UNicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543) - Isazi sezinkanyezi sasePoland, isazi sezibalo, umakhenikha, isazi sezomnotho nesazi semfundiso yenkolo. Ungumsunguli wohlelo lomhlaba osenkabeni yezwe, olwaphawula ukuqala kwenguquko yokuqala yesayensi.
Kunamaqiniso amaningi athakazelisayo ku-biography kaCopernicus, esizokhuluma ngaye kulesi sihloko.
Ngakho-ke, ngaphambi kwakho kune-biography emfushane kaNicolaus Copernicus.
ICopernicus biography
UNicolaus Copernicus wazalwa ngoFebhuwari 19, 1473 edolobheni lasePrussia iTorun, manje eyingxenye yePoland yanamuhla. Wakhulela emndenini ocebile womthengisi kaNicolaus Copernicus Sr. nomkakhe uBarbara Watzenrode.
Ubuntwana nentsha
Umndeni wakwaCopernicus wawunabafana ababili - uNikolai no-Andrey, namantombazane amabili - uBarbara noKaterina. Inhlekelele yokuqala ku-biography yesazi sezinkanyezi esizayo yenzeke eneminyaka engu-9, lapho elahlekelwa nguyise.
Inhloko yomndeni yabulawa yisifo esasihlasele iYurophu. Eminyakeni embalwa kamuva, umama kaNikolai washona, okwaholela ekukhulisweni kwakhe ngumalume wakhe uLukasz Watzenrode, owayeyi-canon ye-diocese yendawo.
Ngenxa yemizamo kamalume wakhe, uNikolai, kanye nomfowabo u-Andrey, bakwazi ukuthola imfundo enhle. Ngemuva kokuqeda isikole, uCopernicus oneminyaka engu-18 wangena eNyuvesi yaseKrakow.
Ngaleso sikhathi sempilo yakhe, le nsizwa yaba nesifiso sezibalo, ubudokotela kanye nemfundiso yenkolo. Kodwa-ke, wayenesithakazelo esikhulu ku-astronomy.
Isayensi
Ngemuva kokuphothula eyunivesithi, abafowethu baseCopernicus baya e-Italy, lapho baba khona abafundi e-University of Bologna. Ngaphezu kweziyalo zendabuko, uNikolai wakwazi ukuqhubeka nokutadisha izinkanyezi ngaphansi kobuholi besazi sezinkanyezi esidumile uDomenico Novara.
Ngasikhathi sinye, ePoland, uCopernicus wakhethwa engekho emihlanganweni ye-diocese. Lokhu kwenzeke ngenxa yemizamo kamalume wakhe, owayesevele engumbhishobhi ngaleso sikhathi.
Ngo-1497 uNikolai, kanye noNovara, benza umbono omkhulu wezinkanyezi. Njengomphumela wocwaningo lwakhe, wafinyelela esiphethweni sokuthi ibanga eliya enyangeni nge-quadrature lilingana kokubili inyanga entsha nenyanga egcwele. La maqiniso okokuqala aphoqa isazi sezinkanyezi ukuthi sibuyekeze imfundiso kaPtolemy, lapho iLanga, namanye amaplanethi, lajikeleza khona uMhlaba.
Ngemuva kweminyaka emi-3, uCopernicus unquma ukuyeka izifundo zakhe eyunivesithi, ebezifunda kakhulu ezomthetho, izilimi zasendulo nemfundiso yenkolo. Indoda iya eRoma, lapho, ngokusho kweminye imithombo, ayifundisi isikhathi eside.
Kamuva, abafowethu baseCopernican bangena eNyuvesi yasePadua, lapho bafunda khona kakhulu kwezobudokotela. Ngo-1503 uNikolai waphumelela eyunivesithi futhi wathola iziqu zobudokotela e-canon law. Eminyakeni emithathu elandelayo wenza umuthi ePadua.
Yabe isibuyela ekhaya ePoland. Lapha wafunda isayensi yezinkanyezi iminyaka engaba yisithupha, efunda ngokucophelela ukuhamba nendawo yezinto zezulu lamazulu. Ngokufana nalokhu, wafundisa eKrakow, wayengudokotela nonobhala kukamalume wakhe.
Ngo-1512, kwashona umalume uLukash, ngemuva kwalokho uNicolaus Copernicus uxhuma impilo yakhe nezibopho zokomoya. Ngegunya elikhulu, wakhonza njengomphathiswa ophethe futhi waphatha isifunda sonke lapho uMbhishobhi uFerber ezizwa kabi.
Ngasikhathi sinye, uCopernicus akazange ayilahle inkanyezi. Iqiniso elithandekayo ukuthi wahlomisa omunye wemibhoshongo yenqaba yaseFrombork endaweni yokubuka.
Usosayensi wayenenhlanhla yokuthi imisebenzi yakhe yaqedwa eminyakeni yokugcina yokuphila kwakhe, futhi izincwadi zashicilelwa ngemuva kokufa kwakhe. Ngakho-ke, ukwazile ukugwema ukushushiswa okuvela esontweni ngemibono engqubuzanayo nenkulumo-ze yohlelo lokukhanya komhlaba.
Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi ngaphezu kwesayensi yezinkanyezi, uCopernicus uzuze izindawo eziphakeme kakhulu kwezinye izindawo. Ngokusho kwephrojekthi yakhe, uhlelo olusha lwemali lwasungulwa ePoland futhi kwakhiwa umshini wokubacindezela owafaka amanzi ezakhiweni zokuhlala.
Uhlelo lwe-Heliocentric
Esebenzisa izinsimbi ezilula kakhulu zezinkanyezi, uNicolaus Copernicus ukwazile ukuthola nokufakazela imfundiso yesimiso sonozungezilanga esizungeza umhlaba, okwakuphambene ngqo nemodeli kaPtolemaic yendawo yonke.
Le ndoda yathi iLanga namanye amaplanethi awazungezi uMhlaba, futhi konke kwenzeka ngokufana nse. Ngasikhathi sinye, wayekholelwa ngephutha ukuthi izinkanyezi ezikude nezinkanyiso ezibonakala eMhlabeni zigxile endaweni ekhethekile eyayizungeze iplanethi yethu.
Lokhu bekungenxa yokushoda kwamadivayisi amahle obuchwepheshe. Kwakungekho nesisodwa isibonakude eYurophu ngaleso sikhathi. Yingakho isazi sezinkanyezi sasingalungi ngaso sonke isikhathi eziphethweni zaso.
Umsebenzi omkhulu futhi cishe owukuphela kukaCopernicus ngumsebenzi othi "On the rotation of the spheres spheres" (1543). Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi kwamthatha cishe iminyaka engama-40 ukubhala lo msebenzi - kwaze kwaba sekufeni kwakhe!
Incwadi ibinezingxenye ezi-6 futhi iqukethe imibono eminingi yokuguqula. Imibono kaCopernicus yayijabulisa kakhulu ngesikhathi sakhe kangangokuba ngesinye isikhathi wayefuna ukutshela ngabo kuphela abangane abaseduze.
Uhlelo lweCopernicus 'heliocentric lungamelwa kulezi zitatimende ezilandelayo:
- imijikelezo nemikhakha yasezulwini ayinasikhungo esivamile;
- isikhungo somhlaba akusona isikhungo sendawo yonke;
- wonke amaplanethi ahamba ezungeza ilanga, ngenxa yalokho le nkanyezi iyisikhungo sendawo yonke;
- ukunyakaza kokushona kwelanga kucatshangwa, futhi kubangelwa kuphela ngumphumela wokuzungeza komhlaba nxazonke zawo;
- Umhlaba namanye amaplanethi azungeza iLanga, ngakho-ke ukunyakaza, njengoba kubonakala sengathi inkanyezi yethu ikwenzayo, kulungiswa kuphela ngumphumela wokuhamba koMhlaba.
Ngaphandle kokunganembi okuthile, imodeli yomhlaba kaCopernicus yaba nomthelela omkhulu ekuqhubekeni phambili kwezinkanyezi nezinye isayensi.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
UNikolai waqala ukuzwa umuzwa wothando eneminyaka engama-48. Wathandana nentombazane u-Anna, owayeyindodakazi yomunye wabangani bakhe.
Njengoba abapristi bamaKatolika babengavunyelwe ukushada futhi ngokuvamile babe nobudlelwano nabesifazane, usosayensi wabeka othandekayo wakhe ekhaya lakhe, emethula njengesihlobo sakhe esikude nomgcini wendlu.
Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, u-Anna waphoqeleka ukuba ashiye indlu kaCopernicus, futhi kamuva ashiye ngokuphelele idolobha. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi umbhishobhi omusha utshele uNicholas ukuthi isimilo esinjalo asamukelwa isonto. Isazi sezinkanyezi asikaze sishade futhi asishiyanga mntwana.
Ukufa
Ngo-1531 uCopernicus uthathe umhlalaphansi futhi wagxila ekubhaleni incwadi yakhe. Ngo-1542, impilo yakhe yawohloka kakhulu - kwafika ukukhubazeka kohlangothi lwesokudla lomzimba.
UNicolaus Copernicus ushone ngoMeyi 24, 1543 eneminyaka engama-70. Imbangela yokufa kwakhe kwaba yisifo sohlangothi.
Izithombe zeCopernicus
