UJohann Karl Friedrich Gauss (1777-1855) - Isazi sezibalo saseJalimane, umakhenikha, isayensi yemvelo, isazi sezinkanyezi kanye nomhloli wamazwe. Esinye sezibalo ezinkulu kunazo zonke emlandweni wesintu, obizwa ngokuthi "inkosi yezibalo".
Owathola iMedali yaseCopley, ilungu langaphandle leSweden neSt. Petersburg Academies of Sciences, i-English Royal Society.
Kunamaqiniso amaningi athakazelisayo ku-biography kaGauss, esizokhuluma ngaye kulesi sihloko.
Ngakho-ke, ngaphambi kwakho kune-biography kaKarl Gauss.
UGauss biography
UKarl Gauss wazalwa ngo-Ephreli 30, 1777 edolobheni laseJalimane iGöttingen. Wakhula futhi wakhulela emndenini olula, ongafundile.
Ubaba wesazi sezibalo, uGebhard Dietrich Gauss, wayesebenza njengomlimi kanye nezitini, kanti umama wakhe, uDorothea Benz, wayeyindodakazi yomakhi.
Ubuntwana nentsha
Amakhono kaKarl Gauss angavamile aqala ukuvela esemncane. Lapho ingane ineminyaka emithathu nje ubudala, yayivele isinolwazi lokufunda nokubhala.
Iqiniso elithandekayo ukuthi eneminyaka engu-3, uKarl walungisa amaphutha kayise lapho ekhipha noma enezela izinombolo.
Umfana wenza izibalo ezahlukahlukene ekhanda lakhe ngokukhululeka okumangalisayo, ngaphandle kokusebenzisa ukubala namanye amadivayisi.
Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, uMartin Bartels waba nguthisha kaGauss, owayezofundisa uNikolai Lobachevsky. Ngokushesha wabona ithalente elingakaze libonwe enganeni futhi wakwazi ukuyitholela umfundaze.
Ngenxa yalokhu, uKarl wakwazi ukuphothula iziqu ekolishi lapho afunda khona ngonyaka we-1792-1795.
Ngaleso sikhathi, i-biography yale nsizwa yayingenandaba nezibalo kuphela, kodwa nezincwadi, ukufunda isiNgisi nesiFulentshi kwasekuqaleni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, wayazi kahle isiLatini, lapho abhala khona imisebenzi yakhe eminingi.
Ngesikhathi seminyaka yokufunda, uKarl Gauss wacwaninga ngokujulile imisebenzi kaNewton, Euler noLagrange. Noma kunjalo, wakwazi ukufakazela umthetho wokuphindaphinda kwezinsalela ze-quadratic, okuyinto no-Euler ayengakwazi ukuyenza.
Futhi, lo mfana wenza izifundo emkhakheni "wokusabalalisa okujwayelekile kwamaphutha."
Umsebenzi weSayensi
Ngo-1795 uKarl wangena eNyuvesi yaseGöttingen, lapho afunda khona iminyaka emithathu. Ngalesi sikhathi, wenza izinto eziningi ezahlukahlukene.
UGauss ukwazile ukwakha i-17-gon nekhampasi nerula, waxazulula inkinga yokwakha amapholigoni avamile. Ngasikhathi sinye, wayethanda imisebenzi ye-elliptic, i-non-Euclidean geometry kanye ne-quaternions, ayithola eminyakeni engama-30 ngaphambi kukaHamilton.
Ngenkathi ebhala imisebenzi yakhe, uKarl Gauss wayehlala echaza imicabango yakhe ngokuningiliziwe, evikela ukwakheka okungabonakali nanoma yikuphi ukungasho lutho.
Ngo-1801 isazi sezibalo sanyathelisa umsebenzi waso odumile we-Arithmetic Research. Ihlanganisa izindawo ezahlukahlukene zezibalo, kufaka phakathi i-theory.
Ngaleso sikhathi uGauss waba yiphrofesa ongumsizi eNyuvesi yaseBraunschweig, futhi kamuva wakhethwa njengelungu elihambelanayo lePetersburg Academy of Sciences.
Lapho eneminyaka engama-24, uKarl waba nesithakazelo kusayensi yezinkanyezi. Ufunde ngemishini yasezulwini, imizila yamaplanethi amancane nokuphazamiseka kwawo. Wakwazi ukuthola indlela yokunquma izakhi ze-orbital kusuka ekubonweni okuphelele okungu-3.
Ngokushesha, uGauss wakhulunywa ngaye kulo lonke elaseYurophu. Izifundazwe eziningi zammema ukuthi asebenze, kubandakanya neRussia.
UKarl wakhushulelwa esikhundleni sokuba nguprofesa eGöttingen, waphinde waqokwa njengenhloko yeGöttingen Observatory.
Ngo-1809, le ndoda yaqedela umsebenzi omusha, owawunesihloko esithi "Umbono wokunyakaza kwezindikimba zasezulwini." Kuyo, uchaze ngokuningiliziwe umbono we-canonical we-accounting we-orbital perturbations.
Ngonyaka olandelayo, uGauss wanikezwa iParis Academy of Sciences Prize kanye neRoyal Society yaseLondon Gold Medal. Izibalo zakhe kanye nama-theorems akhe asetshenziswe emhlabeni wonke, embiza "inkosi yezibalo".
Eminyakeni elandelayo yomlando wakhe, uKarl Gauss uqhubeke nokwenza izinto ezintsha. Wafunda uchungechunge lwe-hypergeometric futhi wakhipha ubufakazi bokuqala benkolelo eyinhloko ye-algebra.
Ngo-1820 uGauss wahlola iHanover esebenzisa izindlela zakhe zokubala ezintsha. Ngenxa yalokho, waba umsunguli we geodesy eliphakeme kunawo wonke. Kuvele igama elisha kwezesayensi - "ugobile waseGaussia".
Ngasikhathi sinye, uKarl wabeka isisekelo sokuthuthukiswa kwejometri ehlukile. Ngo-1824 wakhethwa waba yilungu lakwamanye amazwe eSt. Petersburg Academy of Sciences.
Ngonyaka olandelayo, isazi sezibalo sithola izinombolo eziyinkimbinkimbi zaseGaussian, futhi kamuva sanyathelisa enye incwadi ethi "On a new general law of mechanics", ebuye iqukethe izinkolelo eziningi ezintsha, imiqondo kanye nezibalo eziyisisekelo.
Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, uKarl Gauss wahlangana nodokotela osemncane uWilhelm Weber, afunda naye i-electromagnetism. Ososayensi basungula i-telegraph kagesi futhi benza uchungechunge lokuhlola.
Ngo-1839, indoda eneminyaka engu-62 yafunda isiRashiya. Abaningi bababhali be-biographer bakhe bathi wayekwazi ukuqonda isiRashiya ukuze afunde okutholwe nguLobachevsky, ayekhuluma ngaye kakhulu.
Kamuva, uKarl wabhala imisebenzi emi-2 - "Ithiyori ejwayelekile yamandla okuheha nokuzenyanya, enza ngokungafani ngokulingana nesikwele sebanga" kanye "nocwaningo lweDiopter".
Ozakwabo bakaGauss bamangazwa ukusebenza kwakhe okumangalisayo nethalente lakhe lezibalo. Kunoma yimuphi umkhakha abesebenza kuwo, ukwazile ukuthola yonke indawo futhi wathuthukisa impumelelo esevele ikhona.
UKarl akazange ashicilele imibono ayecabanga ukuthi "iluhlaza" noma ayiqediwe. Ngenxa yokuthi wabambezela ukushicilelwa kokutholwa kwakhe okuningi, wayephambi kwabanye ososayensi.
Kodwa-ke, impumelelo eminingi yesayensi kaKarl Gauss yamenza waba ngumuntu ongafinyeleleki emkhakheni wezibalo kanye nezinye izayensi eziningi eziqondile.
Iyunithi yokukala ukufakwa kukazibuthe ohlelweni lwe-CGS, uhlelo lwamayunithi wokulinganisa amanani kagesi, kanye nenye yezinto eziyisisekelo zezinkanyezi, i-Gaussian njalo, yahlonishwa.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
UKarl washada eneminyaka engama-28 intombazane egama linguJohanna Osthof. Kulo mshado, kwazalwa izingane ezintathu, ezimbili zazo zasinda - indodana uJoseph nendodakazi uMinna.
Unkosikazi kaGauss washona eminyakeni eyi-4 ngemuva komshado, ngemuva nje kokuzalwa kwengane yabo yesithathu.
Ezinyangeni ezimbalwa kamuva, usosayensi washada noWilhelmina Waldeck, umngani womkakhe ongasekho. Kule nyunyana, kwazalwa ezinye izingane ezintathu.
Ngemuva kweminyaka engu-21 beshadile, uWilhelmina washona. UGauss kwaba nzima ukushiya othandekayo wakhe, ngenxa yalokho waba nokuqwasha okukhulu.
Ukufa
UKarl Gauss washona ngomhlaka 23 Febhuwari 1855 eGöttingen eneminyaka engama-77. Ngokunikela kwakhe okukhulu kwezesayensi, inkosi yaseHanover, uGeorge 5, yayala ukuthi kuqoshwe indondo eveza isazi sezibalo esikhulu.
Izithombe zikaGauss
