ekude.
15. U-Academician Alferov wayeyiphini labantu le-USSR futhi eyisekela likaHulumeni uDuma wazo zonke izingqungquthela ngaphandle kweyokuqala.
16. UZhores Ivanovich ungumnikazi ogcwele we-Order of Merit to the Fatherland futhi ungumnikazi wama-oda amanye amahlanu, kufaka phakathi i-Order of Lenin, umklomelo ophakeme kakhulu we-USSR.
17. Phakathi kwemiklomelo etholwe u-Alferov, kanye neNobel Prize, kubalwa iMiklomelo KaHulumeni kanye neLenin ye-USSR, uMklomelo Wombuso waseRussia kanye nemiklomelo engaba yishumi nambili yakwamanye amazwe.
18. Usosayensi ngokuzimela wasungula futhi waxhasa ngezimali ingxenye ethile iSisekelo Sokusekela Intsha Enethalente.
19. Umklomelo kaNobel kuFizikiki ungahlukaniswa kathathu, kodwa hhayi ngezilinganiso ezilinganayo. Ngakho-ke, uhhafu womklomelo wanikezwa i-American Jack Kilby, kwathi owesibili wahlukaniswa phakathi kuka-Alferov kanye nesazi sefilosofi saseJalimane uHerbert Kroemer.
20. Usayizi weNobel Prize ngonyaka ka 2000 wawuyizinkulungwane ezingama-900 zamaRandi. Eminyakeni eyishumi kamuva, i-Alferov, Kilby neKroemer babezohlukanisa isigidi esingu-1.5.
21. Isifundiswa uMstislav Keldysh ubhale ukuthi ngesikhathi evakashele elabhorethri e-United States, ososayensi bendawo bavuma ngokusobala ukuthi bayaziphinda izinto ezakhiwe ngu-Alferov.
22. U-Alferov ungumxoxi wezindaba oncomekayo, umfundisi kanye ne-orator. UKroemer noKilby ndawonye bamncenga ukuthi akhulume edilini lemiklomelo - umklomelo owodwa ukhuluma kusuka kumklomelo owodwa, futhi owaseMelika nowaseJalimane babona ukuphakama kososayensi waseRussia.
23. Yize esemdala impela, uZhores Ivanovich uhola indlela yokuphila ekhuthele kakhulu. Uqondisa amanyuvesi, iminyango kanye nezikhungo eMoscow naseSt. Petersburg, inhlokodolobha yaseNyakatho inikelwe ngoMsombuluko nangoLwesihlanu, naseMoscow - isonto lonke.
24. Ngokombono wezepolitiki, usosayensi usondelene namakhomanisi, kepha akalona ilungu leQembu LamaKhomanisi LaseRussia. Usegxeke kaninginingi izinguquko zama-1980s nama-1990s kanye nokuhlukaniswa komphakathi okuholele kulo.
25. UZhores Ivanovich ushade okwesibili, unendodana, indodakazi, umzukulu nabazukulu ababili.
