UPetr Arkadievich Stolypin (1862-1911) - Isikhulu sikahulumeni woMbuso WaseRussia, unobhala wombuso Wobukhosi Bakhe, ikhansela langempela lombuso, uClainlain. Isiguquko esivelele, okwathi ngezikhathi ezahlukahlukene wayengumbusi wamadolobha amaningana, wabe eseba nguNgqongqoshe Wezangaphakathi, kwathi ekugcineni kwempilo yakhe wasebenza njengoNdunankulu.
Waziwa njengesikhulu sezwe esadlala indima enkulu ekucindezeleni inguquko ka-1905-1907. Wadlulisa izikweletu eziningi ezangena emlandweni njenge-Stolypin agrarian reform, umbandela omkhulu owawungukungeniswa kobunikazi bomhlaba wabampofu abazimele.
I-Stolypin yayinesibindi nokuzimisela okunomona. Kwahlelwa imizamo eyi-11 futhi yenziwa ngokumelene nalo sopolitiki, okokugcina okwabulala yena.
Kunamaqiniso amaningi athakazelisayo ku-biography kaStolypin, esizokhuluma ngaye kulesi sihloko.
Ngakho-ke, ngaphambi kwakho kune-biography emfushane kaPeter Stolypin.
I-biography kaStolypin
UPyotr Stolypin wazalwa ngo-Ephreli 2 (14), 1862 edolobheni laseJalimane iDresden. Wakhula futhi wakhulela emndenini kaGeneral Arkady Stolypin nomkakhe uNataliya Mikhailovna. UPeter wayenodadewabo oyedwa nabafowabo ababili - uMikhail no-Alexander.
Ubuntwana nentsha
AmaStolypin ayengawomndeni owaziwayo ohlonishwayo owawukhona emuva ngekhulu le-16. Iqiniso elithandekayo ukuthi emgqeni kayise, uPeter wayengumzala wesibili kumbhali odumile uMikhail Lermontov.
Umama wezinguquko zesikhathi esizayo wayevela emndenini wakwaGorchakov, eqala ebukhosini bukaRurik.
Esengumntwana, uPetru wanikezwa konke okudingekayo, ngoba abazali bakhe babengabantu abacebile. Lapho eneminyaka engu-12 ubudala, waqala ukufunda esikoleni sokuzivocavoca iVilna.
Eminyakeni engu-4 kamuva, uStolypin wadluliselwa ejimini yabesilisa i-Oryol. Ngaleso sikhathi se-biography yakhe, wayevelele ngokukhethekile ngokuhlakanipha kwakhe nohlamvu oluqinile.
Ngemuva kokuphothula esikoleni sokuzivocavoca, uPeter oneminyaka engu-19 waya eSt. Petersburg, lapho angena khona e-Imperial University emnyangweni we-physics ne-mathematics. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi uDmitry Mendeleev wayengomunye wabafundisi bakhe.
Imisebenzi kaPeter Stolypin
Njengoba eseyisazi sezolimo nomhlaba esiqinisekisiwe, uPyotr Stolypin wathatha isikhundla sokuba unobhala wesikole. Ngemuva kweminyaka emithathu nje, waba ngumeluleki we-titular.
Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, uPeter wanikezwa uMnyango Wezangaphakathi, lapho anikezwa khona isikhundla sokuba ngusihlalo wenkantolo yabaxhumanisi beCoven. Ngakho-ke, empeleni wayenamandla ajwayelekile, esesikhundleni sokuba ukaputeni. Kodwa-ke wayeneminyaka engama-26 ubudala.
Phakathi neminyaka eminingi esebenza eKovno, nangesikhathi sokubusa kwakhe eGrodno naseSaratov, uStolypin wanaka kakhulu umkhakha wezolimo.
UPetr Arkadievich wafunda ngokujulile ubuchwepheshe obuhlukahlukene, ezama ukuthuthukisa ikhwalithi nobungako besitshalo. Wazama izinhlobo ezintsha zezitshalo, ebona ukukhula kwazo nezinye izici.
I-Stolypin yavula izikole zokufundela kanye nezindawo zokuzivocavoca ezikhethekile zabesifazane. Lapho impumelelo yakhe isobala kwabasemagunyeni, lo sopolitiki wadluliselwa eSaratov, lapho aqhubeka khona nomsebenzi wakhe. Yilapho iMpi YaseRussia NamaJapane yamthola khona, yalandelwa udlame (1905).
UPyotr Stolypin waxhumana mathupha nesixuku esasicasukile, wakwazi ukuthola indlela eya kubantu futhi wabathulisa. Ngenxa yezenzo zakhe ezingesabi, izingxabano esifundazweni saseSaratov zancipha kancane kancane.
UNicholas 2 uzwakalise ukubonga kwakhe kabili kuPeter, wabe esenikeza isikhundla sikaNgqongqoshe Wezangaphakathi. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi uSrolypin wayengafuni ngempela ukuphatha lesi sikhundla, ngoba wayefuna umthwalo omkhulu kuye. Ngale ndlela, ongqongqoshe ababili bangaphambilini babulawa ngesihluku.
Ngaleso sikhathi, i-biography kaPyotr Stolypin yayisivele yenziwe imizamo emi-4, kepha isikhathi ngasinye wakwazi ukuphuma emanzini,
Ubulukhuni bomsebenzi omusha wale ndoda ukuthi iningi lamasekela oMbuso Duma ayenemizwa yokuguqula isimo, ephikisana nohulumeni okhona manje.
Lokhu kwaholela ekususweni kweFirst State Duma, ngemuva kwalokho uStolypin waqala ukuhlanganisa isikhundla sakhe kanye nesikaNdunankulu. Ezinkulumweni zomphakathi, wakhombisa amakhono amahle kakhulu wokukhuluma, eveza imishwana eminingi kamuva eyaba namaphiko.
UPyotr Arkadievich walwa nokunyakaza kwezinguquko, wakwazi ukudlulisa izikweletu eziningi ezibalulekile.
Izinguquko zikaPeter Stolypin
Izinguquko zikaStolypin zithinte izindawo eziningi, kufaka phakathi inqubomgomo yezangaphandle, uhulumeni wasekhaya, ezokwelapha, ubulungiswa namasiko. Kodwa-ke, izinguquko ezinhle kakhulu zenziwa nguye emkhakheni wezolimo.
UPyotr Stolypin walwela ukunxenxa abalimi ukuba babe ngabanini bezwe ngokugcwele. Wenza isiqiniseko sokuthi abalimi bangathola imali mboleko eyayizuzisa bona.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, umbuso wathembisa ngazo zonke izindlela ukuxhasa izinhlangano zabalimi.
Isinguquko sesibili esibalulekile kwakuyi-zemstvo - ukwethulwa kwezindikimba zohulumeni basekhaya, ezanciphisa ithonya ezenzweni zabanikazi bomhlaba abacebile. Le nguquko iqhubeke kanzima kakhulu ikakhulukazi ezifundeni ezisentshonalanga, lapho abantu bejwayele ukuthembela kubaphathi.
U-Stolypin wayengumsunguli womunye umthethosivivinywa obalulekile ohlobene nomkhakha. Imithetho yokuqashwa kwabasebenzi, ubude bosuku lokusebenza buguquliwe, umshwalense wokugula kanye nezingozi wethulwe, njll.
Njengoba undunankulu wayefuna ukuhlanganisa abantu abahlala eRussia, wasungula umnyango wezizwe. Inhloso yakhe kwakuwukuthola ukuyekethisa ezindabeni ezahlukahlukene phakathi kwabamele noma yisiphi isizwe, ngaphandle kokululaza amasiko abo, ulimi nenkolo yabo.
U-Stolypin wayekholelwa ukuthi izenzo ezinjalo zizosiza ukuqeda izingxabano zobuzwe nezenkolo.
Imiphumela yezinguquko zikaStolypin
Izinguquko zikaStolypin zidala imibono ehlukahlukene phakathi kochwepheshe abaningi. Abanye bambheka njengowukuphela komuntu ongavimba uguquko luka-Okthoba esikhathini esizayo futhi asindise izwe ezimpini nasezindlala ezinde.
Ngokusho kwabanye ababhali bama-biographer, uPyotr Stolypin wasebenzisa izindlela ezinzima futhi ezinamandla ukwethula imibono yakhe. Ukuguqulwa okwenziwe nguye kwafundwa ngokucophelela ngabososayensi amashumi amaningi eminyaka, ngenxa yalokho bathathwa njengesisekelo sePerestroika kaMikhail Gorbachev.
Uma kukhulunywa ngeStolypin, abaningi bakhumbula uGrigory Rasputin, owayengumngani omkhulu womndeni wasebukhosini. Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi undunankulu wayemubi kakhulu ngoRasputin, ethumela kuye ukugxekwa okungathandeki.
Kwakungenxa ngesicelo sikaPeter Arkadievich ukuthi uRasputin washiya imingcele yoMbuso WaseRussia, wanquma ukwenza uhambo oluya eJerusalema. Uzobuya emuva kuphela ngemuva kokushona kosopolitiki.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
USrolypin washada eneminyaka engama-22. Ekuqaleni, umkakhe wayengumakoti womfowabo omdala uMikhail, owafa e-duel ne-Prince Shakhovsky. Ngesikhathi efa, uMikhail kuthiwa wacela uPeter ukuthi ashade nomakoti wakhe.
Noma ngabe kwakunzima ngempela ukusho, kepha uStolypin wayenomshado no-Olga Neidgardt, omunye wezincekukazi zokuhlonishwa kwe-Empress Maria Feodorovna.
Iqiniso elithandekayo ukuthi u-Olga wayengumzukulu omkhulu womzukulu wamasosha odumile u-Alexander Suvorov.
Le nyunyana kuvele ukuthi ijabule. Umndeni wakwaStolypin wawunamantombazane ama-5 nomfana oyedwa. Kamuva, indodana yenguquko izoshiya iRussia futhi ibe ngummemezeli ophumelelayo eFrance.
Ukufa
Njengoba kushiwo ngaphambili, kwenziwa imizamo eyi-10 engaphumelelanga kuPyotr Stolypin. Ngesikhathi sokuzama ukubulala kwakamuva, ababulali babefuna ukubhekana neziqhumane noNdunankulu wase-Aptekarsky Island.
Ngenxa yalokhu, uStolypin wasinda, ngenkathi inqwaba yabantu abangenacala ifela khona lapho. Ngemuva kwalesi sehlakalo esidabukisayo saqala ukusebenza isimemezelo ezinkantolo "ezisheshayo", ezaziwa kangcono njenge "Stolypin tie". Lokhu kusho ukuthi isigwebo sentambo samaphekula ngokushesha.
Ngemuva kwalokho, amaphoyisa akwazile ukuthola amanye amacebo amaningi, kepha lawa maphoyisa awakwazanga ukuvikela lo sopolitiki emzameni wokubulala ongu-11.
Lapho uStolypin nomndeni wasebukhosini beseKiev, ngesikhathi kuvulwa itshe lesikhumbuzo ku-Alexander 2, impimpi eyimfihlo uDmitry Bogrov wathola umyalezo wokuthi amaphekula afikile edolobheni azobulala umbusi.
Kodwa empeleni umzamo wakhulelwa uBogrov uqobo hhayi ku-Nikolai 2, kodwa kuNdunankulu. Futhi njengoba impimpi yayithenjwa, yayinepasi eya ebhokisini lemidlalo yaseshashalazini, lapho kwakuhleli khona izikhulu eziphezulu kuphela.
Esondela eStolypin, uBogrov wadubula kabili ngesisulu sakhe, owabulawa amanxeba akhe ezinsukwini ezine kamuva. UPetr Arkadievich Stolypin ushone ngoSepthemba 5 (18), 1911 eneminyaka engama-49.
Izithombe ze-Stolypin
