ULev Nikolaevich Gumilev (1912-1992) - Usosayensi waseSoviet nowaseRussia, umbhali, umhumushi, isazi semivubukulo, isazi sempumalanga, isazi sokuma komhlaba, isazi-mlando, isazi sobuhlanga nesazi sefilosofi.
Waboshwa amahlandla amane, waphinde wagwetshwa iminyaka eyishumi edingisiwe ekamu, ayelisebenzela eKazakhstan, eSiberia nase-Altai. Wakhuluma izilimi eziyisithupha futhi wahumusha amakhulu emisebenzi yangaphandle.
UGumilev ungumbhali wenkolelo evuthayo ye-ethnogenesis. Imibono yakhe, ephikisana nemibono yesayensi eyamukelwa ngokuvamile, idala impikiswano nempikiswano eshubile phakathi kwezazi-mlando, ososayensi bezemvelo nabanye ososayensi.
Kunamaqiniso amaningi athakazelisayo ku-biography kaLev Gumilyov, esizokhuluma ngaye kulesi sihloko.
Ngakho-ke, ngaphambi kwakho i-biography emfushane kaGumilyov.
Biography of Lev Gumilyov
U-Lev Gumilyov wazalwa ngo-Septhemba 18 (Okthoba 1) 1912 eSt. Wakhula futhi wakhulela emndenini wezimbongi ezidumile uNikolai Gumilyov no-Anna Akhmatova.
Ubuntwana nentsha
Cishe ngokushesha nje emva kokuzalwa, uKolya omncane wayesezandleni zokunakekela ugogo wakhe u-Anna Ivanovna Gumileva. Ngokusho kukaNikolai, ebuntwaneni, wabona abazali bakhe bengavamile kakhulu, ngakho-ke ugogo wakhe wayengumuntu osondelene kakhulu naye.
Kuze kube yiminyaka engu-5, ingane yayihlala endaweni yomndeni eSlepnevo. Kodwa-ke, lapho amaBolsheviks eqala ukubusa, u-Anna Ivanovna wabalekela eBezhetsk nomzukulu wakhe, ngoba wayesaba ukubulawa kwabantu abampofu.
Ngemuva konyaka, abazali bakaLev Gumilyov banquma ukuhamba. Ngenxa yalokho, yena nogogo bathuthela ePetrograd, lapho kwakuhlala khona uyise. Ngaleso sikhathi, i-biography, umfana wayevame ukuchitha isikhathi noyise, owayeyithatha kaningi indodana yakhe emsebenzini.
Ngezikhathi ezithile, uGumilev Sr. wayebiza unkosikazi wakhe wangaphambili ukuze akwazi ukuxhumana noLeo. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi ngaleso sikhathi u-Akhmatova wayehlala noVladimir Shileiko waseMpumalanga, kanti uNikolai Gumilev waphinde washada no-Anna Engelhardt.
Maphakathi no-1919, ugogo nomalokazana wakhe omusha nezingane bahlala eBezhetsk. UNikolai Gumilyov wayevakashela umndeni wakhe ngezikhathi ezithile, ehlala nabo izinsuku eziyi-1-2. Ngo-1921, uLeo wezwa ngokufa kukayise.
E-Bezhetsk, uLev waphila waze waba neminyaka engu-17, wakwazi ukushintsha izikole ezi-3. Ngalesi sikhathi, u-Anna Akhmatova wavakashela indodana yakhe kabili kuphela - ngo-1921 nango-1925. Ngiseyingane, umfana wayenobudlelwano obungebuhle nontanga yakhe.
UGumilyov wakhetha ukuzihlukanisa nontanga yakhe. Lapho zonke izingane zigijima futhi zidlala ngesikhathi sekhefu, wayevame ukuma eceleni. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi esikoleni sokuqala wasala engenazo izincwadi, ngoba wayebhekwa "njengendodana yomzabalazo ophikisayo."
Esikhungweni sesibili semfundo, uLev wenza ubungane nothisha u-Alexander Pereslegin, owathonya kakhulu ubuntu bakhe. Lokhu kwaholela eqinisweni lokuthi uGumilev wahambisana noPereslegin kuze kube sekupheleni kokuphila kwakhe.
Lapho usosayensi wesikhathi esizayo eshintsha isikole okwesithathu, ithalente lezemibhalo lavuka kuye. Le nsizwa ibhalele iphephandaba lesikole izindatshana nezindaba. Iqiniso elithandekayo ngukuthi othisha baze bamkhokhela imali yendaba ethi "Imfihlakalo Yolwandle Olujulile".
Ngaleyo minyaka, umlando kaGumilev wayevakashela umtapo wezincwadi wedolobha njalo, efunda imisebenzi yabalobi basekhaya nabangaphandle. Ubuye wazama ukubhala izinkondlo "eziyinqaba", ezama ukulingisa uyise.
Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi u-Akhmatova wayecindezela noma yimiphi imizamo yendodana yakhe yokubhala izinkondlo ezinjalo, ngenxa yalokho wabuyela kubo eminyakeni embalwa kamuva.
Ngemva kokuphothula esikoleni, uLev waya kunina eLeningrad, lapho waphinde waphothula khona ebangeni lesi-9. Wayefuna ukungena eHerzen Institute, kepha ikhomishini yenqaba ukwamukela imibhalo ngenxa yemvelaphi enhle yalomfana.
UNikolai Punin, owayeshade nonina ngaleso sikhathi, wabeka uGumilyov njengesisebenzi esitshalweni. Kamuva, wabhalisa ekushintsheni kwabasebenzi, lapho abelwa khona izifundo zemikhankaso yokuma komhlaba.
Ngenkathi yezimboni, imikhankaso yenziwa ngokungavamile ngokungavamile. Ngenxa yokushoda kwabasebenzi, akekho owanaka imvelaphi yabahlanganyeli. Ngenxa yalokhu, ehlobo lika-1931, uLevi Nikolaevich waqala umkhankaso esifundeni saseBaikal.
Amagugu
Ababhali bomlando kaGumilyov bathi esikhathini sika-1931-1966. wabamba iqhaza emikhankasweni engama-21. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kwakungeyona kuphela yokwakheka komhlaba, kodwa futhi nemivubukulo kanye nobuzwe.
Ngo-1933, uLev waqala ukuhumusha izinkondlo zabalobi baseSoviet. Ekupheleni konyaka ofanayo, waboshwa okokuqala wagcinwa esitokisini izinsuku eziyi-9. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi lo mfana akazange aphenywe noma akhokhiswe icala.
Eminyakeni embalwa kamuva, uGumilyov wangena eLeningrad University e-Faculty of History. Njengoba abazali bakhe babejabhile ebuholini be-USSR, kwakudingeka aziphathe kahle.
Enyuvesi, lo mfundi kuvele ukuthi ubengumsiki ngaphezu kwabo bonke abafundi. Othisha bababaza ngobuqotho ubuhlakani bukaLeo, ubuhlakani kanye nolwazi olujulile. Ngo-1935 wabuyiselwa ejele, kodwa ngenxa yokuncenga kwababhali abaningi, kuhlanganise no-Akhmatova, uJoseph Stalin wavumela le nsizwa ukuba ikhululwe.
Lapho ededelwa uGumilev, wezwa ngokuxoshwa kwakhe esikhungweni. Ukuxoshwa eyunivesithi kuvele kwaba yinhlekelele kuyena. Walahlekelwa ngumfundaze wakhe nezindlu. Ngenxa yalokho, walamba ngokoqobo izinyanga ezimbalwa.
Maphakathi no-1936, uLev wasuka kolunye uhambo lokuwela iDon, lokumba izindawo zokuhlala zaseKhazar. Ekupheleni konyaka waziswa ngokubuyiselwa kwakhe eyunivesithi, futhi wayejabule kakhulu ngakho.
Ngentwasahlobo yango-1938, ngenkathi kusebenza lokho okwakuthiwa yi- "Red Terror" ezweni, uGumilyov waboshwa okwesithathu. Wagwetshwa iminyaka emi-5 emakamu aseNorilsk.
Phezu kwabo bonke ubunzima nezilingo, le ndoda yathola isikhathi sokubhala le dissertation. Njengoba kwenzeka ngokushesha, kanye naye ekudingisweni kwakukhona abaningi abamele izazi, ukuxhumana nabo okwamnika injabulo engenakuqhathaniswa.
Ngo-1944, uLev Gumilyov wazinikela ngaphambili, lapho ahlanganyela khona emsebenzini waseBerlin. Ebuyela ekhaya, usaphothula iziqu zakhe enyuvesi, waba yisazi-mlando esiqinisekisiwe. Ngemuva kweminyaka emihlanu waphinde waboshwa wagwetshwa iminyaka eyishumi emakamu.
Ngemuva kokudonsa iminyaka engu-7 ekudingisweni, uLev Nikolaevich wavuselelwa ngo-1956. Ngaleso sikhathi, inhloko entsha ye-USSR kwakunguNikita Khrushchev, owadedela iziboshwa eziningi eziboshwe ngaphansi kukaStalin.
Ngemuva kokukhululwa kwakhe, uGumilyov wasebenzela iHermitage iminyaka eminingana. Ngo-1961 wayivikela ngempumelelo incwadi yakhe yobudokotela emlandweni. Ngonyaka olandelayo wangeniswa kubasebenzi be-Research Institute e-Faculty of Geography yaseLeningrad State University, lapho asebenza khona kwaze kwaba ngu-1987.
Ngama-60s, uLeva Gumilev waqala ukudala inkolelo yakhe edumile yokuthanda i-ethnogenesis. Wazama ukuchaza umlando ojikelezayo futhi ojwayelekile. Iqiniso elithandekayo ukuthi ozakwabo abaningi bayigxeka kakhulu imibono yososayensi, bebiza umbono wakhe ngokuthi yi-pseudoscientific.
Umsebenzi omkhulu wesazi-mlando, "i-Ethnogenesis kanye ne-Biosphere of the Earth", nawo wagxekwa. Lathi okhokho baseRussia babengamaTatar, kanti iRussia yayiwukuqhubeka kweHorde. Kulokhu kwavela ukuthi iRussia yanamuhla inabantu baseRussia-Turkic-Mongol, abavela e-Eurasia.
Imibono efanayo ibuye ivezwe ezincwadini zikaGumilyov - "Ukusuka eRussia kuye eRussia" naku "Ancient Russia kanye neGreat Steppe." Yize umbhali egxekiwe ngezinkolelo zakhe, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi wakhe ibutho elikhulu labalandeli ababelana ngemibono yakhe ngomlando.
Kakade esemdala, uLevi Nikolaevich wayethathekile kakhulu yizinkondlo, lapho athola khona impumelelo enkulu. Kodwa-ke, ingxenye yomsebenzi wembongi yalahleka, futhi akazange akwazi ukushicilela imisebenzi esele. Iqiniso elithandekayo ukuthi uGumilev wazibiza ngokuthi "uyindodana yokugcina yeSilver Age."
Impilo yomuntu siqu
Ekupheleni kuka-1936, uLevi wahlangana nomfundi waseMongolia owayethweswe iziqu u-Ochiryn Namsrajav, owayebabaza ubuhlakani bale nsizwa kanye nokufunda kwabo. Ubudlelwano babo baqhubeka kwaze kwaba yilapho kuboshwa uGumilyov ngo-1938.
Intombazane yesibili ku-biography yesazi-mlando kwakunguNataliya Varbanets, aqala ukuxhumana naye ngemuva kokubuya ngaphambili. Kodwa-ke, uNatalia wayethandana nomvikeli wakhe, isazi-mlando esishadile uVladimir Lyublinsky.
Ngo-1949, lapho usosayensi ephinde wathunyelwa ekudingisweni, kwaqala ukuxhumana okusebenzayo phakathi kukaGumilev noVarbanets. Zisondele ku-60 izincwadi zothando. Ngemuva kokuxolelwa, uLeo wahlukana nale ntombazane, ngoba wayesathandana noLublinsky.
Maphakathi nawo-50s, uGumilyov waba nentshisekelo kuNatalia Kazakevich oneminyaka engu-18, ambona emtatsheni wezincwadi waseHermitage. Ngokusho kweminye imithombo, abazali bentombazane babephikisana nobudlelwano bendodakazi nendoda evuthiwe, khona-ke uLeva Nikolayevich wabhekisa kumfundi wokufunda ubufakazi uTatyana Kryukova, owayethanda umsebenzi wakhe, kepha lobu budlelwano abuzange buholele emshadweni.
Ngo-1966 le ndoda yahlangana nomculi uNatalia Simonovskaya. Eminyakeni embalwa kamuva, abathandi banquma ukushada. Lo mbhangqwana wahlala ndawonye iminyaka engu-24, kwaze kwaba sekufeni kukaGumilyov. Kule nyunyana, lo mbhangqwana wawungenazo izingane, ngoba ngesikhathi somshado uLev Nikolaevich wayeneminyaka engu-55 ubudala, kanti uNataliya wayeneminyaka engama-46.
Ukufa
Eminyakeni emibili ngaphambi kokufa kwakhe, uLev Gumilyov wahlaselwa isifo sohlangothi, kodwa waqhubeka nokusebenza kanzima elulama ekuguleni kwakhe. Ngaleso sikhathi, wayenesilonda futhi imilenze yakhe yayibuhlungu kabi. Kamuva, inyongo yakhe yasuswa. Ngesikhathi sokuhlinzwa, isiguli sathola ukopha kakhulu.
Usosayensi wayesekhomeni emasontweni amabili edlule. ULev Nikolaevich Gumilyov ushone ngoJuni 15, 1992 eneminyaka engu-79. Ukushona kwakhe kwenzeke ngenxa yokuvalwa kwemishini yokusekela impilo, ngesinqumo sodokotela.
Isithombe ngu-Lev Gumilyov
