UDante Alighieri (1265-1321) - imbongi yase-Italiya, umbhali weprozi, isazi, isazi semfundiso yenkolo, omunye wabasunguli bolimi lwesiNtaliyane nosopolitiki. UMdali we "Divine Comedy", lapho kwanikezwa khona ukuhlanganiswa kwesiko lasendulo lasendulo.
Kunamaqiniso amaningi athakazelisayo ku-biography kaDante Alighieri, esizokhuluma ngaye kulesi sihloko.
Ngakho-ke, ngaphambi kwakho kune-biography emfushane kaDante Alighieri.
I-biography kaDante Alighieri
Usuku oluqondile lokuzalwa kwembongi alwaziwa. UDante Alighieri wazalwa engxenyeni yesibili kaMeyi 1265. Ngokwesiko lomndeni, okhokho bomdali we "Divine Comedy" bathatha imvelaphi yabo emndenini wamaRoma ka-Elisees, owabamba iqhaza ekusungulweni kukaFlorence.
Uthisha wokuqala kaDante kwakuyimbongi kanye nososayensi uBrunetto Latini, owayedumile ngaleso sikhathi. U-Alighieri wafunda ngokujulile izincwadi zasendulo nezangenkathi ephakathi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, waphenya izimfundiso zobuqili zesikhathi.
Omunye wabangane abakhulu bakaDante kwakuyimbongi uGuido Cavalcanti, ngokuhlonipha kwakhe wabhala izinkondlo eziningi.
Isiqinisekiso sokuqala sombhalo sika-Alighieri njengomuntu esidlangalaleni sihlehlela emuva ngonyaka we-1296. Eminyakeni emi-4 kamuva wanikezwa isikhundla sangaphambilini.
Izincwadi
Ababhali bomlando kaDante abakwazi ukusho ukuthi imbongi yaqala nini ukukhombisa ithalente lokubhala izinkondlo. Lapho eneminyaka engaba ngu-27 ubudala, washicilela iqoqo lakhe elidumile elithi "New Life", eliqukethe izinkondlo kanye neprose.
Iqiniso elithandekayo ukuthi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ososayensi bazobiza leli qoqo umlando wokuqala emlandweni wezincwadi.
Lapho uDante Alighieri eba nentshisekelo kwezepolitiki, waba nentshisekelo ngempi eyaqubuka phakathi kombusi noPapa. Ngenxa yalokho, waba sohlangothini lombusi, okuyinto eyacasula abefundisi bamaKatolika.
Ngokushesha, amandla ayesezandleni zabalingani bakaPapa. Ngenxa yalokho, imbongi yaxoshwa eFlorence ngecala elingamanga lokufumbathisa nenkulumo-ze emelene nombuso.
UDante wahlawuliswa isizumbulu semali, kwathathwa yonke impahla yakhe. Kamuva iziphathimandla zamgweba ngentambo. Ngaleso sikhathi se-biography yakhe, u-Alighieri wayengaphandle kweFlorence, okwasindisa impilo yakhe. Ngenxa yalokho, akazange aphinde avakashele idolobha lakubo, futhi washonela ekudingisweni.
Kuze kube sekupheleni kwezinsuku zakhe, uDante wazulazula emadolobheni ahlukahlukene nakwamanye amazwe, futhi waze waphila isikhashana eParis. Yonke eminye imisebenzi ngemuva kwe- "New Life", wayiqamba ngenkathi esekudingisweni.
Lapho u-Alighieri eneminyaka engaba ngu-40 ubudala, waqala ukusebenza ezincwadini ezithi "Idili" nethi "On the People's Eloquence", lapho echaza khona imibono yakhe yefilosofi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, yomibili le misebenzi yahlala ingaqediwe. Ngokusobala, lokhu kwakungenxa yokuthi waqala ukusebenza kubuciko bakhe obukhulu - "I-Divine Comedy".
Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi ekuqaleni umbhali wabiza indalo yakhe ngokumane "Amahlaya". Igama "laphezulu" lanezelwa egameni nguBoccaccio, umbhali wokuqala womlando wembongi.
Kuthathe u-Alighieri cishe iminyaka eyi-15 ukubhala le ncwadi. Kuyo, yena uqobo uqobo uhlamvu esemqoka. Le nkondlo ichaze uhambo oluya ekuphileni kwangemva kokufa, lapho aya khona ngemuva kokushona kukaBeatrice.
Namuhla, i-Divine Comedy ibhekwa njenge-encyclopedia yangempela yangezikhathi eziphakathi, ethinta izindaba zesayensi, ezepolitiki, ezefilosofi, zokuziphatha nezenkolo. Ibizwa ngesikhumbuzo esikhulu kunazo zonke samasiko omhlaba.
Umsebenzi uhlukaniswe izingxenye ezintathu: "Isihogo", "Isihlanzo" kanye "nePharadesi", lapho ingxenye ngayinye inezingoma ezingama-33 (izingoma ezingama-34 engxenyeni yokuqala ethi "Isihogo", njengesibonakaliso sokungezwani). Le nkondlo ibhalwe ngeziqephu zemigqa emi-3 ngesikimu esikhethekile semvumelwano - imigwaqo.
Amahlaya kwaba umsebenzi wokugcina ku-biography yokudala kaDante Alighieri. Kuyo, umbhali wenza njengembongi enkulu yangezikhathi zasendulo.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
Umnyuziyamu omkhulu kaDante kwakunguBeatrice Portinari, ahlangana naye okokuqala ngo-1274. Ngaleso sikhathi wayeneminyaka eyi-9, kanti intombazane yayineminyaka engu-1 ubudala. Ngo-1283 u-Alighieri waphinde wabona umfokazi owayesevele eshadile.
Kungaleso sikhathi lapho u-Alighieri abona khona ukuthi wayethandana ngokuphelele noBeatrice. Ukuze imbongi, kwaba kuphela uthando impilo yakhe yonke.
Ngenxa yokuthi uDante wayeyinsizwa enesizotha futhi enamahloni, wakwazi ukukhuluma nomthandi wakhe kabili kuphela. Mhlawumbe, le ntombazane yayingakwazi ngisho nokucabanga ukuthi imbongi encane yayithandani, futhi ikakhulukazi ukuze igama layo likhunjulwe emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka kamuva.
UBeatrice Portinari ushone ngo-1290 eneminyaka engama-24. Ngokusho kweminye imithombo, ushone ngesikhathi ebeletha, futhi ngokusho kwabanye ngenxa yalesi sifo. KuDante, ukufa "kwenkosikazi yemicabango yakhe" kwaba yigalelo langempela. Kuze kube sekupheleni kwezinsuku zakhe, umcabangi wayecabanga ngaye kuphela, ngazo zonke izindlela angathanda isithombe sikaBeatrice emisebenzini yakhe.
Ngemuva kweminyaka emibili, u-Alighieri washada noGemma Donati, indodakazi yomholi weqembu leFlorentine uDonati, umndeni wobumbongi owawunobutha naye. Ngokungangabazeki, lo mfelandawonye waphethwa ngokubalwa, futhi, ngokusobala, wenziwa yipolitiki. Kamuva, lo mbhangqwana waba nendodakazi, u-Anthony, nabafana ababili, uPietro noJacopo.
Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi ngenkathi uDante Alighieri ebhala iThe Divine Comedy, igama likaGemma alikaze likhulunywe kulo, kanti uBeatrice wayengomunye wabantu ababalulekile kule nkondlo.
Ukufa
Maphakathi no-1321 uDante, njengenxusa lombusi waseRavenna, waya eVenice ukuyophetha ngokubambisana okunokuthula neRiphabhlikhi yaseSt. Ebuyela emuva, wangenwa umalaleveva. Lesi sifo saqubuka ngokushesha okukhulu kangangokuthi le ndoda yashonela emgwaqeni ngobusuku bangoSepthemba 13-14, 1321.
U-Alighieri wangcwatshwa eCathedral yaseSan Francesco eRavenna. Ngemuva kweminyaka engu-8, ukhadinali wayala izindela ukuthi zishise izinsalela zembongi ehlazekile. Ukuthi izindela zikwazile kanjani ukungawulaleli lo myalo akwaziwa, kodwa umlotha kaDante wahlala unjalo.
Ngo-1865, abakhi bathola ibhokisi lokhuni odongeni lwesonto elikhulu elinombhalo othi - "Amathambo kaDante abekwa lapha ngu-Antonio Santi ngo-1677". Lokhu okutholakele kwaba umuzwa womhlaba wonke. Izinsalela zefilosofi zadluliselwa emangcwabeni eRavenna, lapho zigcinwa khona namuhla.
Isithombe nguDante Alighieri
