UJacques-Yves Cousteau, obeye aziwe njengo UCaptain Cousteau (1910-1997) - Umhloli wamazwe waseFrance waseWorld Ocean, umthwebuli wezithombe, umqondisi, umsunguli, umbhali wezincwadi eziningi namafilimu. Wayeyilungu le-French Academy. UMkhuzi weLegion of Honor. Ngokubambisana no-Emil Ganyan ngo-1943, wasungula i-scuba gear.
Kunamaqiniso amaningi athakazelisayo ku-Cousteau biography, esizokhuluma ngayo kulesi sihloko.
Ngakho-ke, ngaphambi kwakho kune-biography emfushane kaJacques-Yves Cousteau.
Umlando weCousteau
UJacques-Yves Cousteau wazalwa ngoJuni 11, 1910 edolobheni laseFrance iBordeaux. Wakhulela emndenini wommeli ocebile uDaniel Cousteau nomkakhe u-Elizabeth.
Ngendlela, ubaba womcwaningi wesikhathi esizayo wayengudokotela wezomthetho omncane kunabo bonke ezweni. Ngaphezu kukaJacques-Yves, umfana uPierre-Antoine wazalelwa emndenini waseCousteau.
Ubuntwana nentsha
Ngesikhathi sabo samahhala, umndeni wakwaCousteau wawuthanda ukuhamba emhlabeni. Esemncane, uJacques-Yves waba nesithakazelo entweni yamanzi. Lapho eseneminyaka engaba ngu-7 ubudala, odokotela bamnika ukuxilongwa okudumazayo - i-enteritis engapheli, okwaholela ekutheni umfana ahlale eyisikhumba impilo yakhe yonke.
Odokotela baxwayise abazali ukuthi ngenxa yokugula kwakhe, uJacques-Yves akufanele abe nengcindezi enkulu. Ngemuva kokuphela kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala (1914-1918), umndeni wahlala isikhashana eNew York.
Ngaleso sikhathi se-biography yakhe, ingane yaqala ukuba nentshisekelo kwezobuchwephesha nokwakhiwa, futhi, kanye nomfowabo, bacwila ngaphansi kwamanzi okokuqala ngqa empilweni yakhe. Ngo-1922 umndeni wakwaCousteau wabuyela eFrance. Iqiniso elithandekayo ukuthi umfana oneminyaka engu-13 lapha ngokuzimela waklama imoto kagesi.
Kamuva, wakwazi ukuthenga ikhamera ye-movie ngemali eyayilondoloziwe, aqopha ngayo imicimbi eyahlukahlukene. Ngenxa yelukuluku lakhe, uJacques-Yves wanikela ngesikhathi esincane esikoleni, ngenxa yalokho wenza kahle ezifundweni.
Ngemva kwesikhashana, abazali banquma ukuthumela indodana yabo esikoleni esikhethekile sokubhoda. Ngokumangazayo, le nsizwa yakwazi ukukhuphula izinga lokufunda kwayo kangangoba yaze yaphothula esikoleni okuhlalwa kuso ngamamaki aphezulu kakhulu kuyo yonke imikhakha.
Ngo-1930, uJacques-Yves Cousteau wangena esikoleni semikhumbi. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi wafunda eqenjini elaliqala ukuhamba emhlabeni jikelele. Ngelinye ilanga wabona izigaxa zokutshuza ezisesitobhini esitolo, wavele wanquma ukuzithenga.
Ngemuva kokuntywila ngezibuko, uJacques-Yves wavele wazibonela ukuthi kusukela ngaleso sikhathi impilo yakhe izobe ixhumeke kuphela emhlabeni ongaphansi kwamanzi.
Ucwaningo lwasolwandle
Ngasekuqaleni kweminyaka yama-50s kwekhulu elidlule, uCousteau waqasha i-minesweeper eyayilahliwe. Kulo mkhumbi, wayehlele ukuqhuba izifundo eziningi zasolwandle. Udumo lomhlaba lwawela kusosayensi osemncane ngo-1953 ngemuva kokushicilelwa kwencwadi ethi "Emhlabeni wokuthula".
Ngokushesha, ngokususelwa kulo msebenzi, ifilimu yesayensi enegama elifanayo yadutshulwa, eyawina i-Oscar nePalme d'Or ngo-1956.
Ngo-1957, uJacques-Yves Cousteau waphathiswa ukuphathwa kwe-Oceanographic Museum eMonaco. Kamuva, kwaqoshwa amafilimu afana ne "The Golden Fish" nethi "The World without the Sun", angajabuli kangako ngezethameli.
Engxenyeni yesibili yama-60s, uchungechunge oludumile i- "The Underwater Odyssey of the Cousteau Team" lwaqala ukukhonjiswa, olwasakazwa emazweni amaningi eminyakeni engama-20 eyalandela. Sekukonke, kwadutshulwa iziqephu ezingaba ngu-50, ezazinikelwe ezilwaneni zasolwandle, ama-coral jungle, imizimba emikhulu yamanzi emhlabeni, imikhumbi eshonile nezimfihlakalo ezahlukahlukene zemvelo.
Ngama-70s, uJacques-Yves wahamba nohambo oluya e-Antarctica. Kube namafilimu ama-mini-mini amane aqoshwe ngempilo nangesimo sendawo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, umcwaningi wasungula i-Cousteau Society for the Conservation of the Marine Environment.
Ngaphezu kwe- "The Underwater Odyssey", uCousteau udubule uchungechunge lwesayensi oluningi, kufaka phakathi i- "Oasis in Space", "Adventures in St. America", "Amazon" nabanye. Lawa mafilimu abe yimpumelelo enkulu emhlabeni wonke.
Bavumela abantu ukuthi babone umbuso wamanzi nezakhamuzi zawo zasolwandle okokuqala kuyo yonke imininingwane. Izethameli zazibuka njengoba abatshuzi be-scuba abanesibindi bebhukuda eceleni koshaka nezinye izilwane ezidla ezinye. Kodwa-ke, uJacques-Yves uvame ukugxekwa ngokuba mbumbulu ngokwesayensi futhi unonya ekudobeni.
Ngokusho kukazakwabo kaCaptain Cousteau, uWolfgang Auer, izinhlanzi zazivame ukubulawa ngesihluku ukuze nje opharetha badubule izinto ezisezingeni eliphakeme.
Futhi kwaziwa indaba ehlaba umxhwele yabantu abashiya i-bathyscaphe bangena kubhamuza wasemkhathini owakhiwa emhumeni wamanzi ajulile. Ochwepheshe bathi emihumeni enjalo, umoya onegesi awuphefumuli. Futhi nokho, iningi lochwepheshe likhuluma ngomFulentshi njengomthandi wemvelo.
Ukuqanjwa
Ekuqaleni, uCaptain Cousteau wacwila ngaphansi kwamanzi esebenzisa imaski ne-snorkel kuphela, kepha imishini enjalo ayimvumelanga ukuthi ahlole ngokuphelele umbuso wamanzi.
Ekupheleni kweminyaka yama-30s, uJacques-Yves, kanye no-Emile Gagnan onomqondo ofanayo, baqala ukwakha i-aqualung evumela ukuphefumula ngokujulile. Maphakathi neMpi Yesibili Yomhlaba (1939-1945), bakha umshini wokuqala ophefumulayo osebenza ngaphansi kwamanzi.
Kamuva, ngosizo lwe-scuba gear, uCousteau wehla ngempumelelo waya ekujuleni kwamamitha angama-60! Iqiniso elithandekayo ukuthi ngo-2014 umGibhithe u-Ahmed Gabr wabeka irekhodi lomhlaba lokuntywila ngamamitha angama-332!
Kungenxa yemizamo kaCousteau noGagnan ukuthi namuhla izigidi zabantu zingahamba zitshuza, zihlola ukujula kolwandle. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi umFulentshi naye wasungula ikhamera ye-movie engenamanzi nedivayisi yokukhanyisa, futhi wakha nohlelo lokuqala lwethelevishini oluvumela ukudubula ekujuleni okukhulu.
UJacques-Yves Cousteau ungumbhali walethiyori ngokuya ngokuthi yimaphi ama-porpoises ane-echolocation, ebasiza ukuthi bathole indlela efanele kunazo zonke phakathi kwamabanga amade. Kamuva, lo mbono wafakazelwa yisayensi.
Ngenxa yezincwadi zakhe ezithandwayo zesayensi namafilimu, uCousteau waba ngumsunguli walokho okubizwa ngokuthi yi-divulgationism - indlela yokuxhumana kwesayensi, okuwukushintshana ngemibono phakathi kwabachwepheshe nezilaleli ezinentshisekelo zabantu abavamile. Manje wonke amaphrojekthi wesimanje we-TV akhiwe kusetshenziswa lobu buchwepheshe.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
Unkosikazi wokuqala kaCousteau kwakunguSimone Melchior, owayeyindodakazi yomkhuzi odumile waseFrance. Le ntombazane ibambe iqhaza ohambweni lomyeni wakhe oluningi. Kulo mshado, lo mbhangqwana wawunamadodana amabili - uJean-Michel noPhilippe.
Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi uPhilippe Cousteau washona ngo-1979 ngenxa yokuphahlazeka kwendiza yaseCatalina. Le nhlekelele yahlukanisa uJacques-Yves noSimone. Baqala ukuhlala ngokwehlukana, baqhubeka nokuba yindoda nenkosikazi.
Lapho unkosikazi kaCousteau ebulawa ngumdlavuza ngo-1991, waphinde washada noFrancine Triplet, ayesehlale naye iminyaka engaphezu kwengu-10 futhi wakhulisa izingane ezivamile - uDiana noPierre-Yves.
Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi kamuva, uJacques-Yves wagcina esebuhlotsheni bobudlelwano nezibulo lakhe uJean-Michel, ngoba akazange amxolele uyise ngokuthandana nangomshado noTriplet. Kuhambe kakhulu ukuthi umsunguli enkantolo wanqabela indodana yakhe ukusebenzisa isibongo seCousteau ngenhloso yokuhweba.
Ukufa
UJacques-Yves Cousteau ushone ngoJuni 25, 1997 evela ku-infarction ye-myocardial eneminyaka engu-87. I-Cousteau Society kanye nomlingani wayo waseFrance "Cousteau Command" bayaqhubeka nokusebenza ngempumelelo namuhla.
Izithombe zeCousteau
