Ngo-1969, ama-astronautics aseMelika athola ukunqoba kwawo okubaluleke kakhulu - indoda yaqala ukunyathela ebusweni bomunye umzimba wasezulwini. Kepha yize i-PR evala izindlebe yokufika kukaNeil Armstrong noBuzz Aldrin enyangeni, abaseMelika abayifinyelelanga inhloso yabo yomhlaba. Izishoshovu, empeleni, zazingaziqhenya ngale mpumelelo evelele, kepha iSoviet Union selokhu indiza ka Yuri Gagarin yayizitholele isikhundla sayo, futhi nokufika kweMelika enyangeni akukwazanga ukuyinyakazisa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, eminyakeni embalwa nje ngemuva kwengqikithi yenyanga e-United States uqobo, baqala ukukhuluma ngeqiniso lokuthi ngenxa yegunya elingabazekayo leziphathimandla zezwe baya emgunyeni ongakaze ubonwe. Balingise indiza eya enyangeni. Futhi ngemuva kwengxenye yekhulu leminyaka, umbuzo wokuthi ngabe abaseMelika babesenyangeni uhlala uphikisana yini.
Kafushane, ukulandelana kwezikhathi zohlelo lwenyanga lwaseMelika kubukeka kanjena. Ngo-1961, uMongameli uKennedy wethula uhlelo lwe-Apollo kwiCongress, okwathi, ngo-1970, abaseMelika kumele bafike enyangeni. Ukuthuthukiswa kohlelo kuqhubeke nobunzima obukhulu nezingozi eziningi. NgoJanuwari 1967, belungiselela ukwethulwa kokuqala okwenziwe ngumuntu, osomkhathi abathathu bashisa baze bafa kumkhumbi-mkhumbi i-Apollo 1 khona lapho. Khona-ke izingozi zamiswa ngomlingo, kwathi ngoJulayi 20, 1969, umphathi wamabutho e-Apollo 11 uNeil Armstrong wabeka unyawo phezu kwesethelayithi yodwa yoMhlaba. Kamuva, abaseMelika benza izindiza eziningi eziphumelela kakhulu eziya enyangeni. Esigabeni sabo, osomkhathi abangu-12 baqoqa cishe inhlabathi engama-400 kg yenhlabathi, baphinde bagibela imoto eyi-rover, badlala igalofu, bagxuma babaleka. Ngo-1973, i-US space agency i-NASA yabamba futhi yabala izindleko. Kuvele ukuthi esikhundleni sikaKennedy esimenyezelwe amaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-9, kusetshenziswe imali engamaRandi angamashumi amabili nanhlanu, kanti “akunalusizo olusha lwesayensi kulolu hambo”. Uhlelo lwancishiswa, izindiza ezintathu ezihleliwe zamiswa, futhi kusukela lapho, abaseMelika abakaze baye esikhaleni ngaphesheya komjikelezo womhlaba oseduze.
Kwakukhona ukungahambisani okuningi emlandweni we-Apollo okungagcini nje ngokuxaka, kepha futhi nabantu ababucayi baqala ukucabanga ngabo. Kwabe sekufika ukuthuthuka okuqhumayo kwe-elekthronikhi, okuvumela izinkulungwane zabathandi ukuba zihlaziye izinto ezinikezwe yiNASA. Abathwebuli bezithombe abaqeqeshiwe baqala ukuhlaziya izithombe, abenzi bamafilimu babuka izithombe, ongoti bezinjini bahlaziya izici zemicibisholo. Futhi inguqulo esemthethweni ehlanganisiwe yaqala ukuqhuma ngokubonakalayo ezindaweni ezivulekile. Lapho-ke inhlabathi yenyanga, edluliselwe kubaphenyi bangaphandle, izophenduka izinkuni zomhlaba. Lapho-ke ukuqoshwa kokuqala kokusakazwa kokufika enyangeni kuzonyamalala - kukhukhulekile, ngoba yayingekho ithephu eyanele ku-NASA ... Ukuphikisana okunjalo kunqwabelene, okubandakanya abagxeki abaningi ezingxoxweni. Kuze kube manje, ivolumu yezinto zokwakha "izingxabano zenyanga" zithole umlingiswa osongelayo, futhi umuntu ongazi lutho usengozini yokuminza enqwabeni yakhe. Ngezansi kwethulwe, kafushane futhi eyenziwe lula ngangokunokwenzeka, izimangalo eziyinhloko zabangabaza i-NASA nezimpendulo ezitholakalayo kubo, uma zikhona.
1. Umqondo wansuku zonke
Ngo-Okthoba 1961, irokhethi yokuqala yeSaturn yethulwa esibhakabhakeni. Ngemuva kwemizuzu engu-15 indiza, irokhethi ayisekho, iqhume. Ngokuzayo lapho leli rekhodi liphindaphindwa kuphela ngemuva konyaka nengxenye - wonke amanye ama-rocket aqhuma ekuqaleni. Kungakapheli nonyaka, "uSaturn", wahlulela ngesitatimende sikaKennedy, wabulawa ngokoqobo kusasa eDallas, waphumelela ukuphonsa amanye amathani amabili esikhaleni. Ngemuva kwalokho uchungechunge lokwehluleka lwaqhubeka. I-apotheosis yayo kwaba ukushona kukaVirgil Grissom, u-Edward White noRoger Chaffee khona lapho kwethulwa khona. Futhi lapha, esikhundleni sokuqonda izimbangela zezinhlekelele, i-NASA ithatha isinqumo sokundizela enyangeni. Kulandelwa okwedlule sengathi ngamanothi flyby of the Earth, flyby of the Moon, flyby of the Moon ngokulingisa ukufika, futhi, ekugcineni, uNeil Armstrong wazisa wonke umuntu ngesinyathelo esincane nesikhulu. Bese kuqala ukuvakasha kwenyanga, kuhlanjululwe kancane yingozi ka-Apollo 13. Ngokuvamile, kuvela ukuthi nge-flyby eyodwa ephumelelayo yoMhlaba, i-NASA yathatha isilinganiso semikhankaso eyisithupha kuya kweyishumi. Futhi bandizela enyangeni cishe ngaphandle kwamaphutha - indiza eyodwa engaphumelelanga ephuma kwezingu-10. Izibalo ezinjalo zibukeka zixakile okungenani kunoma ngubani osebenzisana nezinhlelo ezicishe zibe yinkimbinkimbi ekuphathweni umuntu abamba iqhaza kuzo. Izibalo ezinqwabelene zezindiza zesikhala zisivumela ukuthi sibale amathuba okuba yimpumelelo yokuthunywa kwenyanga ngezinombolo. Indiza ka-Apollo eya eNyangeni nasemuva ingahlukaniswa kalula ngezigaba ezingama-22 kusukela ekwethulweni kuye ekuphasalikeni. Ngemuva kwalokho kulinganiselwa ukuthi kungenzeka ukuqedwa ngempumelelo kwesigaba ngasinye. Kukhulu impela - kusuka ku-0.85 kuye ku-0.99. Imizila eyinkimbinkimbi kuphela, efana nokusheshisa ukusuka emzileni oseduze nomhlaba kanye nokumiswa kwemikhumbi, i- “sag” - amathuba awo alinganiselwa ku-0.6. Ukuphindaphinda izinombolo ezitholakele, sithola inani elingu-0.050784, isb.amathuba endiza eyodwa ephumelelayo angadluli ku-5%.
2. Izithombe nokuqoshwa
Kubagxeki abaningi bohlelo lwenyanga lwase-US, ukungabaza ngalo kwaqala ngokudutshulwa okudumile lapho ifulegi laseMelika lishaya khona ngenxa yokudlidliza okuncane, noma linyikinyeka ngenxa yokuthi umucu wenayiloni uthungelwe kuwo, noma umane uphephezela kokungabikho Inyangeni eya emoyeni. Ukwaziswa okuningi kwacubungulwa ngokujulile, kwavela izithombe ezingqubuzanayo namavidiyo. Kubukeka sengathi uphaphe kanye nesando ekuweni kwamahhala kwehle ngejubane elihlukile, okungafanele libe senyanga, nezinkanyezi ezithombeni zenyanga azibonakali. Ochwepheshe beNASA ngokwabo bangeze uphethiloli kulo mlilo. Uma ngabe i-ejensi ibingalinganiselwa kuphela ezintweni zokushicilela ngaphandle kokuphawula okuningiliziwe, abagxeki bangasala bazenzela okwabo. Konke ukuhlaziywa kwemikhondo yendiza yamatshe evela ngaphansi kwamasondo e- "rover" nokuphakama kwezigxuma zosomkhathi kuzohlala ekhishini labo langaphakathi. Kodwa abamele i-NASA baqale baveza ukuthi babeshicilela impahla eluhlaza yokuqala. Bese kuthi, ngomoya omsulwa owoniwe, bavume ukuthi kukhona okuthwetshulwayo, okufakwe umbala, okunamathiselwe nokufakwa - ngemuva kwakho konke, isibukeli sidinga isithombe esicacile, futhi imishini ngaleso sikhathi yayikude ngokuphelele, futhi izindlela zokuxhumana zingahluleka. Futhi-ke kwavela ukuthi izinto eziningi zathwetshulwa emadokodweni eMhlabeni ngaphansi kokuholwa ngabathwebuli bezithombe ababucayi kanye nabamele imboni yamafilimu. Ngaphandle, kubukeka sengathi i-NASA ihlehla kancane kancane ngaphansi kwengcindezi yobufakazi, yize lokhu kungaba yinto ebonakalayo kuphela. Ukuqashelwa kokucutshungulwa kwezinsimbi zezithombe namavidiyo kwabangabaza empeleni kwakusho ukuvuma ukuthi zonke lezi zinto zazingamanga.
3. Irokhethi "Saturn"
Irokhethi leSaturn elishiwo ngenhla, noma kunalokho, ukuguqulwa kwalo iSaturn-5 ngenjini ye-F-1, ngaphambi kokuba indiza yokuqala eya eNyangeni ingazange idlulise ukwethulwa okukodwa kokuhlolwa, futhi ngemuva kokuthunywa kokugcina kuka-Apollo, amarokhethi amabili asele athunyelwa eminyuziyamu. Ngokusho kwezinkomba ezimenyezelwe, irokhethi nenjini kuseseyindalo eyingqayizivele yezandla zomuntu. Manje abaseMelika sebethula imicibisholo yabo esindayo, bebahlomisa ngezinjini ze-RD-180 ezithengwe eRussia. Umklami omkhulu werokhethi leSaturn, uWerner von Brown, waxoshwa ku-NASA ngo-1970, cishe ngesikhathi sokunqoba kwakhe, ngemuva kokwethulwa okuyimpumelelo okungu-11 kwengqondo yakhe ilandelana! Ndawonye naye, amakhulu ejensi abacwaningi, onjiniyela kanye nabaqambi baxoshwa. Futhi i- "Saturn-5" ngemuva kwezindiza eziyi-13 eziphumelele yaya kudoti womlando. Irokhethi, njengoba besho, alinakho okuthwala esikhaleni, amandla alo okuphatha makhulu kakhulu (kufika kumathani ayi-140). Ngasikhathi sinye, enye yezinkinga ezinkulu ekwakheni i-International Space Station kwaba isisindo sezinto zayo. Ubukhulu bungamathani angama-20 - nanka amazinga amarokhethi esimanje aphakamisa kakhulu. Ngakho-ke, i-ISS ihlanganiswe izingxenye ezithile, njengomklami. Ngesisindo samanje se-ISS kumathani angama-53, cishe amathani ayi-10 yiziteshi zokumisa amadokodo. Futhi i- "Saturn-5", ithiyori, ingaphonsa ekuzungezeni i-monoblock enesisindo se-ISS ezimbili zamanje ngaphandle kwama-node docking. Yonke imibhalo yezobuchwepheshe ye-rocket enkulu (amamitha ayi-110 ubude) igcinwe, kepha abaseMelika abafuni ukuqhubeka nokusebenza kwayo, noma abakwazi. Noma mhlawumbe, empeleni, irokhethi lamandla aphansi kakhulu lalisetshenzisiwe, alikwazi ukuletha imodyuli yenyanga enophethiloli ku-orbit.
4. "I-Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter"
Ngo-2009, i-NASA yayisivuthiwe "ukubuyela enyangeni" (abagxeki, kunjalo, bathi kwamanye amazwe ubuchwepheshe besikhala sebufinyelele ezingeni lokuthi ingozi yokudalula umkhonyovu wenyanga isibe nkulu kakhulu). Njengengxenye yohlelo lokubuyela enyangeni, kwethulwe isakhiwo seLunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO). Yonke inxanxathela yamathuluzi ocwaningo olukude lwesathelayithi yethu engokwemvelo evela kumjikelezo we-circumlunar yabekwa kulesi siteshi sesayensi. Kodwa ithuluzi eliyinhloko le-LRO kwakuyinkimbinkimbi yamakhamera amathathu ebizwa nge-LROC. Lesi sakhiwo sithathe izithombe eziningi zobuso benyanga. Ubuye wathwebula nokufika kwe-Apollo neziteshi ezithunyelwe ngamanye amazwe. Umphumela uyindida. Izithombe ezithathwe ebangeni elingamakhilomitha angama-21 zibonisa ukuthi kukhona okuthile ebusweni beNyanga, futhi le "nto" ibukeka ingeyona eyemvelo uma iqhathaniswa nomlando jikelele. I-NASA ikugcizelele kaninginingi ukuthi ukuze kuthathwe izithombe, isathelayithi yehlele ebangeni elingamakhilomitha angama-21 ukuze ithathe izithombe ezicace bha. Futhi uma uzibheka ngenani elithile lomcabango, ungabona amamojula wenyanga, amaketanga ezinyawo, nokunye okuningi. Izithombe, kunjalo, azicaci, kepha ukuze zidluliselwe eMhlabeni bekufanele zicindezelwe ngokulahleka kwekhwalithi, futhi ukuphakama nesivinini kuphakeme impela. Izithombe zibukeka zihlaba umxhwele. Kepha uma kuqhathaniswa nezinye izithombe ezithathwe esikhaleni, zibukeka njengezobuciko bokuzilibazisa. Eminyakeni emine ngaphambili, iMars yathathwa isithombe ngekhamera ye-HIRISE kusuka ebangeni elingamakhilomitha angama-300. Kunohlobo oluthile lwendawo ehlanekezela iMars, kodwa izithombe zikaHIRISE zibukhali kakhulu. Futhi ngaphandle kwezindiza eziya eMars, noma imuphi umsebenzisi wezinsizakalo ezifana neGoogle Maps noma iGoogle Earth uzoqinisekisa ukuthi ezithombeni zesathelayithi zoMhlaba kungenzeka ukuthi ubone ngokucacile futhi ukhombe izinto ezincane kakhulu kuneLunar Module.
5. Amabhande emisebe kaVan Allen
Njengoba wazi, abahlali bomhlaba bavikelekile emisebeni ye-cosmic ebhubhisayo yi-magnetosphere, ephonsa imisebe emuva esikhaleni. Kepha ngesikhathi sendiza yasemkhathini, osomkhathi basala ngaphandle kokuvikelwa kwakhe futhi kwakudingeka, uma bengafi, bathole imithamo emikhulu yemisebe. Kodwa-ke, kunezici eziningana ezikhulumela iqiniso lokuthi ukuhamba ngamabhande emisebe kungenzeka. Izindonga zensimbi zivikela emisebeni ye-cosmic impela. I- "Apollo" yayihlanganiswe kusuka kuma-alloys, amandla okuvikela lawo ayelingana no-3 cm we-aluminium. Lokhu kwehlise kakhulu umthwalo wemisebe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, indiza idlule ngokushesha futhi hhayi ngezindawo ezinamandla kakhulu zemikhakha yemisebe. Izikhathi eziyisithupha osomkhathi baba nenhlanhla - phakathi nezindiza zabo eziya eSun, akubanga khona ukuqhuma okukhulu okwandisa ingozi yemisebe. Ngakho-ke, osomkhathi abatholanga imithamo ebucayi yemisebe. Yize ukushona okwandayo kwezifo zenhliziyo nemithambo yegazi, isici sokugula kwemisebe, phakathi kwalabo abavakashele iNyanga, kusungulwe ngokungenhloso.
6. AmaSpacesuits
Izinhlelo zokusekela osomkhathi ohambweni lokuya enyangeni zaziqukethe isikebhe somoya esipholile esinezingqimba ezinhlanu, isitsha esine-oxygen, iziqukathi ezimbili ezinamanzi - ukukhishwa nokupholisa, i-carbon dioxide neutralizer, uhlelo lwenzwa kanye nebhethri lokunika amandla imishini yomsakazo - kusukela esikhaleni sesikhala kungenzeka ukuthi uxhumane noMhlaba. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kwafakwa i-valve phezulu kwesudi ukukhipha amanzi amaningi. Yile valve, kanye noziphu, okuyisixhumanisi esingcwaba lonke uchungechunge. Ngaphansi kwe-vacuum namazinga okushisa aphansi kakhulu, i-valve enjalo nakanjani izomisa iqhwa. Lo mkhuba waziwa kakhulu ngabagibeli bakudala abaphezulu. Banqoba iziqongo eziphakeme kakhulu zomhlaba ngamasilinda e-oxygen, ama-valve avame ukubanda, yize umehluko wengcindezi wawuncane, futhi izinga lokushisa lalingavamile ukwehla ngaphansi kuka -40 ° C. Esikhaleni, i-valve bekufanele iqhwa ngemuva kokushaywa kokuqala, inciphise ukuqina kwayo nemiphumela ehambelana nakho kokuqukethwe kwayo. Futhi i-moonsuit ayifaki ukwethembeka ku-uziphu oqala kusukela ekuguleni ngomhlane wonke. Izimpahla ezimanzi zinikezwa ngeziqobosho ezinjalo kulezi zinsuku. Kodwa-ke, kuzo "iziphu", okokuqala, zimbozwe i-valve enamandla eyenziwe ngendwangu, futhi okwesibili, ingcindezi ku-uziphu wesudi yokutshuza iqondiswe ngaphakathi, ngenkathi kusesikhaleni ingcindezi isebenza ngaphakathi, lapho kuqondiswa khona isikhala sesikhala. Akunakwenzeka ukuthi "uziphu" wenjoloba angamelana nengcindezi enjalo.
7. Ukuziphatha kosomkhathi
Okungaqondakali kakhulu, okungafakazelwa yinoma yiziphi izinsimbi zokulinganisa, kubanga ukuthi izindiza eziya enyangeni. Osomkhathi, ngaphandle kohambo lokuqala, baziphathise okwezingane okuthi, ngemuva kobusika obude obuchithwe ezindlini, ekugcineni zikhululwe ukuthi zihambe ngaphandle. Bayagijima, bagxume ngendlela efana nekhangaru, bashayele bezungeze inyanga ngemoto encane. Lokhu kuziphatha kungachazwa ngandlela thile uma osomkhathi bendizela enyangeni izinyanga ezimbalwa futhi benesikhathi sokuphuthelwa isikhala nokunyakaza okusheshayo. Ukuziphatha okulinganayo kokudlala kosomkhathi kungachazwa ngemvelo enhle yenyanga. Besilungiselela ukwehla ematsheni ampunga (empeleni ansundu) nothuli, futhi ngemuva kokwehla sabona utshani obuluhlaza, izihlahla nemifudlana. Eqinisweni, noma yisiphi isithombe senyanga, ngisho sithathwe emisebeni yelanga elikhanyayo, siyakhala sithi: "Kuyingozi lapha!" Ukubukeka okungenabungane okujwayelekile, imiphetho ebukhali namathiphu amatshe namatshe, indawo eboshwe ubumnyama besibhakabhaka esigcwele izinkanyezi - isimo esinjalo asinakudonsela amadoda amadala aqeqeshiwe emaqenjini amakhulu ezempi ukuthi adlale endaweni engenalutho entsha. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uma wazi ukuthi ithubhu elincinzelwe lingaholela ekufeni ngenxa yokushisa ngokweqile, futhi noma yimuphi umonakalo ku-spacesuit ungabulala. Kepha osomkhathi benza sengathi kumasekhondi ambalwa umyalo othi "Yima! Kuhlungiwe! ”, Futhi abasizi babaqondisi abanjengebhizinisi bazonikeza wonke umuntu ikhofi.
8. Ukugcwala kwamanzi
Ukubuyisa i-Apollo eMhlabeni kwakuwumsebenzi onzima kakhulu. Ngawo-1960, ukubuya komkhumbi-mkhathi, noma usuka emzileni oseduze komhlaba, lapho ijubane lokuhamba lingaba ngu-7.9 km / s, kwakuyinkinga enkulu. Ama-cosmonauts aseSoviet ahlala ahlala njalo, njengoba kwabikwa emaphephandabeni, "endaweni enikeziwe." Kepha indawo yale ndawo inobunzima bokuba izinkulungwane zamakhilomitha-skwele. Futhi, izimoto ezehlayo zazivame "ukulahleka", kanti u-Alexei Leonov (omunye wabasekeli abakhuthele kakhulu bohlelo lweLunar, ngasendleleni) noPavel Belyaev bacishe baba iqabunga ku-taiga, befika endaweni yokuqamba. AbaseMelika babuya enyangeni ngejubane elingu-11.2 km / s. Ngasikhathi sinye, abenzanga ukujika okusobala kokujikeleza uMhlaba, kepha ngokushesha baya emhlabathini. Futhi bawela ngokusobala ewindini lomkhathi cishe ngamakhilomitha ama-5 × 3 ububanzi. Omunye owayengabaza waqhathanisa ukunemba okunjalo nokugxuma efasiteleni lesitimela esihambayo singene efasiteleni lesitimela esiya kolunye uhlangothi. Ngasikhathi sinye, ngaphandle, i-Apollo capsule ngesikhathi sokwehla kwayo incane kakhulu kunezimoto zokwehla kwemikhumbi yaseSoviet, yize ingene emkhathini ngesivinini esiphindwe kasigamu nengxenye.
9. Ukungabikho kwezinkanyezi njengobufakazi bokulungiswa kwamanga
Inkulumo ngokungabonakali kunoma yisiphi isithombe kusuka ebusweni benyanga indala njengemibono yetulo lenyanga. Imvamisa ziphikiswa ukuthi izithombe ezisenyangeni zithathwe elangeni elikhanyayo. Ubuso beNyanga, obukhanyiswe yiLanga, budale ukukhanya okwedlulele, ngakho-ke izinkanyezi azizange ziwele kunoma yiluphi uhlaka.Kodwa-ke, osomkhathi bathwebula izithombe ezingaphezu kuka-5 000 eNyangeni, kepha abakaze bathathe isithombe lapho ubuso beNyanga babudalulwe khona ngokweqile, kepha izinkanyezi zazizowela ohlakeni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kunzima ukucabanga ukuthi, ngokwenza uhambo lokuya komunye umzimba wasezulwini, osomkhathi abazange bathole imiyalo yokuthatha isithombe sesibhakabhaka esigcwele izinkanyezi. Ngemuva kwakho konke, lezo zithombe zingaba ngumthombo omkhulu wesayensi yezinkanyezi. Ngisho nangesikhathi sokutholwa okukhulu kwezwe eMhlabeni, lonke lolu hambo lwalufaka isazi sezinkanyezi, owokuqala, lapho ethola umhlaba omusha, waqopha isibhakabhaka esigcwele izinkanyezi. Futhi lapha abagxeki bathola isizathu esiphelele sokungabaza - kwakungenakwenzeka ukuphinda wenze isibhakabhaka sangempela esigcwele izinkanyezi senyanga, ngakho-ke azikho izithombe.
10. Ukupholisa imojuli yenyanga
Ohambweni lwakamuva, osomkhathi bashiye i-Lunar Module amahora amaningi, bayinika amandla. Ekubuyeni kwabo, kusolakala ukuthi bavule uhlelo lokupholisa, banciphisa izinga lokushisa kwemodyuli lisuka ezigidini eziyikhulu laya kokumukelekile, futhi kungaleso sikhathi kuphela lapho bekwazi khona ukukhipha izikebhe zabo zesikebhe. Ngokwethiyori, lokhu kuvumelekile, kepha akusikho ukuthi isifunda esipholisayo noma ugesi awuchazwanga ndawo.
