UJules Henri Poincaré (1854-1912) - Isazi sezibalo saseFrance, umakhenikha, isayensi yemvelo, isazi sezinkanyezi kanye nefilosofi. Inhloko yeParis Academy of Sciences, eyilungu leFrance Academy kanye nezinye izikhungo zemfundo ephakeme ezingaphezu kwezingama-30. Ungomunye wezibalo ezinkulu kakhulu emlandweni wesintu.
Kukholakala kakhulu ukuthi uPoincaré, kanye noHilbert, babeyisazi sezibalo sokugcina - usosayensi okwazi ukumboza zonke izindawo zezibalo zesikhathi sakhe.
Kunamaqiniso amaningi athakazelisayo ku-biography kaPoincaré, esizokhuluma ngaye kulesi sihloko.
Ngakho-ke, ngaphambi kwakho kune-biography emfushane kaHenri Poincaré.
I-Biography kaPoincaré
UHenri Poincaré wazalwa ngo-Ephreli 29, 1854 edolobheni laseFrance iNancy. Wakhula futhi wakhulela emndenini kaprofesa wezokwelapha uLeon Poincaré nomkakhe u-Eugenie Lanois. Wayenodadewabo omncane, u-Alina.
Ubuntwana nentsha
Kusukela esemncane, uHenri Poincaré wayehlukaniswa ngokungabikho kwakhe, okuhlala kuye kwaze kwaba sekupheleni kwempilo yakhe. Lapho eseyingane, wagula i-diphtheria, okwathi isikhathi esithile yakhubaza imilenze nolwanga lomfana.
Kwaphela izinyanga ezimbalwa uPoincaré engakwazi ukukhuluma nokunyakaza. Iqiniso elithandekayo ukuthi ngalesi sikhathi sesikhathi ucijile umbono wakhe wokuzwa futhi kwavela ikhono eliyingqayizivele - umbala wombono wemisindo.
Ngenxa yokulungiselela kahle ekhaya, u-Anri oneminyaka engu-8 wakwazi ukungena eLyceum ngokushesha ngonyaka wesibili. Uthole amamaki aphezulu kuyo yonke imikhakha futhi wazakhela igama lokuba ngumfundi we-erudite.
Kamuva uPoincaré wadluliselwa e-Faculty of Literature, lapho afunda khona isiLatin, isiJalimane nesiNgisi. Lapho eneminyaka engu-17 ubudala, waba ngumqeqeshi wezobuciko. Wabe esefuna ukuthola iziqu ze-bachelor ku (zemvelo) zesayensi, ephasa isivivinyo ngophawu "olwanelisayo."
Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi esivivinyweni sezibalo, uHenri, ngenxa yokungabi bikho kwakhe, wanquma ithikithi elingalungile.
Ekwindla lika-1873, le nsizwa yangena ePolytechnic School. Ngokushesha washicilela i-athikili yakhe yokuqala yesayensi nge-geometry ehlukile. Ngemuva kwalokho, uPoincaré uqhubeke nemfundo yakhe eMining School, isikhungo esiphakeme semfundo ephakeme. Lapha wakwazi ukuvikela iziqu zakhe zobudokotela.
Umsebenzi weSayensi
Ngemuva kokuthola iziqu zakhe, uHenri waqala ukufundisa kwelinye lamanyuvesi aseCannes. Ngaleso sikhathi se-biography yakhe, wethule imisebenzi eminingana ebucayi enikelwe emisebenzini ye-automorphic.
Ukutadisha imisebenzi ezenzakalelayo lo mfana wathola ubuhlobo babo nejometri kaLobachevsky. Ngenxa yalokhu, izixazululo aziphakamisile zenze kwaba lula ukubala noma yikuphi ukulinganisa okuhlukile kokulinganisa nama-coefficients e-algebraic.
Imibono kaPoincaré yaheha ngokushesha izazi zezibalo zaseYurophu. Ngo-1881 usosayensi osemusha wamenywa ukuba azofundisa e-University of Paris. Ngaleyo minyaka yokuphila kwakhe, waba umdali igatsha elisha lezibalo - theory qualitative umehluko zibalo.
Esikhathini 1885-1895. UHenri Poincaré uzimisele ukuxazulula ezinye zezinkinga eziyinkimbinkimbi kwezesayensi yezinkanyezi nezezibalo. Maphakathi nawo-1880, wabamba iqhaza emncintiswaneni wezibalo, ekhetha isihloko esinzima kakhulu. Kwakudingeka abale ukunyakaza kwemizimba edonsayo yesimiso sonozungezilanga.
UPoincaré wethule izindlela ezisebenzayo zokuxazulula inkinga, ngenxa yalokho wanikezwa umklomelo. Elinye lamalungu ethimba lokwahlulela lathi ngemuva komsebenzi kaHenri, kuzoqala inkathi entsha emlandweni wemishini yezulu lamazulu emhlabeni.
Lapho le ndoda isineminyaka engaba ngu-32 ubudala, yaphathiswa ukuhola umnyango wezobuchwepheshe bezibalo kanye nethiyori yamathuba eNyuvesi yaseParis. Lapha uPoincaré uqhubeke nokubhala imisebenzi emisha yesayensi, enza okuningi okutholakele okubalulekile.
Lokhu kwaholela ekutheni uHenri wakhethwa njengoMongameli weFrance Mathematical Society futhi waba yilungu leParis Academy of Sciences. Ngo-1889, umsebenzi wamavolumu ayi-12 "Course of Mathematical Physics" wakhishwa ngusosayensi.
Ukulandela lokhu, uPoincare ushicilele i-monograph "Izindlela Ezintsha Zezinto Zasezulwini". Imisebenzi yakhe kule ndawo iyimpumelelo enkulu kakhulu kumakhenikhi asezulwini kusukela esikhathini sikaNewton.
Ngaleso sikhathi se-biography yakhe, uHenri Poincaré wayezithanda izinkanyezi, futhi wadala negatsha elisha lezibalo - topology. Ungumbhali wemisebenzi ebaluleke kakhulu yezinkanyezi. Ukwazile ukufakazela ubukhona bezinombolo zokulingana ngaphandle kwe-ellipsoid (waphenya ukuzinza kwazo).
Ngokuthola lokhu ngo-1900, umFulentshi wanikezwa indondo yegolide yeRoyal Astronomical Society yaseLondon. UHenri Poincaré ushicilele izindatshana eziningi ezibucayi nge-topology. Ngenxa yalokho, wakhulisa futhi wethula umbono wakhe odumile, owaqanjwa ngaye.
Igama likaPoincaré lihlobene ngqo nempumelelo yombono wobudlelwano. Iqiniso elithandekayo ukuthi emuva ngo-1898, kudala ngaphambi kuka-Einstein, uPoincaré wakha umgomo ojwayelekile wokuhlobana. Wayengowokuqala ukusikisela ukuthi ubuningi bezimo azikho ngokuphelele, kodwa kunemibandela kuphela.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, uHenri wabeka phambili uhlobo lomkhawulo wejubane lokukhanya. Kodwa-ke, ngokungafani noPoincaré, u-Einstein wenqaba ngokuphelele wona kanye umqondo we-ether, ngenkathi umFulentshi eqhubeka nokuwusebenzisa.
Omunye umehluko ophawulekayo phakathi kwezikhundla zikaPoincaré no-Einstein kwaba ukuthi iziphetho eziningi ezivumelana nezimo, uHenry azithatha njengemiphumela ephelele, no-Einstein - njengesihlobo. Ngokusobala, ukuhlaziywa okungajulile kombono okhethekile wokuhlobana (i-SRT) kuma-athikili kaPoincaré kwaholela eqinisweni lokuthi ozakwabo abayinakanga imibono yabo.
U-Albert Einstein naye wahlaziya ngokucophelela izisekelo zalesi sithombe esibonakalayo futhi wasethula emphakathini wezwe ngokuphelele. Eminyakeni eyalandela, lapho kukhulunywa nge-SRT, igama likaPoincaré alizange likhulunywe ndawo.
Ochwepheshe bezibalo ababili bahlangana kanye kuphela - ngo-1911 ku-First Solvay Congress. Ngaphandle kokuphika kwakhe umbono wobudlelwano, uHenri uqobo wamphatha ngenhlonipho u-Einstein.
Ngokusho kwababhali bezinto eziphilayo bakaPoincaré, ukubuka phezulu kwesithombe kwamvimbela ekubeni ngumbhali osemthethweni wombono wobudlelwano. Uma enza ukuhlaziywa okujulile, kufaka phakathi ukukalwa kobude nesikhathi, khona-ke lo mbono wawuyoqanjwa ngaye. Kodwa-ke, yena, njengoba besho, wehlulekile "ukufaka umfinya" ekugcineni.
Eminyakeni edlule yomlando wakhe wesayensi, uHenri Poincaré wethule imisebenzi eyisisekelo cishe kuzo zonke izindawo zezibalo, i-physics, imishini, ifilosofi neminye imikhakha. Iqiniso elithandekayo ukuthi lapho ezama ukuxazulula inkinga ethile, wayixazulula ngokuphelele engqondweni yakhe wabe esebhala phansi isixazululo ephepheni.
UPoincaré wayenenkumbulo emangazayo, ngenxa yalokho ayekwazi ukubika kalula izindatshana ngisho nezincwadi ayezifunda igama negama. Akazange asebenze emsebenzini owodwa isikhathi eside.
Le ndoda yathi i-subconscious isivele iwutholile umqolo futhi izokwazi ukuwusebenza noma ngabe ubuchopho busematasa nezinye izinto. Imibono nezinkolelo-mbono eziningi zaqanjwa ngoPoincaré, okhuluma ngomkhiqizo wakhe omangalisayo.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
Isazi sezibalo sahlangana nomkakhe wakusasa uLouise Poulin d'Andesy eminyakeni yakhe yokufunda. Abantu abasha bashada entwasahlobo ka-1881. Kulomshado, kuzalwe amantombazane amathathu nomfana oyedwa.
Abantu besikhathi sikaPoincaré bakhulume ngaye njengomuntu ohloniphekile, onobuhlakani, onesizotha futhi ongenandaba nodumo. Abanye babenomuzwa wokuthi uhoxisiwe, kodwa lokhu kwakungelona iqiniso ngokuphelele. Ukuntuleka kwakhe kokuxhumana kwakubangelwa amahloni ngokweqile nokugxila njalo.
Noma kunjalo, phakathi nezingxoxo zesayensi, uHenri Poincaré wayehlala eqinile ezinkolelweni zakhe. Akazange abambe iqhaza kumahlazo futhi akazange athuke muntu. Le ndoda ayikaze ibheme, yayithanda ukuhamba emgwaqweni futhi ingenandaba nenkolo.
Ukufa
Ngo-1908, isazi sezibalo wagula kakhulu, ngenxa yalokho kwadingeka ahlinzwe. Ngemuva kweminyaka engu-4 impilo yakhe yawohloka kakhulu. UHenri Poincaré ushone ngemuva kokuhlinzwa kusuka embolism ngoJulayi 17, 1912 eneminyaka engama-58.
Izithombe zePoincaré
