Indira Priyadarshini Gandhi - Usopolitiki waseNdiya nomholi webutho lezepolitiki "Indian National Congress". Indodakazi kaNdunankulu wokuqala wezwe, uJawaharlal Nehru. Waba ukuphela kukaNdunankulu wesifazane emlandweni waseNdiya ukubamba lesi sikhundla kusuka ngo-1966-1977, kwathi kusukela ngo-1980 kwaze kwaba usuku lokubulawa kwakhe ngo-1984.
Kulesi sihloko, sizobheka imicimbi esemqoka evela ku-biography ka-Indira Gandhi, kanye namaqiniso athakazelisa kakhulu empilweni yakhe.
Ngakho-ke, ngaphambi kwakho kune-biography emfushane ka-Indira Gandhi.
Umlando ka-Indira Gandhi
U-Indira Gandhi wazalwa ngoNovemba 19, 1917 edolobheni laseNdiya i-Allahabad. Intombazane yakhula futhi yakhulela emndenini wosopolitiki abadumile. Uyise, uJawaharlal Nehru, wayengundunankulu wokuqala waseNdiya, kanti umkhulu wakhe wayehola umphakathi womakadebona we-Indian National Congress.
Unina nogogo ka-Indira nabo babengabantu bezombusazwe abanethonya ababecindezelwa kanzima ngesikhathi esisodwa. Mayelana nalokhu, kusukela esemncane wayejwayele isakhiwo sikahulumeni.
Ubuntwana nentsha
Lapho u-Indira eneminyaka emibili, wahlangana noMahatma Gandhi omkhulu, owayeyiqhawe lesizwe laseNdiya.
Lapho intombazane ikhula, izokwazi ukuba semphakathini naMahatma kaningi. Iqiniso elithandekayo ukuthi nguyena oweluleke u-Indira Gandhi oneminyaka engu-8 ubudala ukuthi asungule eyakhe inyunyana yabasebenzi ekuthuthukiseni ukweluka ekhaya.
Njengoba uNdunankulu wesikhathi esizayo wayengukuphela kwengane yabazali bakhe, wathola ukunakwa okuningi. Wayevame ukuba khona phakathi kwabantu abadala, elalele izingxoxo zabo ngezihloko ezahlukahlukene ezibalulekile.
Lapho ubaba ka-Indira Gandhi eboshwa futhi evalelwa ejele, wayehlala ebhalela indodakazi yakhe izincwadi.
Kuzo, wabelana ngezikhalazo zakhe, izimiso zokuziphatha nemibono maqondana nekusasa le-India.
Ezemfundo
Ngesikhathi esemncane, uGandhi wayefundiswe kakhulu ekhaya. Wakwazi ukuphumelela ngempumelelo izivivinyo enyuvesi yabantu, kodwa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi waphoqeleka ukuba ashiye isikole ngenxa yokugula kukanina. U-Indira waya eYurophu lapho unina ayelashwa khona ezibhedlela ezahlukene zesimanje.
Engaphuthelwa yithuba, intombazane yanquma ukubhalisa eSomervel College, e-Oxford. Lapho wafunda umlando, isayensi yezepolitiki, i-anthropology nezinye izayensi.
Lapho uGandhi eba neminyaka engu-18, kwenzeka inhlekelele kumlando wakhe. Odokotela abakaze bakwazi ukusindisa impilo kanina, owabulawa yisifo sofuba. Ngemuva kokushonelwa, u-Indira wanquma ukubuyela ezweni lakubo.
Ngaleso sikhathi, kwagqashuka iMpi Yezwe II (1939-1945), ngakho-ke uGandhi kwadingeka abuyele ekhaya adabule iNingizimu Afrika. Abantu abaningi bakubo babehlala kule ndawo. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi eNingizimu Afrika le ntombazane yakwazi ukwenza inkulumo yayo yokuqala yezepolitiki.
Umsebenzi wezepolitiki
Ngo-1947, i-India yathola inkululeko ku-Great Britain, okwathi ngemuva kwalokho kwasungulwa uhulumeni wokuqala wezwe. Yayiholwa ngubaba ka-Indira, uJawaharlal Nehru, owaba ngundunankulu wokuqala emlandweni wezwe.
UGandhi wayesebenza njengonobhala wangasese kayise. Wayehamba nayo yonke indawo lapho ehamba nohambo, evame ukumnika izeluleko ezibalulekile. Kanye naye, u-Indira wavakashela iSoviet Union, eyabe iholwa nguNikita Khrushchev.
Lapho uNehru edlula emhlabeni ngo-1964, uGandhi wakhethwa waba yilungu lephalamende laseNdiya futhi kamuva waba nguNgqongqoshe Wezokwaziswa kanye Nokusakaza. Wayemele i-Indian National Congress (INC), umbutho wezombangazwe omkhulu kunayo yonke e-India.
Ngokushesha u-Indira wakhethwa njengoNdunankulu wezwe, nokumenza owesifazane wesibili emhlabeni ukuthi asebenze njengoNdunankulu.
U-Indira Gandhi wayengumsunguli wokufakwa kwamabhange amaNdiya ngaphansi kukahulumeni, futhi wafuna nokuthuthukisa ubudlelwano ne-USSR. Kodwa-ke, osopolitiki abaningi abazange babelane nemibono yakhe, ngenxa yalokho ukuhlukana kwenzeke ephathini. Noma kunjalo, iningi labantu baseNdiya lalisekela undunankulu wabo.
Ngo-1971, uGandhi waphinde wanqoba ukhetho lwasephalamende. Ngawo lowo nyaka, uhulumeni waseSoviet wasekela elaseNdiya empini ye-Indo-Pakistani.
Izici zobuntu zikahulumeni
Ngesikhathi sokubusa kuka-Indira Gandhi, izimboni nemisebenzi yezolimo yaqala ukuthuthuka ezweni.
Ngenxa yalokhu, i-India yakwazi ukuqeda ukuncika kwayo ekuthekelweni kokudla okuhlukahlukene. Kodwa-ke, umbuso awukwazanga ukuthuthuka ngokugcwele ngenxa yempi nePakistan.
Ngo-1975, iNkantolo Ephakeme yayalela ukushiya kukaGandhi ngamacala okwephula ukhetho ngesikhathi sokhetho olwedlule. Mayelana nalokhu, lo sopolitiki, ekhuluma nge-Article 352 yoMthethosisekelo waseNdiya, wethule isimo esibucayi ezweni.
Lokhu kuholele emiphumeleni emihle nemibi. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ngesikhathi sesimo esiphuthumayo, ukuvuselelwa komnotho kwaqala.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, izingxabano phakathi kwezenkolo zaqedwa ngempumelelo. Kodwa-ke, ngakolunye uhlangothi, amalungelo ezepolitiki nenkululeko yabantu ayenqunyelwe, futhi zonke izindlu zokushicilela eziphikisayo zavinjelwa.
Mhlawumbe ushintsho olubi kakhulu lwe-Indira Gandhi kwaba inzalo. Uhulumeni ukhiphe isinqumo sokuthi wonke umuntu wesilisa obevele enezingane ezintathu kufanele ahlinzwe, bese kuthi owesifazane okhulelwe okwesine aphoqeleke ukuba akhiphe isisu.
Izinga lokuzalwa eliphakeme kakhulu impela lingezinye zezimbangela ezinkulu zobumpofu kuhulumeni, kepha izinyathelo ezinjalo zehlisa isithunzi nesithunzi samaNdiya. Abantu babiza uGandhi ngokuthi "yi-Indian Iron Lady".
U-Indira wayevame ukwenza izinqumo ezinzima, ngezinga elithile lobudlova. Njengomphumela wakho konke lokhu, ngo-1977 wehlelwa yisifo esibucayi okhethweni lwasephalamende.
Buyela enkundleni yezombusazwe
Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, izinguquko ezinhle zaqala ukwenzeka ku-biography ka-Indira Gandhi. Izakhamizi zamkholwa futhi, okwathi ngo-1980 owesifazane waphinde wakwazi ukuthatha isikhundla sokuba undunankulu.
Ngale minyaka, uGandhi wayebambe iqhaza ekuqiniseni umbuso enkundleni yezombusazwe emhlabeni. Ngokushesha, i-India yahola kwi-Non-Aligned Movement, okuyinhlangano yomhlaba wonke namuhla ehlanganisa amazwe ayi-120 ngomgomo wokungabambi iqhaza emabhuloki ezempi.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
Ngomyeni wakhe wakusasa, uFeroz Gandhi, u-Indira wahlangana e-UK. Abantu abasha banquma ukushada ngo-1942. Iqiniso elithakazelisayo ukuthi inyunyana yabo yayingahambelani namasiko nezinkolo zaseNdiya.
UFeroz wayengowokuzalwa kumaNdiya ase-Iranian ayezibiza ngeZoroastrianism. Noma kunjalo, lokhu akuzange kumise u-Indira ekukhetheni uFeroz Gandhi njengomngane wakhe. Wathatha isibongo somyeni wakhe yize wayengesona isihlobo sikaMahatma Gandhi.
Emndenini wakwaGandhi, kwazalwa abafana ababili - uRajiv noSanjay. UFeroz ushone ngo-1960 eneminyaka engama-47. Eminyakeni engama-20 ngemuva kokulahlekelwa ngumyeni wakhe, ngaphambi nje kokubulawa kuka-Indira uqobo, indodana yakhe encane uSanjay washona engozini yemoto. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi nguyena owayephakathi kwabeluleki ababaluleke kakhulu kunina.
Ukubulala
Ngama-80s wekhulu elidlule, iziphathimandla zaseNdiya zaxabana nabakwaSikh, ababefuna ukuzimela ngaphandle kwezinsizakusebenza zombuso. Bebehlala "eThempelini Eligolide" e-Amritsar, osekuyisikhathi eside kuyisakhiwo sabo esikhulu. Ngenxa yalokhu, uhulumeni walithatha ithempeli ngenkani, wabulala amakholwa angamakhulu ambalwa kulokho.
Ngo-Okthoba 31, 1984, u-Indira Gandhi wabulawa ngabaqaphi bakhe abangamaSikh. Ngaleso sikhathi wayeneminyaka engama-66 ubudala. Ukubulawa kukaNdunankulu kwakuwukuziphindisela okusobala kwamaSikh ngokumelene namandla amakhulu.
EGandhi, kudutshulwe izinhlamvu eziyisishiyagalombili ngenkathi eya ehholo lokwamukela izivakashi lapho ebe nenhlolokhono nombhali waseBrithani uPeter Ustinov. Yaphela kanjalo inkathi ye "Indian Iron Lady".
Izigidi zabantu bakubo zeza ukuzovalelisa e-Indira. E-India kwamenyezelwa ukulila, okwathatha izinsuku eziyi-12. Ngokwesiko lendawo, isidumbu sombusazwe sashiswa.
Ngo-1999, uGandhi wabizwa ngegama elithi "Woman of the Millennium" kwinhlolovo eyayiqhutshwa yi-BBC. Ngo-2011, idokhumentari ekhuluma ngomunye wabesifazane abakhulu baseNdiya yaqala ukuboniswa eBrithani.
