UZinovy Bogdan Mikhailovich Khmelnitsky - UHetman weZaporizhzhya Troops, umphathi, wezombusazwe kanye nezombusazwe. Umholi wokuvukela kukaCossack, okwaholela ekutheni iZaporizhzhya Sich neLeft-Bank Ukraine naseKiev bahlukaniswe neCommonwealth futhi baba yingxenye yombuso waseRussia.
I-biography kaBohdan Khmelnitsky igcwele amaqiniso athakazelisayo avela empilweni yomuntu siqu neyomphakathi.
Ngakho-ke, ngaphambi kwakho kune-biography emfushane kaKhmelnitsky.
Biography of Bohdan Khmelnitsky
Bohdan Khmelnitsky wazalwa ngoDisemba 27, 1595 (Januwari 6, 1596) edolobhaneni laseSotov (Kiev Voivodeship).
I-hetman yesikhathi esizayo yakhula futhi yakhulela emndenini kaMikhail Khmelnitsky, uCigirin under-star. Unina, u-Agafya, wayenguCossack. Bobabili abazali bakaBogdan babevela emndenini onomusa.
Ubuntwana nentsha
Izazi-mlando azazi okuningi ngempilo kaBohdan Khmelnytsky.
Ekuqaleni, lo mfana wafunda esikoleni sobuzalwane baseKiev, ngemuva kwalokho wangena ekolishi lamaJesuit.
Ngenkathi efunda ekolishi, uBogdan wafunda isiLatin nesiPolish, futhi waqonda nobuciko bokukhuluma nokuqamba. Ngalesi sikhathi, umlando wamaJesuit awukwazanga ukuyala umfundi ukuba alahle ubu-Orthodox futhi aguqulele enkolweni yamaKatolika.
Ngaleso sikhathi Khmelnitsky waba nenhlanhla yokuvakashela izifundazwe eziningi zaseYurophu.
Ukukhonza iNkosi
Ngo-1620 kwaqala impi yasePoland-Turkish, lapho naye wahlanganyela Bohdan Khmelnytsky.
Kwenye yezimpi, ubaba wakhe wafa, futhi uBogdan ngokwakhe wathunjwa. Iminyaka ecishe ibe ngu-2 wayesebugqilini, kepha akazange alahlekelwe ukuba khona kwakhe kwengqondo.
Ngisho nasezimweni ezinjalo eziminyene, u-Khmelnytsky uzame ukubheka izikhathi ezinhle. Isibonelo, wafunda isiTatar nesiTurkey.
Ngesikhathi zihlala ekuthunjweni, izihlobo zakwazi ukuqoqa isihlengo. Lapho uBogdan ebuyela ekhaya, wabhaliswa ku-Cossacks ebhalisiwe.
Kamuva uBohdan Khmelnitsky wabamba iqhaza emikhankasweni yemikhumbi yokulwa nemizi yaseTurkey. Ngenxa yalokho, ngo-1629 i-hetman namasosha ayo bathatha emaphethelweni eConstantinople.
Ngemuva kwalokho, yena nethimba lakhe babuyela eChigirin. Iziphathimandla Zaporozhye wathembisa Bogdan Mikhailovich isikhundla induna yekhulu Chigirinsky.
Lapho uVladislav 4 eba yinhloko yasePoland, kwagqashuka impi phakathi kweCommonwealth yasePoland-Lithuanian noMbuso waseMuscovite. Khmelnitsky waya nebutho waya eSmolensk. Ngo-1635 wakwazi ukukhulula inkosi yasePoland ekuthunjweni, ethola i-saber yegolide njengomvuzo.
Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi kuqhubeke, uVladislav waphatha uBogdan Mikhailovich ngenhlonipho enkulu, wamtshela izimfihlo zombuso futhi wamcela nezeluleko.
Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi ngenkathi inkosi yasePoland ithatha isinqumo sokuyolwa noMbuso wase-Ottoman, uKhmelnytsky waba ngowokuqala ukwazi ngawo.
Imininingwane eminingi eyimpikiswano igcinwe ngesikhathi sokulwa kwamasosha phakathi kweSpain neFrance, ikakhulukazi ngokuvinjezelwa kwenqaba yaseDunkirk.
Umlando waleso sikhathi uqinisekisa iqiniso lokuthi uKhmelnytsky ubambe iqhaza ezingxoxweni namaFrance. Kodwa-ke, akukho okushiwoyo ngokuhlanganyela kwakhe ekuvinjezelweni kweDunkirk.
Ngemuva kokuvula impi neTurkey, uVladislav 4 wafuna ukusekelwa hhayi kusuka ekudleni, kepha kuCossacks, ngaphansi kobuholi bukaKhmelnitsky. Iqembu lika-hetman lalibhekene nomsebenzi wokuphoqa ama-Ottoman ukuthi aqale impi.
Inkosi yasePoland yahlonipha uBohdan Khmelnytsky umqulu wasebukhosini, owavumela abakwaCossacks ukuthi baphinde bathole amalungelo abo baphinde bathole amalungelo amaningi.
Lapho abakwaSeim bezwa ngezingxoxo nabakwaCossacks, amalungu ephalamende asiphikisa isivumelwano. Umbusi wasePoland waphoqeleka ukuba ahlehle ohlelweni lwakhe.
Noma kunjalo, umphathi weCossack uBarabash wayigcinela ozakwabo le ncwadi. Ngemva kwesikhathi esithile, Khmelnitsky wathatha idokhumenti kuye ngobuqili. Kukhona umbono wokuthi lo mlandeli wamane waqamba incwadi.
Izimpi
UBohdan Khmelnitsky ukwazile ukubamba iqhaza ezimpini ezahlukahlukene, kepha impi yenkululeko kazwelonke yamlethela udumo olukhulu kakhulu.
Isizathu esiyinhloko salokhu kuvukela kwaba ukuthatha izindawo ngobudlova. Izimo ezingezinhle phakathi kwamaCossacks zibangele nezindlela zabasePoland zomzabalazo ezingenabuntu.
Ngokushesha ngemuva kokuba uKhmelnitsky ekhethwe njenge-hetman ngoJanuwari 24, 1648, wahlela ibutho elincane elaphanga ibutho lasePoland.
Ngenxa yalokhu kunqoba, abantu abaningi baqala ukujoyina ibutho likaB Bogdan Mikhailovich.
Abaqashiwe bathatha inkambo yokuphahlazeka ekuqeqesheni ezempi, okubandakanya amaqhinga ezempi, besebenza ngezinhlobo ezahlukene zezikhali nokulwa ngezandla. Kamuva Khmelnitsky wenza umfelandawonye neCrimea Khan, owamnikeza abagibeli bamahhashi.
Ngokushesha, indodana kaNikolai Pototsky waya ukucindezela ukuvukela Cossack, ehamba naye inani edingekayo lamasosha. Impi yokuqala yenzeka e-Yellow Waters.
AbasePoland babebuthakathaka kuneqembu likaKhmelnitsky, kepha impi ayiphelanga lapho.
Ngemuva kwalokho, amaPoland namaCossacks bahlangana eKorsun. Ibutho lasePoland lalinamasosha ayi-12,000, kepha kulokhu, futhi, alikwazanga ukumelana nebutho laseCossack-Turkish.
Impi yenkululeko kazwelonke yenza kwaba nokwenzeka ukufeza imiphumela efiselekayo. Ukushushiswa okukhulu kwabantu basePoland namaJuda kwaqala e-Ukraine.
Ngaleso sikhathi, isimo salawulwa nguKhmelnitsky, owayengasakwazi ukuthonya amasosha akhe nganoma iyiphi indlela.
Ngaleso sikhathi, uVladislav 4 wayeseshonile futhi, empeleni, impi yayingasenanjongo. Khmelnitsky waphendukela usizo tsar Russian, efuna ukumisa ukuchitheka kwegazi futhi uthole umxhasi onokwethenjelwa. Izingxoxo eziningi nabaseRussia nabasePoland azizange zibe nomthelela.
Ngentwasahlobo ka-1649, iCossacks yaqala isigaba esilandelayo sobutha. UBohdan Khmelnitsky, onengqondo ebukhali nokuqonda, wacabanga amaqhinga namasu empi ngemininingwane emincane kakhulu.
U-hetman wazungeza amasosha asePoland futhi ebahlasela njalo. Ngenxa yalokhu, iziphathimandla zaphoqeleka ukuthi ziphethe ukuthula kwaseZboriv, zingafuni ukuphinda zilahlekelwe.
Isigaba sesithathu sempi sagqashuka ngonyaka we-1650. Izinsizakusebenza zethimba le-hetman zaziphela nsuku zonke, yingakho ukuhlulwa kokuqala kwaqala ukwenzeka.
AbakwaCossacks basayina iSivumelwano Sokuthula neBelotserkov nabasePoland, naso esaphikisana neSivumelwano Sokuthula SaseZborow.
Ngo-1652, naphezu kwalesi sivumelwano, abakwaCossacks baphinde baqala impi, lapho babengasakwazi ukuphuma khona bodwa. Ngenxa yalokhu, u-Khmelnitsky wanquma ukwenza ukuthula neRussia, wafunga ukwethembeka kumbusi wakhe u-Alexei Mikhailovich.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
Ku-biography kaBogdan Khmelnitsky, kwavela abafazi abathathu: u-Anna Somko, u-Elena Chaplinskaya no-Anna Zolotarenko. Sekukonke, lo mbhangqwana wazala i-hetman 4 abafana nenani elifanayo lamantombazane.
Indodakazi kaStepanid uKhmelnitskaya wayeshade noColonel Ivan Nechai. Catherine Khmelnitskaya wayeshade noDanila Vygovsky. Njengoba esengumfelokazi, intombazane yaphinde yashada noPavel Teter.
Izazi-mlando azitholanga idatha ngqo kumlandvomphilo kaMaria no-Elena Khmelnitsky. Okuncane kakhulu okwaziwayo ngamadodana ka-hetman.
UTimosh ushone eneminyaka engama-21, uGregory washona esewusana, kwathi uYuri washona eneminyaka engama-44. Ngokusho kwemithombo ethile engagunyaziwe, u-Ostap Khmelnitsky ushone eneminyaka eyishumi ngenxa yokushaywa abhekana nakho.
Ukufa
Izinkinga zezempilo zikaBohdan Khmelnitsky zaqala cishe izinyanga eziyisithupha ngaphambi kokufa kwakhe. Wabe esecabanga ngokuthi ngubani okungcono kakhulu ukujoyina - abaseSweden noma abaseRussia.
Ebona ukufa okuseduze, u-Khmelnitsky wayala ukuthi enze indodana yakhe u-Yuri, owayeneminyaka eyi-16 ngaleso sikhathi, abe ngumlandeli wakhe.
Nsuku zonke umholi weCossacks wayeya ngokuya eba mandundu. UBohdan Khmelnitsky ushone ngoJulayi 27 (Agasti 6) 1657 eneminyaka engama-61. Isizathu sokufa kwakhe kwaba ukopha ebuchosheni.
Hetman wangcwatshwa edolobhaneni Subotov. Eminyakeni engu-7 kamuva, uPole Stefan Czarnecki weza kule ndawo, owashisa wonke umuzi futhi wangcolisa ithuna likaKhmelnitsky.
