UDmitry Dmitrievich Shostakovich (1906-1975) - Umqambi waseRussia nowaseSoviet, uthisha wopiyano nomculo. Umculi Wabantu we-USSR futhi uzuze imiklomelo eminingi ehlonishwayo.
Omunye wabaqambi abakhulu bekhulu lama-20, umbhali wama-symphony ayi-15 nama-quartet ayi-15, amakhonsathi ayisithupha, ama-opera ama-3, amabhalethi ama-3, imisebenzi eminingi yomculo wasekamelweni.
Kunamaqiniso amaningi athakazelisayo ku-biography kaShostakovich, esizokhuluma ngaye kulesi sihloko.
Ngakho-ke, ngaphambi kwakho i-biography emfushane kaDmitry Shostakovich.
Umlando kaShostakovich
UDmitry Shostakovich wazalwa ngoSepthemba 12 (25), 1906. Uyise, uDmitry Boleslavovich, wafundela i-physics kanye nezibalo eSt.
Umama womqambi, uSofya Vasilievna, wayengumdlali wopiyano. Nguye owafaka uthando lomculo kuzo zonke izingane ezintathu: uDmitry, uMaria noZoya.
Ubuntwana nentsha
Lapho uShostakovich eneminyaka engaba ngu-9 ubudala, abazali bakhe bamthumela e-Commercial Gymnasium. Ngasikhathi sinye, unina wamfundisa ukudlala upiyano. Ngokushesha wathatha indodana yakhe esikoleni umculo uthisha odumile Glasser.
Ngaphansi kokuqondiswa nguGlasser, uDmitry waphumelela ekudlaleni upiyano, kepha uthisha akazange amfundise ukwakheka, ngenxa yalokho umfana wayeka isikole ngemuva kweminyaka emithathu.
Ngaleso sikhathi somlando wakhe, uShostakovich oneminyaka engu-11 wabona isigameko esibi esasisezinkumbulweni zakhe impilo yakhe yonke. Phambi kwamehlo akhe, uCossack, wahlakaza isixuku sabantu, wasika ingane ngenkemba. Kamuva, umqambi osemusha uzobhala umsebenzi othi "Funeral March ukukhumbula izisulu zenguquko", ngokususelwa enkumbulweni yenhlekelele eyenzekile.
Ngo-1919 uDmitry waphasa ngempumelelo izivivinyo ePetrograd Conservatory. Ngaphezu kwalokho, wayehileleka ekuqhubeni. Ezinyangeni ezimbalwa kamuva, le nsizwa yaqamba umsebenzi wayo wokuqala omkhulu we-orchestra - "Scherzo fis-moll".
Ngonyaka olandelayo uShostakovich wangena ekilasini lepiyano likaLeonid Nikolaev. Uqale ukuhambela i-Anna Vogt Circle, ebigxile kubaculi baseNtshonalanga.
UDmitry Shostakovich wafunda ngentshiseko enkulu e-Conservatory, naphezu kwezikhathi ezinzima ezahlasela iRussia ngaleso sikhathi: iMpi Yezwe I (1914-1918), i-Revolution ka-Okthoba, indlala. Cishe nsuku zonke wayebonakala ku-Philharmonic yendawo, lapho ayelalela ngenjabulo enkulu kumakhonsathi.
Ngokusho komqambi ngaleso sikhathi, ngenxa yobuthakathaka bomzimba, kwakudingeka afike endaweni yokulondolozwa ngezinyawo. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi uDmitry wayengenawo amandla okucindezela ku-tram, amakhulu abantu ayezama ukungena kuwo.
Ebhekene nobunzima obukhulu bezezimali, uShostakovich wathola umsebenzi ebhayisikobho njengomdlali wopiyano, owayehamba namafilimu athule ngomdlalo wakhe. UShostakovich ukhumbule ngalesi sikhathi ngokunengeka. Umsebenzi wawukhokha kancane futhi wawudinga amandla amaningi.
Ngaleso sikhathi, usizo olukhulu nokusekelwa komculi kwanikezwa nguprofesa weSt. Petersburg Conservatory u-Alexander Glazunov, okwazile ukumtholela isabelo esengeziwe kanye nemfundaze yomuntu siqu.
Ngo-1923 uShostakovich waphumelela e-Conservatory ngepiyano, futhi eminyakeni embalwa kamuva ekwakhiweni.
Ukudalwa
Maphakathi nawo-1920, ithalente likaDmitry laqashelwa ngumqhubi waseJalimane uBruno Walter, owabe esevakashela eSoviet Union. Wacela umqambi osemusha ukuba amthumele eJalimane amaphuzu e-First Symphony, abhalwe uShostakovich ebusheni bakhe.
Ngenxa yalokhu, uBruno wenza ucezu lomculi waseRussia eBerlin. Ngemuva kwalokho, iFirst Symphony yenziwa ngabanye abaculi baphesheya abaziwayo. Ngenxa yalokhu, uShostakovich wathola ukuthandwa okuthile emhlabeni wonke.
Ngawo-1930, Dmitry Dmitrievich waqamba opera Lady Macbeth wesifunda Mtsensk. Iqiniso elithandekayo ukuthi ekuqaleni lo msebenzi wamukelwa ngomdlandla e-USSR, kepha kamuva wagxekwa kakhulu. UJoseph Stalin ukhulume nge-opera njengomculo izilaleli zaseSoviet ezingawuqondi.
Ngaleyo minyaka, ama-biographies uShostakovich wabhala ama-symphony ayi-6 kanye ne- "Jazz Suite". Ngo-1939 waba nguprofesa.
Ezinyangeni zokuqala zeMpi Enkulu Yobuzwe (1941-1945), umqambi wasebenza ekwakheni i-symphony yesi-7. Yaqala ukwenziwa eRussia ngoMashi 1942, kwathi ngemuva kwezinyanga ezine yethulwa e-United States. Ngo-Agasti wonyaka ofanayo, i-symphony yenziwa eLeningrad evinjezelwe futhi yaba yisikhuthazo sangempela kubahlali bayo.
Phakathi nempi, Dmitry Shostakovich wakwazi ukwakha 8 Symphony, ebhalwe uhlobo neoclassical. Ngokuzuza kwakhe kwezomculo ngo-1946 wanikezwa ama-Stalin Prize amathathu!
Yize kunjalo, ngemuva kweminyaka embalwa, iziphathimandla zamgxeka kakhulu uShostakovich, zimbeka icala "lobunxiwankulu obusemthethweni" kanye "nokugqigqa phambi kweNtshonalanga." Ngenxa yalokho, le ndoda yaphucwa isikhundla sayo sobuprofesa.
Ngaphandle koshushiso, ngo-1949 lo mculi wavunyelwa ukundiza aye eMelika engqungqutheleni yomhlaba evikela ukuthula, lapho afike wakhuluma khona inkulumo ende. Ngonyaka olandelayo, wathola umklomelo wesine kaStalin weCantata Song of the Forests.
Ngo-1950, uDmitry Shostakovich, ekhuthazwe yimisebenzi kaBach, wabhala ama-Preludes namaFugues angama-24. Kamuva wethula uchungechunge lwemidlalo ethi "Dances for Dolls", futhi wabhala neTenth and Eleventh Symphonies.
Engxenyeni yesibili yama-1950s, umculo kaShostakovich wagcwala ithemba. Ngo-1957, waba yinhloko yeComposers 'Union, kwathi eminyakeni emithathu kamuva waba yilungu leqembu lamaKhomanisi.
Ngama-60s, inkosi yabhala ama-Symphony ayishumi nambili, ayishumi nantathu nantathu. Imisebenzi yakhe yenziwe emiphakathini ehamba phambili ye-philharmonic emhlabeni. Ekupheleni komsebenzi wakhe womculo, amanothi amabi aqala ukuvela emisebenzini yakhe. Umsebenzi wakhe wokugcina kwakunguSonata weViola noPiano.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
Phakathi neminyaka yomlando wakhe, uDmitry Shostakovich wayeshade kathathu. Umkakhe wokuqala kwaba astrophysicist Nina Vasilievna. Kule nyunyana, umfana noMaxim nentombazane uGalina bazalwa.
Lo mbhangqwana wahlala ndawonye iminyaka engaba ngu-20, kwaze kwaba sekushoneni kukaNina Vasilievna, owashona ngo-1954. Ngemuva kwalokho, le ndoda yashada noMargarita Kainova, kodwa lo mshado awuzange uhlale isikhathi eside.
Ngo-1962 uShostakovich washada no-Irina Supinskaya okwesithathu, ahlala naye kwaze kwaba sekupheleni kwempilo yakhe. Owesifazane wayemthanda umyeni wakhe futhi emnakekela ngesikhathi egula.
Ukugula nokufa
Eminyakeni yokugcina yokuphila kwakhe, uDmitry Dmitrievich wayegula kakhulu, ephethwe umdlavuza wamaphaphu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, wayenesifo esibi esihambisana nokulimala kwemisipha yemilenze - i-amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
Ochwepheshe abahamba phambili baseSoviet nakwamanye amazwe bazama ukusiza umqambi, kodwa impilo yakhe yaqhubeka nokuba sibi. Ngo-1970-1971. UShostakovich weza kaningi edolobheni laseKurgan ukuze azolashwa elabhorethri kaDkt. Gabriel Ilizarov.
Lo mculi wenze izivivinyo futhi wathatha nemithi efanele. Kodwa-ke, lesi sifo saqhubeka nokuthuthuka. Ngo-1975 wahlaselwa yisifo senhliziyo, maqondana nokuthi umqambi wayiswa esibhedlela.
Ngosuku lokufa kwakhe, uShostakovich wayehlele ukubuka ibhola nomkakhe ewadini. Wathumela umkakhe ngeposi, kwathi lapho ebuya, umyeni wakhe wayeseshonile. UDmitry Dmitrievich Shostakovich washona ngo-Agasti 9, 1975 eneminyaka engama-68.
Izithombe zeShostakovich
