UFranz Schubert (1797 - 1928) kungathathwa njengomunye wabantu abadabukisa kakhulu emasikweni omhlaba. Ithalente eliqhakazile lomqambi, eqinisweni, laziswa ngesikhathi sokuphila kwakhe kuphela yisiyingi sabangane esincanyana. USchubert kusukela ebuntwaneni wayengazi ukuthi yini ubuncane bendlu. Ngisho nalapho enemali, abangane bakhe kwakudingeka balandelele ukusetshenziswa kwemali kukaFranz - wayengazi nje intengo yezinto eziningi.
Inhlekelele ilinganise uSchubert eminyakeni engaphelele engama-31 yokuphila, kanti eminyakeni eyisishiyagalolunye edlule wayegula kakhulu. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, umqambi wakwazi ukucebisa umnotho womculo womhlaba ngamakhulu emisebenzi emihle. USchubert waba umqambi wokuqala wezothando. Lokhu kuyamangaza, uma kungenxa yokuthi waphila ngasikhathi sinye noBeethoven (Schubert washona ngemuva konyaka nonyaka kunesigamu kune-classic futhi wathwala ibhokisi lakhe emngcwabeni). Okungukuthi, ngaleyo minyaka, ubuqhawe phambi kwabantu besikhathi sakhe buyekezela kwezothando.
USchubert, vele, akazange acabange ngamagama anjalo. Futhi akunakwenzeka ukuthi wayehileleka ekuboniseni kwefilosofi nhlobo - wasebenza. Kunoma ikuphi izindlu nezimo ezibonakalayo, wayehlala ebhala umculo. Elele esibhedlela, udala umjikelezo omuhle wezwi. Ngemuva kokuhlukana nothando lwakhe lokuqala, ubhala iSineth Symphony, ebizwa nge- "Tragic". Futhi ngakho-ke impilo yakhe yonke kuze kube ngumzuzu lapho ngosuku olubandayo lukaNovemba ibhokisi lakhe lehliselwa ethuneni elingekude nethuna likaLudwig van Beethoven.
1. UFranz Schubert wayeyingane ye-12 emndenini. Uyise, owayebizwa nangokuthi uFranz, waze wagcina incwadi ekhethekile ukuze angadideki ezinganeni zakhe. Futhi uFranz, owazalwa ngoJanuwari 31, 1797, wayengeyena owokugcina - kwazalwa ezinye izingane ezimbili ngemuva kwakhe. Basinda abane kuphela, okwakuyisiko elidanisayo emndenini wakwaSchubert - izingane ezine kweziyisishiyagalolunye zasinda emndenini kayisemkhulu.
Omunye wemigwaqo yaseVienna ekupheleni kwekhulu le-18
2. Ubaba kaFranz wayenguthisha owayefundele umsebenzi ohlonishwayo (wezinguquko e-Austria) kubantu abampofu. Umama wayengumpheki olula, kepha ngomshado manje base bezotshelwa "lapho befika". UMaria Elisabeth wakhulelwa, futhi udumo lukaFranz Schubert Sr. akazange amshiye.
3. USchubert Sr. wayeyindoda enokhahlo kakhulu. Ukuphumula kuphela akwenzele izingane kwaba ngomculo. Yena ngokwakhe wayekwazi ukudlala i-violin, kodwa wakhetha i-cello, futhi wafundisa izingane ukudlala i-violin. Kodwa-ke, kwakukhona nesizathu esizwakalayo sokufundisa umculo - ubaba wayefuna amadodana akhe abe ngothisha, futhi ngalezo zinsuku othisha kwakufanele bafundise nomculo.
4. UFranz Jr. waqala izifundo ze-violin eneminyaka eyisikhombisa futhi wathuthuka kakhulu. Umfowethu omdala wayekwazi ukudlala upiyano. Ngemuva kwezicelo eziningi, waqala ukufundisa uFranz, futhi ngemuva kwezinyanga ezimbalwa wamangala lapho ebona ukuthi akasadingeki njengothisha. Kwakunenhlangano esontweni lendawo, futhi ngolunye usuku wonke umuntu waqala ukuzibuza ngokuzinikela kukaFranz ngokuzumayo. Waqala nokucula ekwayeni yesonto. Empeleni, umfana wanamathela esontweni kuphela ukuze alalele u-ogani, futhi wayecula ekhwayeni ukuze angakhokhi izifundo azinikezwa ngumholi wekhwaya uMichael Holzer. Wayenethalente elivelele lokufundisa - akagcinanga ngokufundisa umfana ukudlala isitho somzimba, kodwa futhi wabeka isisekelo esihle sethiyori. Ngasikhathi sinye, uHolzer wayenesizotha kakhulu - ngokuhamba kwesikhathi waze waphika nokuthi wanikeza uSchubert izifundo. Lokhu, kusho uHolzer, bekuyizingxoxo nje nomculo. USchubert unikele ngobuningi bakhe kuye.
5. NgoSepthemba 30, 1808, uFranz waziphasa ngempumelelo izivivinyo, waba yikhwaya yasenkantolo futhi wabhaliswa kummangalelwa - isikhungo semfundo senkolo esihlonishwayo.
Ekugwetshweni
6. Ngokulahlwa yicala, uSchubert waqala wajoyina i-orchestra, wase eba i-violin yayo yokuqala, wabe eseba yiphini lomqhubi uVavlav Ruzicka. Umqhubi uzame ukufunda nalo mfana, kodwa washeshe wabona ukuthi ulwazi lwakhe ngoSchubert kwakuyisigaba esidlulile. URuzicka waphendukela ku-Antonio Salieri ofanayo. Lo mqambi nomculi wayengumqhubi wenkundla yaseViennese. Wathatha izivivinyo noSchubert futhi wamkhumbula umfana, ngakho-ke wavuma ukusebenza naye. Lapho ezwa ukuthi indodana yakhe ibihlanganyela kakhulu emculweni, uyise, owayengakwazi ukubekezelela ukungalaleli okuncane, waxosha uFranz endlini. Le nsizwa yabuyela emndenini kuphela ngemuva kokushona kukanina.
U-Antonio Salieri
7. USchubert waqala ukuqamba umculo kulesi sigwebo, kodwa wasidlalisa abantu abambalwa kakhulu. USalieri wavuma ukutadisha ukwakheka, kepha wamphoqa njalo umfundi ukuthi afunde ubuciko besikhathi esedlule, ukuze imisebenzi kaSchubert ihambisane nezindatshana. USchubert wabhala umculo ohluke ngokuphelele.
8. Ngo-1813 uSchubert wasishiya isiboshwa. Engenalusizi, wangena ebudaleni enenqwaba yemibhalo yakhe. Umcebo wakhe omkhulu kwakuyi-symphony ayesanda kuyibhala. Kodwa-ke, kwakungeke kwenzeke ukwenza imali ngayo, futhi uSchubert waba nguthisha onomholo ongakwazi ngisho ukuthenga iphawundi lesinkwa ngosuku. Kepha eminyakeni emithathu yokusebenza, wabhala amakhulu emisebenzi, kufaka phakathi ama-symphony amabili, ama-opera amane kanye nemisa emibili. Wayethanda ikakhulukazi ukuqamba izingoma - zaziphuma ngaphansi kwepeni lakhe ngamashumi.
9. Uthando lokuqala lukaSchubert lwabizwa ngoTeresa Coffin. Abantu abasha bebethandana futhi behlose ukushada, kungenelele umama wentombazane, ongafuni ukushada nendodakazi yakhe nendoda engenayo ngisho indibilishi. UTeresa washada nompheki khekhe futhi waphila iminyaka engama-78 - ubude obungu-2,5 kunoSchubert.
10. Ngo-1818, isimo endlini asibange sisabekezelela uFranz - ubaba wakhe wakhathazeka ngokweqile ngemali ngenxa yokuguga futhi wafuna ukuthi indodana yakhe iyeke umculo ithathe umsebenzi wobuthisha. Ephendula uFranz wayeka isikole, ngenhlanhla, kwavela indawo kathisha womculo. U-Count Karl Esterhazy von Talant wamqasha ngaphansi kwesandla sabangane bakaSchubert. Amadodakazi ka-Count amabili bekufanele afundise. Iqiniso lokuthi inkanyezi yeVienna Opera, uJohann Michael Vogl, wayesezithokozile izingoma zikaSchubert, kwasiza ukuthola indawo.
11. Izingoma zikaSchubert zazivele ziculwa kulo lonke elase-Austria, futhi umbhali wazo wayengazi ngakho. Ukufika ngephutha edolobheni laseSteyr, Schubert naseVogl bathola ukuthi izingoma zikaFranz zaziculwa ngabancane nabadala, futhi abaculi babo babemangele umbhali wedolobha elikhulu. Futhi lokhu yize uSchubert engakwazanga ukunamathisela ingoma eyodwa kubahlabeleli bekhonsathi - lokhu kungaba ngumthombo wemali engenayo okungenani. Yilapha kuphela uVogl, owayekade ecula izingoma zikaSchubert ekhaya kuphela, lapho abonga khona ukuthi ingaduma kanjani imisebenzi yalo mqambi. Lo mculi unqume "ukubashaya ngezibhakela" enkundleni yemidlalo.
12. Imisebenzi emibili yokuqala, i- "Gemini" ne- "The Magic Harp", yehlulekile ngenxa yama-librettos abuthakathaka. Ngokwemithetho yangaleso sikhathi, umbhali owaziwa kancane wayengeke akwazi ukwethula eyakhe i-libretto noma i-libretto ebhalwe ngumuntu othile - inkundla yayiyala kubabhali abahlonishwayo. Ngethiyetha, uSchubert akazange aphumelele kwaze kwaba sekupheleni kwempilo yakhe.
13. Impumelelo yaqhamuka ohlangothini olwalungalindelekile nhlobo. Kwesinye sezi “academy” ezaziwa kakhulu eVienna - ikhonsathi elihlanganisiwe le-hodgepodge - uVogl wacula ingoma ethi “The Forest Tsar”, eyaba nempumelelo emangalisayo. Abashicileli bebengafuni ukuxhumana nomqambi ongaziwa, futhi abangane bakaSchubert ngokuhlanganyela ba-oda ukusakazwa ngemali yabo. Icala lavela ngokushesha okukhulu: eseshicilele izingoma eziyi-10 kuphela ze-Schubert ngale ndlela, abangane bakhokha zonke izikweletu zakhe futhi banikeza umqambi isamba esikhulu. Ngokushesha bathola ukuthi uFranz wayedinga uhlobo oluthile lomphathi wezezimali - wayengakaze abe nemali, futhi wayazi nje ukuthi angayisebenzisa kanjani nokuthi uzoyisebenzisa kanjani.
14. I-Seventh Symphony kaSchubert ibizwa nge- “Unfinished” hhayi ngoba umbhali engakwazanga ukuyiphothula. USchubert ucabange nje ukuthi useveze konke akufunayo kuyo. Kodwa-ke, iqukethe izingxenye ezimbili, kanti ku-symphony kufanele kube nezine zazo, ngakho-ke ochwepheshe banomuzwa wokungapheleli. Amanothi we-symphony abelokhu eqoqa uthuli emashalofini iminyaka engaphezu kwengu-40. Umsebenzi waqala ukwenziwa kuphela ngo-1865.
15. Ngokuduma kukaSchubert eVienna, "iSchubertiada" - kusihlwa lapho abantu abasha babezijabulisa ngayo yonke indlela, kwaba semfashinini. Bafunda izinkondlo, badlala imidlalo, njll. Kodwa umcimbi wokuthweswa imiqhele wayehlala u-Schubert ephiyano. Waqamba umculo wemidanso ekuhambeni, futhi kunemidanso erekhodiwe engaphezu kwama-450 efeni lakhe lokudala yedwa.Kodwa abangane bomqambi babekholelwa ukuthi uSchubert waqamba izingoma zomdanso eziningi kakhulu.
Schubertiad
16. NgoDisemba 1822, uSchubert wangenwa ugcunsula. Umqambi akachithanga sikhathi nasesibhedlela - lapho wabhala umjikelezo omuhle wezwi "Umfazi Omuhle weMiller". Kodwa-ke, ngalelo zinga lokukhula kwezokwelapha ngaleso sikhathi, ukwelashwa kukagcunsula bekukude, kubuhlungu futhi kuwenza buthaka kakhulu umzimba. USchubert wayenezikhathi zokuxolelwa, waqala ukuvela emphakathini, kepha impilo yakhe ayizange ilulame.
17. NgoMashi 26, 1828 iVienna yabona ukunqoba kwangempela kukaFranz Schubert. Ikhonsathi lahlelwa ngemisebenzi yakhe, eyayenziwa ngabaculi abahamba phambili base-Austrian. Ababekhona ekhonsathini bakhumbula ukuthi injabulo yezethameli yakhula ngenombolo ngayinye. Futhi ekupheleni kohlelo olumenyezelwe, ngemuva kokusebenza kwabathathu e-E flat major, izindonga zehholo zacishe zawa - kwakuyisiko ukuthi abaseViennese bazwakalise injabulo ephezulu kakhulu ngomculo ngokushaya phansi ngonyawo. Abaculi babizelwe i-encore noma ngabe kucinyiwe ukukhanyisa igesi ehholo. USchubert wakhungatheka ngempumelelo. Futhi wayesalelwe yizinyanga ezimbalwa kuphela ukuthi aphile ...
18. UFranz Schubert ushone ngoNovemba 19, 1828 esemzini wakhe eVienna. Imbangela yokufa kwaba umkhuhlane we-typhoid fever. Izinsuku zokugcina zokuphila kwakhe wazichitha ehlushwa umkhuhlane. Ngokunokwenzeka, lezi zinsuku ezingama-20 bekuyizo zodwa empilweni yomqambi womculo lapho engasebenzi khona. Kuze kube yizinsuku zakhe zokugcina, uSchubert wasebenza ngemisebenzi yakhe emangalisayo.
19. USchubert wangcwatshwa emathuneni akwaWehring budebuduze nethuna likaBeethoven. Ngemuva kwalokho, izinsalela zabaqambi ababili abakhulu zangcwatshwa kabusha eMathuneni Aphakathi.
Amathuna kaBeethoven noSchubert
20. USchubert wabhala imisebenzi engaphezu kwe-1,200 ezinhlotsheni ezahlukahlukene. Futhi ngesikhathi sokuphila kwakhe, ingxenye encane kuphela yalokho okwabhalwa umqambi wabona ukukhanya. Bonke abanye bahlangana kancane kancane emhlabeni jikelele: okuthile kwatholwa yindlalifa yabangane, okuthile kwavela lapho kuhamba noma kuthengiswa ingcebo. Imisebenzi ephelele yashicilelwa kuphela ngo-1897.
