UHugo Rafael Chavez Frias (1954-2013) - Inguquko yaseVenezuela, isikhulu sezombusazwe kanye nezombusazwe, uMongameli waseVenezuela (1999-2013), usihlalo weMovement for the Fifth Republic, bese kuba yi-United Socialist Party yaseVenezuela, yona kanye namaqembu ezepolitiki amaningi, ajoyina iMovement. ".
Kunamaqiniso amaningi athakazelisayo ku-biography kaHugo Chavez, esizokhuluma ngaye kulesi sihloko.
Ngakho-ke, ngaphambi kwakho kune-biography emfushane kaChavez.
Umlando kaHugo Chavez
UHugo Chavez Frias wazalwa ngoJulayi 28, 1954 edolobhaneni laseSabaneta (esifundeni saseBarinas). Abazali bakhe, uHugo de los Reyes noHelene Friaz, bafundisa esikoleni sasemakhaya. Emndenini wakwaChavez, wayengowesibili ezinganeni eziyi-7.
Ubuntwana nentsha
Ngokusho kokukhumbula kukaHugo, yize ubuntwana bakhe babuphansi, kwakujabulisa. Iminyaka yakhe yokuqala wachitha edolobhaneni laseLos Rastrojos. Ngalesi sikhathi ku-biography yakhe, wayefisa ukuba ngumdlali we-baseball odumile.
Ngemuva kokuthola imfundo yamabanga aphansi, abazali bakhe bamthumela nomfowabo kugogo wakhe eSabaneta, ukuze bangeniswe kwi-lyceum.
Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi ugogo wami wayengumKatolika othanda inkolo. Lokhu kwaholela eqinisweni lokuthi uHugo Chavez waqala ukukhonza ethempelini lendawo. Ngemva kokuphothula i-lyceum, waba umfundi esikoleni samasosha. Lapha uqhubeke nokudlala i-baseball ne-softball (uhlobo lwe-baseball).
Iqiniso elihehayo ukuthi uChavez waze wadlala nakwiligi yaseVenezuela. U-Hugo wayethathwe ngokungathí sina yimibono yezinguquko ezidumile zaseNingizimu Afrika uBolivar. Ngendlela, izwe laseBolivia laqanjwa igama ngokuhlonipha lo mbhikisho.
U-Ernesto Che Guevara naye wenza umxhwele kakhulu kulo mfana. Kwakungesikhathi sokufunda kwakhe esikoleni lapho uHugo agxila kakhulu ebuphofini babasebenzi eVenezuela. Wazimisela ngokuqinile ukuthi uzokwenza konke okusemandleni ukusiza abantu bakubo bathuthukise izimpilo zabo.
Lapho eneminyaka engama-20, uChávez waya emcimbini wokugubha iMpi yase-Ayacucho, eyenzeka phakathi neMpi Yenkululeko yasePeru. Phakathi kwezinye izivakashi, uMongameli uJuan Velasco Alvarado ukhulume esezindlini.
Lo sopolitiki umemezele ukuthi kumele kuthathwe izinyathelo zombutho wezempi ukuze kuqedwe inkohlakalo yabantu ababusayo. Inkulumo ka-Alvarado yakhuthaza kakhulu uHugo Chavez osemusha futhi wakhunjulwa nguye iminyaka eminingi.
Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, lo mfana wahlangana nendodana ka-Omar Torrijos, umashiqela wasePanama. Ukudluliswa kwezikhalazo kukaVelasco noTorrijos kuqinisekise uChavez ngokunemba kokususwa kukahulumeni okhona ngokuvukela kuhlonyiwe. Ngo-1975 lo mfundi waphumelela ngama-honours kulesi sikole wajoyina umbutho wezempi.
Ezombusazwe
Ngenkathi esebenza ophikweni olwa namaqembu ahlukanisayo eBarinas, uHugo Chavez wahlangana nemisebenzi kaKarl Marx noVladimir Lenin, kanye nabanye ababhali ababengamakhomanisi. Isosha lakuthanda lokho elikufundayo, ngenxa yalokho laqiniseka ngokwengeziwe ngemibono yalo yangakwesobunxele.
Ngemuva kwesikhashana, uChavez waqaphela ukuthi hhayi uhulumeni wezwe kuphela, kepha lonke iqembu lezempi elonakaliswe ngokuphelele. Ngabe omunye angachaza kanjani iqiniso lokuthi izimali ezitholwe ekuthengisweni kukawoyela azifikanga kwabampofu.
Lokhu kwaholela eqinisweni lokuthi ngo-1982, uHugo wasungula iBolivarian Revolutionary Party-200. Ekuqaleni, lo mbutho wezepolitiki wenza yonke imizamo yokufundisa abantu abanomqondo ofanayo emlandweni wezempi wezwe ukuze bakhe uhlelo olusha lwempi.
Ngesikhathi se-biography, uChavez wayesevele esezingeni lokuba ukaputeni. Isikhathi esithile wafundisa esikoleni sakhe somdabu, lapho akwazi khona ukwabelana ngemibono yakhe nabafundi. Ngokushesha wathunyelwa komunye umuzi.
Le ndoda yayinezinsolo ezizwakalayo zokuthi bafuna ukumsusa, ngoba ubuholi bamasosha baqala ukwethusa ngemisebenzi yakhe. Ngenxa yalokho, u-Ugo akazange alahlekelwe yikhanda futhi waqala ukusondela eduze nezizwe zaseYaruro nezamaQuiba - izakhamizi zomdabu zamazwe ombuso we-Apure.
Ngemuva kokuthola ubungani nalezi zizwe, uChavez wabona ukuthi kwakudingeka ukumisa ukucindezelwa kwabomdabu bombuso futhi kubuyekezwe izikweletu zokuvikelwa kwamalungelo abantu bomdabu (ayezokwenza kamuva). Ngo-1986 wakhushulelwa esigabeni sokuba omkhulu.
Eminyakeni embalwa kamuva, uCarlos Andres Perez waba ngumongameli wezwe, ethembisa abavoti ukuthi bayeke ukulandela inqubomgomo yemali ye-IMF. Kodwa-ke, empeleni, uPerez waqala ukulandela izinqubomgomo ezimbi kakhulu - ezuzisa i-United States ne-IMF.
Ngokushesha, abaseVenezuela bangena emigwaqweni bebhikisha, begxeka uhulumeni okhona. Kodwa-ke, ngomyalo kaCarlos Perez, yonke imibhikisho yacindezelwa ngonya ngamasosha.
Ngalesi sikhathi, uHugo Chavez wayelashwa esibhedlela, ngakho-ke lapho ezwa ngesihluku esenzekayo, wabona ukuthi kunesidingo esiphuthumayo sokuhlela ukuvukela umbuso.
Ngesikhathi esifushane kakhulu, uChavez, kanye nabantu abanomqondo ofanayo, basungula uhlelo, okwakudingeka ukuthi balawule izindawo ezibaluleke kakhulu zamasosha nabezindaba, kanye nokuqeda iPeres. Umzamo wokuqala we-coup d'état, owenziwa ngo-1992, awuthweswanga umqhele ngempumelelo.
Ngezindlela eziningi, inguquko yehlulekile ngenxa yenani elincane lamavukelambuso, idatha engaqinisekisiwe nezinye izimo ezingalindelekile. Lokhu kwaholela eqinisweni lokuthi uHugo ngokuzinikela wazinikela kuziphathimandla futhi wavela ku-TV. Enkulumweni yakhe, ucele abalandeli bakhe ukuthi bazinikele futhi bavume ukunqotshwa.
Lo mcimbi kuxoxwe ngawo emhlabeni wonke. Ngemuva kwalokho, uChávez waboshwa wavalelwa ejele. Kodwa-ke lesi sigameko asizange sidlule kanti uPeres, owasuswa ehhovisi likamengameli ngenxa yokungaziphathi kahle nokuqola umgcinimafa ngezinhloso zomuntu nezobugebengu. URafael Caldera waba ngumongameli omusha waseVenezuela.
UCaldera ukhulule uChavez nozakwabo, kepha wabenqabela ukuthi basebenze ebuthweni lombuso. UHugo waqala ukudlulisa imibono yakhe emphakathini jikelele, efuna ukwesekwa phesheya. Ngokushesha kwacaca ukuthi umphathi omusha wezwe ubengahlukanga kangako kulabo ababengaphambi kwakhe.
Umvukeli usenakholelwa ukuthi angavele athathe amandla ezandleni zakhe ngokusebenzisa izikhali. Kodwa-ke, ekuqaleni, wazama ukwenza ngendlela yezomthetho, wasungula ngo-1997 i- "Movement for the Fifth Republic" (kamuva eyaba yi-United Socialist Party yaseVenezuela).
Emjahweni wobumongameli ngo-1998, uHugo Chavez wakwazi ukudlula eRafael Caldera nabanye abaphikisi, wathatha isikhundla sobumengameli ngonyaka olandelayo. Ngesikhathi sakhe sokuqala njengomongameli, wenza izinguquko eziningi ezibalulekile.
Imigwaqo, izibhedlela nezakhiwo zamahhovisi zaqala ukwakhiwa ngokomyalo kaChavez. Abantu baseVenezuela banelungelo lokuthola ukwelashwa mahhala. Kwashaywa imithetho yokuvikela abantu bomdabu. Iqiniso elithandekayo ukuthi njalo ngesonto kwakunohlelo olwalubizwa ngokuthi "Sawubona, Mongameli", lapho noma yimuphi umuntu ofonayo angaxoxa ngalokhu noma leyonto noMongameli, futhi acele nosizo.
Ithemu yokuqala kamongameli yalandelwa owesi-2, owesi-3 ngisho no-4 omfishane. Ama-oligarchs awakaze aphumelele ekususeni intandokazi yabantu, ngaphandle kweputsch ngo-2002 kanye ne-referendum ngo-2004.
UChavez waphinde waqokwa okwesine ngoJanuwari 2013. Kepha, ngemuva kwezinyanga ezintathu eshonile, okwaholela ekutheni uNicolas Maduro, owayezoba yinhloko esemthethweni yaseVenezuela, aqale ukwenza imisebenzi kamongameli.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
Unkosikazi wokuqala ka-Ugo kwakunguNancy Calmenares, owayevela emndenini olula. Kulo mshado, lo mbhangqwana waba nendodana, u-Ugo Rafael, namadodakazi amabili, uRosa Virginia noMaria Gabriela. Ngemuva kokuzalwa kwendodana yakhe, le ndoda yahlukana noNancy, iqhubeka nokusiza izingane.
Ngesikhathi se-biography yakhe ngo-1984-1993. UChavez wayehlala no-Erma Marksman, uzakwabo. Ngo-1997 washada noMarisabel Rodriguez, owazala ingane yakhe yentombazane, uRosines. Lo mbhangqwana wanquma ukuhamba ngo-2004.
Usopolitiki wayekuthanda ukufunda, kanye nokubuka ama-documentary namafilimu wezinto. Phakathi kokuzilibazisa kwakhe kwaba ukufunda isiNgisi. UHugo wayengumKatolika owabona umsuka wenkambo yakhe yobusoshiyali ezimfundisweni zikaJesu Kristu, ambiza "njengekhomanisi langempela, elaliphikisana nombuso wamakhosi futhi eliyisitha sombuso wama-oligarchy."
UChavez wayevame ukungavumelani okukhulu nabefundisi. Iqiniso elithandekayo ukuthi weluleka abefundisi ukuthi bafunde izincwadi zikaMarx, uLenin kanye neBhayibheli.
Ukufa
Ngo-2011, uHugo wathola ukuthi unomdlavuza. Waya eCuba, lapho ahlinza khona ukuze kususwe isimila esibi. Ekuqaleni, impilo yakhe yayisesimeni esihle, kepha ngemuva konyaka, lesi sifo saphinda sazizwa.
UHugo Chavez ushone ngoMashi 5, 2013 eneminyaka engu-58. UMaduro uthe umdlavuza uyimbangela yokufa, kuyilapho uGeneral Ornelli ethi umengameli ushone ngenxa yokuhlaselwa yisifo senhliziyo. Kwakunamahlebezi amaningi okuthi empeleni uHugo wadliswa ushevu ngabaseMelika, ababethi bamthelele nge-oncovirus. Isidumbu sikaChavez sagqunyiswa futhi sakhonjiswa eMnyuziyamu weRevolution.
Isithombe nguHugo Chavez
