USthenge

Ngokumelene nesizinda somngcele ocacile, lapho ukujula okungapheli kwesibhakabhaka nokunotha kwendawo evulekile yaseSalisbury Plain, iStonehenge, embozwe yimfihlakalo, kusondela. Lezi zimidondoshiya, ezikhanyisa ukuphola, zazingamacube amancane nje emdlalweni wezingane womthakathi omkhulu uMerlin noma isakhiwo esakhiwe ngabafokazi abafika eMhlabeni bezosindisa iplanethi ekufeni okubi. Noma mhlawumbe i-megalith yakhiwa yi-Merlin efanayo ngokuhlonipha inkosi eyahlula amaSaxon?

Hhayi kuphela inani elingaziwa lezimfihlo ezingasonjululwanga, kepha nobuhle besakhiwo samatshe namuhla buheha ososayensi abakhulu nabahambi abavamile.

Imininingwane ejwayelekile nge-Stonehenge

Izakhiwo zamatshe eziyinkimbinkimbi zakhiwa nge-III millennium BC. e. eningizimu yeGreat Britain. Eduzane nedolobha elingaqondakali kangako laseDevonshire, amahora amabili nje ukusuka edolobheni laseNgilandi iLondon. Ngemuva kokuqonda ukuthi isakhiwo sitholakala kuphi, akunzima ukusibona, ngoba itshe lesikhumbuzo leBronze Age neNeolithic linezici ezithile:

• Ama-megaliths angama-82 akhiwe nge-crystallization of magma. Ngokomsebenzi wakamuva wocwaningo wochwepheshe abavela eNational Museum of Wales, idiphozi yabo yaziwa. Ngaphezu kwengxenye "yamatshe aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka" kwembiwa amakhilomitha angama-240 ukusuka esakhiweni sasendulo, egqumeni laseKarn Menin. Ngeshwa, kusengaziwa ukuthi impahla yakhishwa kanjani nokuthi yathatha isikhathi esingakanani ukufinyelela endaweni yokugcina;
• Amabhulokhi angama-30, avezwe ngesimo samatshe amakhulu, anesisindo samathani angama-25. Abadali abangaziwa bakha amatshe amamitha amane ngababili ngephethini yokudonsa ngokugqagqana okuguqukayo. Akuyona yonke into esabalalayo esindile kuze kube sesikhathini sethu, kepha kuphela i-arc yamabhulokhi ayi-13 axhunywe ngamabhulokhi ahamba phambili avela phezulu;
• Izakhi zokwakha ezi-5, ezibonisa okuthile okwakhiwe ngesicathulo sehhashi, ziqukethe amatshe amakhulu amathathu anesisindo esiphelele samathani angama-50. Ama-triliths afakwa ngokuphelele ngokulingana ngokukhuphuka kancane kancane kusuka ku-6 m kuya ku-7.3 m kuya ku-triad omkhulu wamatshe. Isikhathi asinalo umusa kulolu hlobo lwamabhilidi, ngakho-ke ochwepheshe kwakudingeka babuyisele i-trilith, esenyakatho-ntshonalanga ye-Stonehenge, futhi balinganise ukusekelwa, baphinde baqale ukubukeka kohlaka oluphakathi.

Ukufunda ngokuningiliziwe ngesikhumbuzo, kufanele ubheke esithombeni esiveza umdwebo we-Stonehenge nencazelo yezinto ezibalulekile.

Kungani kwakhiwa i-Round Dance of the Giants

Abahlali bendawo, futhi bedlula nje, bavame ukona ngokucekela phansi impahla, basike ucezu oluncane esakhiweni esidala ukuze basisebenzise njengekhubalo elivikela emandleni amnyama. Isazi-mlando nombhali waseNgilandi uTom Brooks wayekholelwa ukuthi le megalith kwakuyindlela yokuhamba yasendulo.

Futhi iningi labathandi bezimfumbe zemvelo libiza lesikhumbuzo ngamathuna amakhulu. Futhi lokhu akumangazi, ngoba indawo eyinkimbinkimbi itholakale emingcwabeni eminingi, futhi okuqala kakhulu kuhambisana nesikhathi sokwakhiwa kwesigaba sokuqala se-megalith.

Kodwa-ke, izinhlobo eziyinhloko zokwakhiwa kwe-Stonehenge zilula kunokucabanga. Kukholakala ukuthi iRound Dance of the Giants yayiwuhlobo lwekhalenda lokunquma izinsuku eziqondile zelanga, ukusitheka kwelanga kanye ne-equinox. Futhi ososayensi abaningi bakholelwa ukuthi ngosizo lwesakhiwo kwakungabalwa isikhathi esiqondile senyanga senyanga. Ngamafuphi, i-Stonehenge yindawo yokubheka amatshe yezikhathi zasendulo.

Yakhiwa kanjani i-Stonehenge

Abantu abaningi bazo zonke izizwe ababehlala kule ndawo basebenze ekwakhiweni kwesakhiwo esikhulu kangaka kulawo makhulu eminyaka. Futhi lapho izinto zithathwa:

• udaka lwentabamlilo;
• intaba-mlilo;
• itshe lesihlabathi;
• i-limestone;
• dolerite.

Okuthakazelisayo: ukufakazela ukuthi amatshe akhiwa kanjani nokuthi amatshe athunyelwa kanjani kusuka kude, ososayensi benze ucwaningo. Ngosuku olulodwa, iqembu labantu abangama-24 likwazile ukunqoba ibanga elingu-1 km, lihambisa ibhulokhi eli-monochromatic nabo. Lokhu kukhombisile ukuthi ukwakhiwa kwesakhiwo kuthathe isikhathi esiningi.

Ukuthola uhlobo oludingekayo lwe-megalith, amatshe acutshungulwa ngezigaba eziningana:

1. Amabhulokhi amaningi anikezwa imithelela, ukuphathwa ngomlilo namanzi.
2. Endaweni lapho kwafakwa khona i-Stonehenge, kwakupholishwa amatshe amakhulu.

Sekuyiminyaka eminingi ososayensi bezama ukuthola ukuthi ikuphi i-Stonehenge elakhiwa, ngubani owakha nokuthi kungani. Ngenxa yezindlela zesimanje zomsakazo we-radioisotope wokunquma ubudala besampula ebifundwayo, ikhabhoni ikhishwa ekushiseni isiqeshana. Ngemuva kwalokho, izinga le-radioactivity liqhathaniswa maqondana nama-isotopes, akhombisa imininingwane edingekayo. Ngale ndlela, ekupheleni kwekhulu lama-20, kwasungulwa izigaba zesikhashana zokwakhiwa "kwamatshe okudansa".

• Isigaba sokuqala... Owokuqala ekwakhiweni kwe-megalith, eyabeka isisekelo se-Stonehenge yonke, kwakuyi-moat, lapho, ngenkathi kumbiwa, kwatholakala izimpondo zezinyamazane ezinemikhono yokugqoka, ngenxa yalokho kwakucatshangwa ukuthi ukwakheka komsele kwenzeka ngemuva kokufa kwezilwane ezincelisayo ze-artiodactyl. Kusetshenziswa indlela yokuqhekeka kwekhabhoni, ibanga lesikhathi elilinganisiwe lakhonjwa - 3020-2910. BC e.
• Isigaba sesibili... Ngesikhathi sesigaba 2 sokwakha, kumbiwa omunye umsele nezimbobo ezingama-56, wagcwaliswa ngoshoki ochotshoziwe. Namuhla le migodi ibizwa ngokuthi "izimbobo zika-Aubrey" ngokuhlonipha umcwaningi waseBrithani wezinto zakudala uJohn Aubrey. Ngo-2008, ngesikhathi kumbiwa indawo yesikhombisa, kwatholakala izinsalela zabantu abangama-200. Ngemuva kokwenza ukuhlaziywa kwe-radiocarbon, sinqume isikhathi sempilo yabantu abangcwatshwe - 3100-2140. e.
• Isigaba sesithathu... Ngalesi sigaba, kusuka ku-2440 kuya ku-2100 AD, kwakhiwa izindandatho zamatshe ezinamatshe angama-sandstone aluhlaza angama-30.

Ukubuza ukuthi abantu bakuleso sikhathi bakwazi kanjani ukuqoqa ama-slabs amakhulu, mane ubheke izithombe, futhi ukungabaza ngamakhono abo kuyanyamalala ngokushesha. Kusetshenziswe ama-roller ahlukahlukene, ama-levers kanye nezihlenga, ngosizo lokuthi ukwakhiwa okunjalo akusabonakali kubonakala kungenakwenzeka.

I-Stonehenge yanamuhla

Uma ujwayelene nemidwebo kaJohn Constable, khona-ke phakathi kwemidwebo yakhe ungathola isithombe esidwetshiwe ngo-1835 sisuka enkambeni yamatshe. Indawo yamagugu asendulo ivezwa njengenqwaba yamatshe, futhi yabukeka kanjena kwaze kwaqala ikhulu lama-20. Bambalwa abantu abazi ukuthi i-megalith ibuyiselwe isikhathi eside futhi saba nezithelo. Isithombe sikhombisa ukukhiqizwa kabusha komculi wezothando waseNgilandi.

Isigaba sokuqala sokwakhiwa kabusha kwesimangaliso sangaphambili senzeka ngo-1901, saphela kuphela ekupheleni kuka-1964. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi umsebenzi wokwakha wawufihliwe ngendlela engaqondakali emphakathini, okwathi esikhathini esizayo kwaveza imibono nezitatimende eziningi eziphikisanayo.

Amaqiniso athakazelisayo nge-Stonehenge

Njenganoma isiphi isakhiwo sasendulo esinomlando oyingqayizivele, amatshe angaqondakali ayegcwele amaqiniso amangalisayo, ngaphezu kwalawo achazwe ngenhla.

1. Isikhathi esithile, uStonehenge wayenenhloso ehlukile - indawo yokuqala yokushiswa izidumbu eYurophu.
2. UDarwin odumile wafunda izikelemu zomhlaba engxenyeni yesibili yokuphila kwakhe, futhi wakhetha izinambuzane ezingenamgogodla kulesi sifunda njengezinto ezizobhekwa. Ngenxa yothando lwakhe, wakwazi ukwenza izinto eziningi zokuvubukula emkhakheni wezakhiwo zamatshe.
3. Kwaphela iminyaka emithathu, uStonehenge kwakuyindawo kaCecil Chubb, owathi ngo-1915 wethula le megalith njengesipho kumkakhe, ngemuva kwalokho uChubb wanikela ngetshe lesikhumbuzo kuhulumeni.

Imininingwane yezivakashi

Ukuze ujwayelane nomaka odumile, kufanele uqale uhambo lwakho usuka enhlokodolobha yaseNgilandi, njengoba uke wabheka iBig Ben ngaphambili. Ungavakashela isikhumbuzo esikhulu somlando njengengxenye yohambo futhi uwedwa, okuzokuvumela ukuthi uhambe ngokukhululeka endaweni futhi ufunde kahle wonke amakhona we-megalith. Ibanga eliya emnyuziyamu ovulekile lifushane, liyi-130 km kuphela. Ungafika kanjani eLondon, umhambi ngamunye ukhetha ngokuzimela:

• oda itekisi;
• ukuqasha imoto;
• sebenzisa ibhasi ejwayelekile enoshintsho edolobhaneni laseSalisbury;
• ukuthuthwa kwezitimela okusuka eWaterloo Station kume eSalisbury. Intengo yamathikithi ingu- £ 33. Isitimela sisuka njalo ngehora.

Ukukhetha izinto zokuhamba zomphakathi, kufanele unake ukuthi esitobhini sokugcina ungashintsha uye ebhasini elizokuyisa etsheni lesikhumbuzo ngemizuzu engama-30 nje kuphela.

I-Stonehenge enkulu iheha futhi ihehe njengezibuthe ngobuhle bayo nomlando wayo. Isikhathi esihle sokuvakasha yi-solstice yasehlobo, lapho umkhosi wamaqaba ugujwa yizinkulungwane zabantu abathutheleka e-megalith ukuyothinta uphawu lwamandla asendulo.

Bukela ividiyo: Dhanyavad Ke Sath. Nanniyode Njan Sthuthi Paadidum. Hindi Version. Sreya Anna Joseph (Disemba 2024).