UPafnutiy Lvovich Chebyshev (1821-1894) - Isazi sezibalo nomakhenikha waseRussia, umsunguli wesikole semathematics saseSt. Petersburg, isifundiswa seSt. Petersburg Academy of Science kanye nezinye izikhungo zemfundo ephakeme ezingama-24 zomhlaba. Ubhekwa njengesinye sezibalo ezinkulu kakhulu zekhulu le-19.
UChebyshev uzuze imiphumela ephezulu emkhakheni wenethiyori yezinombolo kanye nethiyori yamathuba. Kuthuthukise inkolelo-mbono ejwayelekile yama-polynomials we-orthogonal kanye nomqondo wokulinganisa okufanayo. Umsunguli wethiyori yezibalo yokuhlanganiswa kwezinqubo.
Kunamaqiniso amaningi athakazelisayo ku-Chebyshev biography, esizokhuluma ngayo kulesi sihloko.
Ngakho-ke, ngaphambi kwakho i-biography emfushane kaPafnutiy Chebyshev.
Biography Chebyshev
UPafnutiy Chebyshev wazalwa ngoMeyi 4 (16), 1821 edolobhaneni lase-Akatovo (esifundazweni saseKaluga). Wakhula futhi wakhulela emndenini womnikazi womhlaba ocebile uLev Pavlovich nomkakhe u-Agrafena Ivanovna.
Ubuntwana nentsha
UPafnutiy uthole imfundo yakhe yamabanga aphansi ekhaya. Unina wamfundisa ukufunda nokubhala, kanti umzala ka-Avdotya wamfundisa isiFulentshi kanye nezibalo.
Ngiseyingane, Chebyshev wafunda umculo, futhi wabonisa isithakazelo esikhulu izindlela ezehlukene. Umfana wayevame ukuklama amathoyizi namadivayisi ahlukahlukene.
Lapho uPafnutiy eneminyaka engu-11 ubudala, yena nomndeni wakhe bathuthela eMoscow, lapho aqhubeka nokufunda khona. Abazali baqasha othisha kwi-physics, mathematics nangesiLatin indodana yabo.
Ngo-1837 uChebyshev wangena eMnyangweni weFiziksi neMathematics waseMoscow University, esefunde khona kwaze kwaba ngu-1841. Eminyakeni emihlanu kamuva, wavikela ithisisi yenkosi yakhe esihlokweni esithi "Isipiliyoni sokuhlaziywa okuyisisekelo kwethiyori yamathuba."
Ezinyangeni ezimbalwa kamuva uPafnutiy Chebyshev wagunyazwa njengoprofesa ohlanganyele eSt. Ufundise i-algebra ephakeme, i-geometry, imishini esebenzayo neminye imikhakha.
Umsebenzi weSayensi
Lapho uChebyshev eneminyaka engu-29 ubudala, waba uprofesa eSt. Eminyakeni embalwa kamuva wathunyelwa eGreat Britain, eFrance, waphinde wathunyelwa eBelgium.
Ngalesi sikhathi, i-biography kaPaphnutiy ithole imininingwane eminingi ewusizo. Wafunda ubunjiniyela bamazwe angaphandle, futhi wahlangana nesakhiwo samabhizinisi ezimboni akhiqiza imikhiqizo eyahlukahlukene.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, Chebyshev wahlangana zezibalo abadumile, kuhlanganise Augustin Cauchy, Jean Bernard Leon Foucault noJames Sylvester.
Ekufikeni kwakhe eRussia, uPaphnutiy waqhubeka nokwenza imisebenzi yesayensi, ethuthukisa imibono yakhe. Ngomsebenzi wakhe kumcabango wama-parallelograms axhumene nomqondo wokuqagela kwemisebenzi, wakhethwa njengososayensi ojwayelekile.
Intshisekelo enkulu kaChebyshev kwakungumbono wenombolo, izibalo ezisetshenzisiwe, ithiyori yamathuba, i-geometry, inkolelo yokuqagela kwemisebenzi, kanye nokuhlaziywa kwezibalo.
Ngo-1851, usosayensi washicilela umsebenzi wakhe odumile "Ngokunqunywa kwenombolo yezinombolo eziyinhloko ezingeqi enanini elinikeziwe." Wayezinikele enombolweni theory. Wakwazi ukusungula ukulinganisa okungcono kakhulu - i-logarithm ebalulekile.
Umsebenzi Chebyshev wamlethela ukuthandwa European. Ngemuva konyaka, washicilela i-athikili ethi "On primes", lapho ahlaziya khona ukuhlangana kochungechunge ngokuya ngezinombolo eziyinhloko, futhi wabala umbandela wokuhlangana kwawo.
UPafnutiy Chebyshev wayeyisazi sezibalo sokuqala saseRussia esimweni sokucabanga okungenzeka. Encwadini yakhe ethi "Ngokwesilinganiso samanani" waba ngowokuqala ukufakazela umbono owaziwa namuhla ngomqondo wokuguquguquka okungahleliwe, njengenye yemiqondo eyisisekelo yombono wamathuba.
U-Pafnutiy Chebyshev uzuze impumelelo enkulu ekutadisheni imfundiso yokuziphendulela kwemisebenzi. Wanikela ngeminyaka engaba ngu-40 yokuphila kwakhe kulesi sihloko. Isazi sezibalo sabuza futhi saxazulula inkinga yokuthola ama-polynomials aphambuka okungenani kusuka ku-zero.
Kamuva izibalo zikaChebyshev zizosetshenziswa ku-computational linear algebra.
Ngasikhathi sinye, le ndoda yafunda ukuhlaziywa kwezibalo kanye nejometri. Ungumbhali wethiyori yezimo zokuhlanganiswa komunci ohlukile.
Kamuva uPafnutiy Chebyshev washicilela i-athikili ekhuluma ngokuhlukahluka kwejometri, ngaphansi kwesihloko sokuqala esithi "Ekusikeni izingubo." Kuyo, wethule isigaba esisha samagridi wokuxhumanisa - "amanethiwekhi we-Chebyshev".
Kwaphela iminyaka eminingi Chebyshev wasebenza emkhakheni wezempi wezempi, ukufeza ukudubula kude futhi kunembile kusuka izibhamu. Kuze kube namuhla, ifomula likaChebyshev ligcinelwe ukunquma ububanzi be-projectile ngokuya nge-angle yayo yokuphonsa, ukuqala kwejubane nokumelana nomoya.
U-Pafnutius ubhekele kakhulu umbono wezinqubo, lapho anikele khona ngezihloko ezingaba ngu-15. Iqiniso elithandekayo ukuthi ngaphansi kwethonya lezingxoxo noChebyshev, ososayensi baseBrithani uJames Sylvester no-Arthur Cayley baba nesithakazelo ezindabeni ze-kinematics of mechanism.
Ngawo-1850, isazi sezibalo saqala ukucwaninga ngokujulile izindlela zokuxhumanisa i-hinge. Ngemuva kokubala okuningi nokuhlola, wakhe inkolelo yemisebenzi ephambuka okungenani kusuka kuziro.
UChebyshev uchaze ngokutholakala kwakhe ngokuningiliziwe encwadini ethi "Theory of izindlela ezaziwa ngokuthi ama-parallelograms", waba ngumsunguli wombono wezibalo wokuhlanganiswa kwezinqubo.
Umklamo womshini
Phakathi neminyaka yomlando wakhe wesayensi, uPafnutiy Chebyshev waklama izindlela ezingaphezu kwezingu-40 ezihlukene kanye nezinguquko ezingaba ngu-80. Eziningi zazo zisetshenziswa namuhla ekwenzeni izimoto nezinsimbi.
Usosayensi usungule izindlela ezi-2 zokuqondisa - ezimise okwe-lambda neziphambano.
Ngo-1876, i-steam engine kaChebyshev yanikezwa ku-World's Fair ePhiladelphia, eyayinezinzuzo eziningi. Wabuye wenza "umshini we-plantigrade" olingisa ukuhamba kwezilwane.
Ngo-1893 uPafnutiy Chebyshev wabutha isihlalo sabakhubazekile sokuqala, okwakuyisihlalo sesithuthuthu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umakhenikha ungumsunguli womshini wokufaka othomathikhi, ongabonakala namuhla eParis Museum of Arts and Crafts.
Lokhu akuzona zonke izinto ezisungulwe nguPafnutiy, ezahlukaniswa ngokukhiqiza kwazo kanye nendlela entsha yebhizinisi.
Umsebenzi wokufundisa
Ukuba yilungu lekomidi loMnyango Wezemfundo Yomphakathi, uChebyshev wathuthukisa izincwadi futhi wenza nezinhlelo zezingane zesikole. Wazama ukuthuthukisa nokuthuthukisa uhlelo lwezemfundo.
Abantu besikhathi sikaPafnutius babethi ungumfundisi nomhleli omuhle kakhulu. Waphumelela ekwakheni isisekelo salelo qembu lezibalo, kamuva elaziwa ngokuthi iSt. Petersburg Mathematical School.
UChebyshev waphila impilo yakhe yonke eyedwa, wanikela ngaso sonke isikhathi sakhe kwisayensi kuphela.
Ukufa
UPafnuti Lvovich Chebyshev ushone ngoNovemba 26 (Disemba 8) 1894 eneminyaka engama-73. Ushonele khona kanye etafuleni lakhe.
Izithombe ze-Chebyshev
