Umdwebi ovelele waseRussia uVasily Ivanovich Surikov (1848 - 1916) wayeyinkosi yezikhulu ezinkulu, esebenza ngokucophelela ngokwakhiwa, imidwebo. Imidwebo yakhe "uBoyarynya Morozova", "uStepan Razin", "Ukunqotshwa kweSiberia nguYermak" kwaziwa kunoma yimuphi umuntu ojwayelene nokudweba.
Naphezu kwesitayela sakudala sokupenda, umdwebo kaSurikov uhlukile kakhulu. Noma imiphi imidwebo yakhe ingabukwa amahora amaningi, ukuthola imibala eminingi nemithunzi ebusweni nasezibalweni zabalingiswa. Isakhiwo cishe sayo yonke imidwebo kaSurikov isuselwa ekuphikisaneni, ebonakalayo noma efihliwe. Ku "The Morning of the Streltsy Execution", ukuphikisana phakathi kukaPeter I noStreltsy kubonakala ngeso lenyama, njengasemfanekisweni othi "Boyarynya Morozova". Futhi indwangu "Menshikov eBerezovo" kufanele icatshangelwe - ayivezi nje kuphela umndeni osendlini empofu yasemaphandleni, kodwa nomndeni wentandokazi yasebukhosini eyayinamandla onke indodakazi yayo, nayo ekhonjiswe esithombeni, ingaba yinkosikazi yenkosi.
Isikhathi esithile uSurikov ubengowabahambi, kodwa umdwebo wakhe uhluke ngokuphawulekayo kwimidwebo yamanye ama-Itinerants. Wayehlala njalo eyedwa, kude nempikiswano nezingxoxo. Ngakho-ke, wathola okuningi kubagxeki. Okudumisa umculi, uvele wahleka ukugxekwa, noma ngabe kuvelaphi, futhi wahlala ethembekile endleleni yakhe nasezinkolelweni zakhe.
1. UVasily Surikov wazalwa ngoJanuwari 12, 1848 eKrasnoyarsk. Abazali bakhe babeyinzalo kaDon Cossacks abathuthela eSiberia. USurikov wayeziqhenya kakhulu ngemvelaphi yakhe futhi ekholelwa ukuthi amaCossacks ayengabantu abakhethekile, abanesibindi, abanamandla futhi abanamandla.
2. Yize ngokomthetho umndeni wakwaSurikov wawuthathwa njengomndeni wakwaCossack, izintshisekelo zamalungu omndeni zazibanzi kakhulu kunokucutshungulwa kwezabelo, ukuvalelwa, kanye nokusebenzela inkosi yasebukhosini. Ubaba kaVasily wakhuphukela esikhundleni sombhalisi oqeqeshiwe, obevele esho ngemfundo enhle. Omalume bomculi wesikhathi esizayo babhalisele omagazini ababhaliwe, futhi umndeni waxoxa ngokusobala ngezinto ezintsha zamasiko nezincwadi ezingaprintiwe. Kwenye indawo endaweni yaseCossack eDon bekuyobukeka kubi, kepha eSiberia wonke umuntu ofundile ubalwa. Iningi labantu abafundile bekudingisiwe, kepha akekho obekhathalela ngalesi simo - baxhumana bengabhekanga emuva kuye. Ngakho-ke, izinga jikelele lamasiko ngisho nemvelo yaseCossack laliphezulu kakhulu.
3. Ubaba kaVasily washona lapho umfana eneminyaka engu-11. Kusukela lapho, isiphetho somfana sesivele saba yisilinganiso sezingane ezinekhono ezivela emindenini ehlwempu. Wabelwa esikoleni sesifunda, ngemuva kwalokho uVasya wathola umsebenzi wokuba ngumbhali. Ngenhlanhla, uNikolai Grebnev wafundisa ukudweba esikoleni, owayekwazi ukuthola ithalente kulo mfana. UGrebnev akagcinanga ngokukhuthaza abafundi ukuthi balwele iqiniso, kepha futhi wabafundisa ukuthi baveze imizwa yabo. Wayehlala njalo ethatha abafana ukuyidweba. Kokunye kwalolu hambo, owokuqala wemidwebo edumile kaSurikov ethi "Rafts on the Yenisei" wazalwa.
4. Omunye wababhali ngokuphila kukaSurikov wethula umlando omayelana nomlando wokuqondiswa kukaSurikov ku-Academy of Arts. Ngenkathi esebenza njengombhali, ngandlela thile uVasily wadweba impukane eceleni kwamaphepha abhalwe kabusha ngokuphelele. Wayebukeka enengqondo kangangoba uMbusi uPavel Zamyatnin wazama ukumsusa ngeso lokhozi. Futhi-ke indodakazi yombusi, omndeni wakhe waqasha isitezi sesibili endlini kaSurikovs, watshela uyise ngendodana enethalente le-hostess. UZamyatnin, ngaphandle kokucabanga kabili, wathatha imidwebo eminingana evela eSurikov, futhi kanye nemidwebo yesinye isakhamuzi saseKrasnoyarsk esinethalente uG. Shalin wabathumela eSt.
5. UPyotr Kuznetsov wadlala indima ebaluleke kakhulu ekugcineni kukaSurikov. Umvukuzi omkhulu wegolide, owakhethwa kaningi njengemeya yaseKrasnoyarsk, wakhokhela ukuqeqeshwa komculi we-novice e-Academy futhi wathenga imisebenzi yakhe yokuqala.
6. USurikov akakwazanga ukungena e-Academy okokuqala. Kwakungekho lutho olumangazayo kulokhu - ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa kwakudingeka ukudweba "ukhonkolo" - izingcezu zezithombe zasendulo - futhi uVasily phambilini wayedwebe imvelo ephilayo kuphela futhi wenza amakhophi emisebenzi yabanye abantu. Nokho, le nsizwa yayizethemba amakhono ayo. Ephonsa imvuthuluka yokuhlolwa okudweba eNeva, wanquma ukungena eSikoleni Sokudweba. Yilapho lapho banake khona kakhulu "abalingisi boplasta" futhi, ngokujwayelekile, uhlangothi lobuchwepheshe lobuciko bomculi. Ngemuva kokuphothula uhlelo lokuqeqeshwa lweminyaka emithathu ezinyangeni ezintathu, uSurikov waphinde wasiphasa isivivinyo kwathi ngo-Agasti 28, 1869, wabhaliswa e-Academy.
7. Unyaka ngamunye wokufunda e-Academy uletha impumelelo entsha kuVasily osebenza kanzima. Ngemuva konyaka amukelwe, wasuswa kumcwaningimabhuku wamiswa waba ngumfundi wesikhathi esigcwele, okwakusho ukuthola umfundaze wama-ruble angama-350 ngonyaka. Minyaka yonke wayethola indondo yesiliva enkulu noma yesibili. Ekugcineni, ekwindla ka-1875, waphothula izifundo futhi wathola isihloko somculi wekilasi le-1st degree kanye nendondo encane yegolide. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, uSurikov wanikezwa isikhundla sokuba ngumbhalisi oqeqeshiwe, ohambelana no-lieutenant wezempi. Lo mculi uqobo lwakhe wenza ihlaya ngokuthi manje ubambe ubaba wakhe wase ephuma waya phezulu. Kamuva, uzoklonyeliswa nge-Order of St. Vladimir, IV degree, ezohlinzeka uSurikov ngezikhulu zefa futhi alinganise isikhundla ku-lieutenant colonel.
8. USurikov wahlangana nonkosikazi wakhe wakusasa, u-Elizaveta Share, esontweni lamaKhatholika, lapho eza khona ukuzolalela isitho. U-Elizabeth wehla incwadi yemikhuleko, umculi wayiphakamisa, ngakho-ke kwaqala umngane. Unina ka-Elizabeth wayengumRussia, indodakazi kaDecembrist, kanti ubaba wakhe wayengumFulentshi owayedayisa izinto zokubhala. Ngenxa yothando lomkakhe, u-Auguste Charest waguqukela ku-Orthodox futhi wasuka eParis waya eSt. Lapho bethola ukuthi lo mculi ubekhathalela indodakazi yabo, bathuka - udumo lwabampofu nabaziphethe kabi baseParis lolo kade lwachitheka emingceleni yaseFrance. Kodwa-ke, lapho befunda amanani entengo yemidwebo kaSurikov, umukhwe ongaba umukhwe nomamezala wehlisa umoya. Ekugcineni baqedwa yisihloko somdwebo, uSurikov awuthola ngendondo yegolide ye-Academy - "Umphostoli uPaul uchaza izimfundiso zokholo phambi kweNkosi u-Agripa"!
9. Phakathi nonyaka kusuka ehlobo lika-1877 kuya ehlobo lika-1878 uSurikov, ekanye nabanye abaphothule iziqu kanye noprofesa be-Academy, wasebenza emdwebeni weCathedral of Christ the Saviour. Umsebenzi awumnikanga lutho maqondana nobuciko - ubuqiniso obedlulele bethusa abaqondisi bemisebenzi - kepha banikeza umculi ngokwezimali. Imali yokudweba yayingama-ruble ayi-10 000. Ngaphezu kwalokho, wathola i-Order of St. Anne, III degree.
10. UVasily no-Elizabeth bashada ngoJanuwari 25, 1878 eSontweni laseVladimir. USurikov akazange azise umama wakhe ngomshado; yena wayehlanganyele kuphela uPyotr Kuznetsov nothisha we-Academy Pyotr Chistyakov. Surikov wabhalela umama wakhe kuphela emva kokuzalwa kwendodakazi yakhe yokuqala. Impendulo ibinzima kakhulu kangangokuba lo mculi kudingeke aqhamuke nokuqukethwe yile ncwadi ekuhambeni, kuthiwa ubeyifundela umkakhe.
11. Iqiniso elikhuluma ngalokho okwenziwa ngumsebenzi we-titanic uSurikov enza ngisho nokulungiselela ukudweba. Bonke ozakwabo balo mculi bebazi ukuthi ubheka imodeli yesithombe somcibisheli obomvu ofana nesilo womdwebo othi "The Morning of the Archer's Execution". Ngesinye isikhathi u-Ilya Repin wafika ekhaya likaSurikov wathi: kukhona i-gravedigger efanelekayo enezinwele ezibomvu eVagankovsky. Siphuthume emathuneni sabona uKuzma ekhona, elungele ngempela umsebenzi. Abangcwabi babengaphili ngobumpofu ngisho nangaleso sikhathi, ngakho-ke uKuzma wahlekisa ngabaculi, exoxisana ngokubhuqa ngezimo ezintsha zevodka nokudla okulula. Futhi lapho uSurikov evuma konke, uKuzma, osevele ehleli emkhombeni, weqa kubo - washintsha umqondo. Kuphela ngosuku lwesibili uSurikov wakwazi ukuncenga umhleli. Futhi lokhu kwakungomunye nje wezinhlamvu eziningi komunye wemidwebo.
12. Imibuzo eminingi ngobudlelwano bukaSurikov nonina ihlala ingaphenduliwe. Kungani yena, vele owayengumculi ophumelelayo, ephethe izindondo zemfundo, owapenda iCathedral of Christ the Saviour, esaba kangaka ukutshela umama wakhe ngomshado wakhe? Kungani athathe abagulayo bakhe (u-Elizabeth wayenenhliziyo ebuthakathaka kakhulu) unkosikazi namadodakazi eKrasnoyarsk, kanti ngalezo zinsuku lolu hambo lwaluyisivivinyo sendoda enempilo? Kungani akhuthazelela isimo sokudelela sikamama kumkakhe kwaze kwaba yilapho u-Elizabeth egcina ngokulala, ukuze angalulami ngaphambi kokufa kwakhe? Njengomuntu omdala ozimele, owathengisa imidwebo yakhe ngezinkulungwane zama-ruble womdwebo, wabekezelela amagama athi: "Manje uzokhula?", Umama waphendukela kumfazi wakhe obuthaka? Ngeshwa, kungafakazelwa ngokuthembekile ukuthi ngo-Ephreli 8, 1888, ngemuva kobuhlungu obathatha cishe izinyanga eziyisithupha, u-Elizabeth Chare washona. Lezi zithandani zihlale emshadweni iminyaka engaphezulu nje kwengu-10. Eminyakeni eminingi kamuva, uSurikov watshela uMaximilian Voloshin ukuthi umama wakhe wayenambitheka wobuciko obumangalisayo, nokuthi isithombe sikanina sithathwa njengomunye wemisebenzi emihle yomdwebi.
13. Iqiniso lokuthi ezimweni ezijwayelekile u-Elizabeth, noma ngabe ebheka isifo senhliziyo yakhe, ngabe waphila isikhathi eside kakhulu kuqinisekiswa ngokungaqondile ngenzalo yenzalo yabo ngeSurikov. Naphezu kokuthi uVasily Ivanovich ngokwakhe akakwazanga ukuziqhayisa ngempilo enhle (wonke amadoda emndenini wabo ayenezinkinga zamaphaphu), amadodakazi abo u-Olga no-Elena baphila iminyaka engama-80 no-83, ngokulandelana. Indodakazi ka-Olga Surikova uNataliya Konchalovskaya washada noSergei Mikhalkov futhi washona eneminyaka engama-85 ngo-1988. Amadodana kaMikhalkov noKonchalovskaya, abalingiswa bebhayisikobho abaziwayo u-Andrei Konchalovsky noNikita Mikhalkov, bazalwa ngo-1937 nango-1945 futhi abaqhubeki nje ngokuba nempilo enhle, kodwa futhi nokuphila impilo yokudala.
14. Ekuphileni kwansuku zonke, uSurikov wayengaphezu kokuzincisha. Umndeni uqhubeke ngomgomo othi "umuntu oyedwa - isihlalo esisodwa netafula elilodwa eliseceleni kombhede". Umculi ugcine ingobo yakhe yomlando ebanzi kakhulu ingahluziwe esifubeni esilula. Umndeni awuzange ulambe, kepha ukudla bekuhlala kulula kakhulu, kungekho ama-frills. Okuphezulu komkhathi wokupheka kwakukhona amadombolo nomgodi (inyamazane eyomile). Ngakolunye uhlangothi, empilweni kaVasily Ivanovich, zonke izimfanelo ze-bohemia zazingekho ngokuphelele. Yebo, wayekwazi ukuphuza, kepha wayekwenza ekhaya noma evakashele abangane kuphela. Akazange aqaphele noma yikuphi ukuphuza endaweni yokudlela noma okunye okweqile. Umdwebi wayehlale egqoke kahle, kepha engawabekezeleli amabhulukwe ayinsimbi.
15. Imbongi yaseRussia, njengoba wazi, ingaphezu kokuba yimbongi. Ukubuyekezwa komdwebo ngu-V. Surikov "The Morning of the Strelets 'Execution" kukhombisile ukuthi umdwebo ungaba ngaphezu komdwebo. Kwenzeka ukuthi ukuvulwa kombukiso wama-Itinerants, lapho i- "The Morning of the Strelets 'Execution" yaqala ukukhonjiswa emphakathini jikelele, futhi ukubulawa kuka-Emperor Alexander II kwenzeka ngalo lolo suku - Mashi 1, 1881. Abagxeki, abaqala ukuxoxa ngokufaneleka kobuciko bendwangu enkulu, ngokushesha bashintsha ukucacisa lo mbuzo, ngobani uSurikov - uStreltsov noma uPeter I? Uma ufisa, isithombe singahunyushwa ngezindlela ezimbili: isibalo sombusi wesikhathi esizayo sikhonjiswa ngamandla nangesizotha, kepha akukho ukubulawa kwangempela noma izidumbu zalabo ababulewe ngendwangu. Umdwebi wayengeke nje afune ukushaqisa ababukeli ngokubona kwegazi nezidumbu, okukhombisa ukungqubuzana kwezinhlamvu zaseRussia. Kodwa-ke, isikhathi sikhombisile ukubaluleka kwe- "The Morning of the Strelets 'Execution" yomdwebo waseRussia.
16. USurikov wayengumculi odume kabi. Ngokuyinhloko, umphathi webhulashi kufanele abe mpofu kakhulu okungenani isigamu sempilo yakhe, noma afe ngisho nobumpofu. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uSurikov waqala ukuthola imali enesithunzi e-Academy, futhi wathengisa imidwebo yakhe ngamanani amahle. "Morning of the Streltsy Execution" kubize ama-ruble ayi-8,000, Umsebenzi oshibhile kunayo yonke wemisebenzi yenkosi, "iMenshikov eBerezovo" uPavel Tretyakov uthengwe ngo-5 000. "IBoyarynya Morozova" ithengwe ngama-15,000, i-Emperor 25,000, nangenxa ye- “The Conquest of Siberia by Yermak” uSurikov wathola ama-ruble angama-40,000, kwathi kwabanye abangu-3 000 wathengisa umbala wombala ovela kulo mdwebo. Inani elakhokhwa nguNicholas II nge "The Conquest of Siberia nguYermak" ngaleso sikhathi laliyirekhodi lomdwebo waseRussia. Amanani anjalo amvumela ukuthi angasebenzi uku-oda futhi angathathi izitshudeni ukuthola imali eyengeziwe.
17. Ukusebenza emdwebeni othi "The Conquest of Siberia by Yermak" uSurikov uhambe amakhilomitha angaphezu kwezinkulungwane ezintathu. Wagibela ihhashi, wahamba, egwedla emifuleni yaseSiberia. Kusukela kulolu hambo oluyingozi, ubuye nezincwadi zemidwebo eziningana nemidwebo eminingi. Ukuze wakhe izithombe ze-Cossacks ezihambisana no-Ermak, umculi wathatha uhambo olukhethekile oluya eDon. Ama-Cossacks endawo awamfunanga nje kuphela, kepha ahlela nezinhlanga nama-duels. Uma kubhekwa imidwebo egcinwe eMnyuziyamu YaseRussia, uhambo oluya eDon lwaluyisidingo - uSurikov wakwenza vele lapho umqondo wohlangothi "lwesiTatar" lwendwangu wayesulungile.
18. "Ukunqoba kweSiberia nguYermak" kwaba ukunqoba kwangempela kweSurikov. Ngokwesivumelwano noPavel Tretyakov, ukuxoxisana kwaqala ngama-ruble angama-20 000, yize uSurikov ayehlele ukukhipha ibheyili angu-40 000. Futhi kwenzeka kanjalo - uNicholas II wayengafuni ukuvumela umthengisi, futhi wakhipha inani elifunwa uSurikov ngendwangu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, usuku u-Emperor athola ngalo umdwebo kaSurikov lwaba usuku lwesisekelo se-State Russian Museum. USurikov, ukuze angamcasuli uTretyakov, wabhala ikhophi ephelele yesithombe seTretyakov Gallery.
19. Impikiswano ebukhali kakhulu yenziwa ngumdwebo othi "Suvorov's Crossing the Alps". Futhi, ukusabela komphakathi kuthonywe isici sangaphandle - isithombe sakhonjiswa ngosuku olwandulela iminyaka engu-100 yomkhankaso odumile waseSuvorov. Baqala ukusola uSurikov ngemizwa eqotho, futhi izinsolo zavela kubantu abasondelene naye. U-Lev Tolstoy naye usigxekile isithombe. "Akwenzeki!" Uthe, ebhekise ekuhambeni kwamasosha emthambekeni. “Kuhle ngale ndlela,” kuphendula uSurikov. Umshini wokushicilela osekela uhulumeni yena wasola lo mculi ngokungabi sikhulu kangako kwesithombe.
20. Ngo-1906, embukisweni we-XXXV wama-Itinerants embhoshongweni oyindilinga we-Historical Museum, kwaboniswa umdwebo kaSurikov "uStepan Razin". Kuze kube umzuzu wokugcina, umculi ubenganelisekile ngomsebenzi wakhe. Ngemuva kokuvulwa kombukiso, uzivalele egumbini waphinde wapenda ifreyimu yegolide ngombala omnyama. Wabe esefuna ukwenza izindonga zekamelo zibe mnyama, kepha lokhu akuzange kumenelise uSurikov. Wazama nokudweba amabhuzu kaRazin ngqo kuhlaka. Ngenxa yalokho, umsebenzi womdwebo waqhubeka eminye iminyaka engu-4.
21. Kusuka kumamemori ka-Ilya Ostroukhov (umbhali womdwebo odumile "I-Golden Autumn). Lapho nje yena, uVictor Vasnetsov noVasily Polenov beza ekhaya likaSurikov befuna amadombolo aseSiberia. Sebeziphathe kahle kakhulu, baqala ukuvalelisa. UPolenov wayengowokuqala ukuhamba, wenziwa ubhontshisi kubaculi abathathu abaphambili baseRussia ababebuthene lapha (u-Ostroukhov wayesemncane ngaleso sikhathi, akazange abhekwe). Ebona uVasnetsov no-Ostroukhov, uSurikov uphakamise i-toast kubaculi ababili abaphambili baseRussia. Ehla ngezitebhisi, uVasnetsov wahlebela u-Ostroukhov: "Manje uVasily uthele ingilazi neziphuzo zomculi ohamba phambili eRussia."
22. UPasket wayeyisitsha esithandwa kakhulu nguSurikov. Lezi yinyama ebilisiwe exubekile, ilayisi, amaqanda, izaqathe kanye no-anyanisi, kufakwe umhluzi wenyama futhi kubhakwe ngaphansi koqweqwe wenhlama yemvubelo. Futhi, umculi wayewathanda kakhulu ophaya nge-cherry yenyoni eyomile yomhlabathi.
23. Ngo-1894 uVasily Ivanovich Surikov wakhethwa waba yilungu eligcwele le-Academy of Arts. Ndawonye naye, izazi zezifundiswa zahlanganiswa nabangane bakhe u-Ilya Repin noVasily Polenov, kanye no-Pail Tretyakov. Lo mculi kusobala ukuthi wayethokozile ngokhetho - wabhala ngokuziqhenya ngalokhu kunina, wengeza ngokuthi amaphephandaba aseMoscow ashicilela ngokuvunywa okuphezulu kwabafundi abasha.
24. USurikov wayeshaya isigingci kahle kakhulu. Wonke umuntu owake waya emafulethini amaningi aqashwe ngumndeni ukubonile ukuba khona kwesiginci endaweni evelele. Ngaleyo minyaka isiginci sasithathwa njengesisetshenziswa sabantu abavamile. into efana ne-accordion, futhi abashayi besiginci abakwazanga ukuziqhayisa ngemali enkulu. UVasily Ivanovich wayevame ukuhlela uhlobo oluthile lwamakhonsathi lwabadlali besiginci ayebazi. Amathikithi abengathengiswa. kodwa abezwayo banikela. Imisebenzi enjalo ivumela abaculi ukuthi bathole ama-ruble ayi-100-200 kusihlwa.
25.Ngokugqashuka kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala, uSurikov wazinikela ngokwengqondo, bese impilo yakhe yomzimba yaqala ukwehluleka. Ngo-1915, umfowabo womkhwenyana womculi, uPyotr Konchalovsky, uMaxim, wathola umculi enezinkinga zenhliziyo. USurikov wathunyelwa endaweni yezokuvakasha yezempilo eduze kwaseMoscow ukuze ayothola ukwelashwa, kepha lapho wahlaselwa yinyumoniya. NgoMashi 6, 1916 uVasily Ivanovich Surikov washo amazwi akhe okugcina athi “Ngiyanyamalala” wadlula emhlabeni. Izinkulungwane zabantu zambona ohambweni lwakhe lokugcina, futhi uViktor Vasnetsov wathi inkulumo yomngcwabo wakhe.
