U-Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov (1845-1916) - Isazi sebhayoloji saseRussia nesiFulentshi (i-microbiologist, i-cytologist, i-embryologist, i-immunologist, i-physiologist kanye ne-pathologist). Umklomelo weNobel Prize kuPhysology noma Medicine (1908).
Omunye wabasunguli be-embryology yokuziphendukela kwemvelo, owathola i-phagocytosis kanye ne-intracellular digestion, umsunguli we-pathology yokuqhathanisa yokuvuvukala, umbono we-phagocytic wokuzivikela, umbono we-phagocytella, kanye nomsunguli we-gerontology yesayensi.
Kunamaqiniso amaningi athakazelisayo ku-biography ka-Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov, esizokhuluma ngaye kulesi sihloko.
Ngakho-ke, ngaphambi kwakho i-biography emfushane ka-Ilya Mechnikov.
Biography Mechnikov
U-Ilya Mechnikov wazalwa ngoMeyi 3 (15), 1845 edolobhaneni lase-Ivanovka (esifundazweni saseKharkov). Wakhulela emndenini wamasosha nomnikazi womhlaba, u-Ilya Ivanovich, nomkakhe u-Emilia Lvovna.
Ngaphandle kuka-Ilya, abazali bakhe babenezingane ezine.
Ubuntwana nentsha
U-Ilya wakhulela emndenini ocebile. Umama wakhe wayeyindodakazi yomuntu ocebile kakhulu ongumJuda nomlobi, othathwa njengomsunguli wohlobo "lwezincwadi zaseRussia-zamaJuda", uLev Nikolaevich Nevakhovich.
Ubaba kaMechnikov wayeyindoda yokugembula. Ulahlekelwe yilo lonke ilobolo lomkakhe, yingakho umndeni owonakele uthuthele efeni lomndeni e-Ivanovka.
Ngiseyingane, u-Ilya nabafowabo nodadewabo bafundiswa othisha basekhaya. Lapho umfana eneminyaka engu-11 ubudala, wangena grade 2 eKharkov ejimini wesilisa.
UMechnikov wathola amamaki aphezulu kuyo yonke imikhakha, ngenxa yalokho waphumelela esikoleni esiphakeme ngama-honours.
Ngaleso sikhathi ama-biographies, u-Ilya wayenesithakazelo ikakhulukazi ku-biology. Ngemuva kokuphothula esikoleni esiphakeme, waqhubeka nezifundo zakhe eKharkov University, lapho ayelalela khona ngenjabulo enkulu izinkulumo ezaziqhathanisa ukwakheka komzimba nokwakheka komzimba.
Iqiniso elithandekayo ukuthi umfundi ukwazile ukuqonda kahle ikharikhulamu hhayi eminyakeni eyi-4, kepha ngeminyaka emi-2 kuphela.
Isayensi
Ngemuva kokuphothula eyunivesithi, uMechnikov wachitha isikhathi esithile eJalimane, lapho azijwayeza khona nezazi zezilwane zaseJalimane uRudolf Leuckart noKarl Siebold.
Lapho ngineminyaka engu-20, u-Ilya waya e-Italy. Lapho, wajwayelana kakhulu nesazi sezinto eziphilayo u-Alexander Kovalevsky.
Ngenxa yemizamo ehlangene, ososayensi abasebasha bathole umklomelo kaKarl Baer ngokutholwa embryology.
Ebuyela ekhaya, u-Ilya Ilyich wavikela ithisisi yenkosi yakhe, futhi kamuva iziqu zakhe zobudokotela. Ngaleso sikhathi wayeseneminyaka engama-25 ubudala.
Ngo-1868 uMechnikov waba yiphrofesa ongumsizi eNyuvesi yaseNovorossiysk. Ngaleso sikhathi ku-biography yakhe, wayesevele ejabulela udumo olukhulu nozakwabo.
Ukutholwa okwenziwe ngusosayensi kwakungamukelwa masinyane ngumphakathi wesayensi, ngoba imibono kaMechnikov yaguqula izinkambiso ezamukelwa kabanzi emkhakheni womzimba womuntu.
Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi ngisho nombono wokuzivikela komzimba we-phagocytic, u-Ilya Ilyich anikezwa wona umklomelo weNobel ngo-1908, wawuvame ukugxekwa kakhulu.
Ngaphambi kokutholwa kwe-Mechnikov, ama-leukocyte abhekwa njengokungenzi lutho ekulweni nezinqubo zokuvuvukala nezifo. Uphinde wathi amaseli amhlophe egazi, kunalokho, adlala indima ebalulekile ekuvikeleni umzimba, abhubhise izinhlayiya eziyingozi.
Usosayensi waseRussia wafakazela ukuthi ukwanda kwamazinga okushisa akuyona nje into engumphumela womzabalazo wokuzivikela, ngakho-ke, akuvumelekile ukuwusehlisa ezingeni elithile.
Ngo-1879 u-Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov wathola umsebenzi obalulekile wokugaya ukudla okungaphakathi kwamangqamuzana - i-phagocytic (cellular) immune. Ngokuya ngalokhu okutholakele, wenza indlela yezinto eziphilayo yokuvikela izitshalo kuma-parasites ahlukahlukene.
Ngo-1886, isazi sezinto eziphilayo sabuyela ezweni lakubo, sahlala e-Odessa. Ngokushesha waqala ukusebenzisana nodokotela wezifo eziwumshayabhuqe waseFrance uNicholas Gamaleya, owayekade eqeqeshwa ngaphansi kukaLouis Pasteur.
Ezinyangeni ezimbalwa kamuva, ososayensi bavula isiteshi sesibili samabhaktheriya emhlabeni ukulwa nezifo ezithathelwanayo.
Ngonyaka olandelayo, u-Ilya Mechnikov uya eParis, lapho athola khona umsebenzi ePasteur Institute. Abanye ababhali bezinto eziphilayo bakholelwa ukuthi washiya iRussia ngenxa yobutha beziphathimandla nozakwabo.
EFrance, indoda ingaqhubeka ngokukhululekile isebenze ekutholeni okusha, inazo zonke izimo ezidingekayo zalokhu.
Ngaleyo minyaka, Mechnikov wabhala imisebenzi eyisisekelo ngesifo, isifo sofuba, isifo sofuba kanye nekholera. Kamuva, ngenxa yemisebenzi yakhe evelele, waphathiswa ukuba ahole lesi sikhungo.
Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi u-Ilya Ilyich wayehambisana nozakwethu baseRussia, kufaka phakathi u-Ivan Sechenov, uDmitry Mendeleev no-Ivan Pavlov.
Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi uMechnikov wayengenandaba nesayensi ngqo kuphela, kodwa futhi nefilosofi nenkolo. Kakade esemdala, waba umsunguli we-gerontology yesayensi futhi wethula imfundiso ye-orthobiosis.
U-Ilya Mechnikov wathi impilo yomuntu kufanele ifinyelele eminyakeni eyi-100 noma ngaphezulu. Ngokubona kwakhe, umuntu angandisa impilo yakhe ngokudla okunempilo, inhlanzeko kanye nombono omuhle ngempilo.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, uMechnikov wakhetha i-microflora yamathumbu phakathi kwezinto ezithinta isikhathi sokuphila. Eminyakeni eminingana ngaphambi kokufa kwakhe, washicilela i-athikili ekhuluma ngezinzuzo zemikhiqizo yobisi evutshiwe.
Usosayensi uchaze imibono yakhe ngokuningiliziwe emibhalweni ethi "Studies of Optimism" kanye ne "Studies of Human Nature".
Impilo yomuntu siqu
U-Ilya Mechnikov wayengumuntu onemizwelo futhi othambekele ekuguqukeni kwemizwelo.
Ebusheni bakhe, u-Ilya wayevame ukuwela ekucindezelekeni futhi kuphela eminyakeni yakhe evuthiwe wakwazi ukufeza ukuvumelana nemvelo, futhi abuke kahle emhlabeni omzungezile.
Mechnikov wayeshade kabili. Umkakhe wokuqala kwakunguLyudmila Fedorovich, owashada naye ngo-1869.
Iqiniso elithandekayo ukuthi okhethiweyo wakhe, owayehlushwa isifo sofuba, wayebuthakathaka kangangokuba ngesikhathi somshado kwakudingeka ahlale esihlalweni sabantu.
Usosayensi wayenethemba lokuthi wayengakwazi ukwelapha umkakhe ekuguleni okubi, kodwa yonke imizamo yakhe ayiphumelelanga. Eminyakeni engu-4 ngemuva komshado, uLyudmila washona.
Ukufa kothandekayo wakhe kwaba igalelo elinamandla ku-Ilya Ilicha waze wanquma ukuqeda impilo yakhe. Uthathe umthamo omkhulu we-morphine, okuholele ekuhlanzweni. Kuphela ngenxa yalokhu, le ndoda yaqhubeka iphila.
Okwesibili, uMechnikov washada no-Olga Belokopytova, owayemncane kunaye ngeminyaka engu-13.
Futhi, futhi isazi sezinto eziphilayo sasifuna ukuzibulala, ngenxa yokugula komkakhe, owabamba i-typhus. U-Ilya Ilyich wazijova ngegciwane lomkhuhlane obuyela emuva.
Kodwa-ke, njengoba wayegula kakhulu, wakwazi ukululama, njengoba kunjalo, nakumkakhe.
Ukufa
U-Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov washona eParis ngoJulayi 15, 1916 eneminyaka engama-71. Ngaphambi nje kokuba ashone, wahlaselwa yinhliziyo kaningana.
Usosayensi ushiye isidumbu sakhe ocwaningweni lwezokwelapha, kwalandelwa ukushiswa kwesidumbu nokungcwatshwa endaweni yePasteur Institute, okwenziwa.
Izithombe ze-Mechnikov
