Emlandweni wesintu, ababaningi kangako abantu umuntu angasho ngabo ngokunengqondo ukuthi: "Ushintshe umhlaba". U-Yuri Alekseevich Gagarin (1934 - 1968) wayengeyena umbusi wombuso, umholi wamasosha noma isikhulu sesonto (“Ngiyacela, ungatsheli muntu ukuthi awukamboni uNkulunkulu esikhaleni” - uPapa John XXIII emhlanganweni noGagarin). Kepha ukundiza komfana osemncane waseSoviet emkhathini kwaba yindawo yokucekela phansi isintu. Kwabe sekubonakala sengathi inkathi entsha yayiqala emlandweni wesintu. Ukuxhumana noGagarin kwakubhekwa njengodumo hhayi kuphela yizigidi zabantu abavamile, kodwa futhi nangabanamandla baleli zwe: amakhosi nabongameli, izigidigidi kanye nojenene.
Ngeshwa, kuphela iminyaka engama-40 kuya kwengama-50 ngemuva kokubaleka kukasomkhathi No. 1, ukufisa kwesintu emkhathini kucishe kwaphela. Ama-satellites ayasungulwa, izindiza ezinabantu ziyenziwa, kepha izinhliziyo zezigidi azithintwa yizindiza ezintsha eziya emkhathini, kodwa ngezinhlobo ezintsha zama-iPhones. Futhi i-feat ka-Yuri Gagarin, impilo yakhe nobuntu bakhe kubhalwe kuze kube phakade emlandweni.
1. Umndeni wakwaGagarin wawunezingane ezine. UYura wayengowesithathu ebudaleni. Abadala ababili - uValentina noZoya - bayiswa eJalimane ngamaJalimane. Bobabili baba nenhlanhla yokubuyela ekhaya bengalimele, kepha akekho noyedwa kumaGagarin owayethanda ukukhumbula iminyaka yempi.
2. UYura waphothula esikoleni seminyaka eyisikhombisa eMoscow, wase ephothula esikoleni sobuchwepheshe eSaratov. Futhi ubezoba yisisekelo se-metallurgist, uma kungengenxa yeklabhu endizayo. UGagarin wagula ngesibhakabhaka. Uqede izifundo zakhe ngamamaki amahle kakhulu futhi wakwazi ukundiza ngaphezu kwamahora angama-40. Umfana wezemidlalo onamakhono anjalo abe nomgwaqo oqonde ngqo ezindizeni.
3. Esikoleni sendiza uGagarin, yize ayemabanga aphansi kuzo zonke izifundo, uYuri wayesengcupheni yokuxoshwa - wayengakwazi ukufunda ukuthi angabeka kanjani indiza ngokunembile. Kwafika enhlokweni yesikole, uMajor General Vasily Makarov, futhi nguye kuphela owabona ukuthi isiqu esincane sikaGagarin (165 cm) simvimbela “ekuzizweni” phansi. Yonke into yayilungiswa yipadding ebekwe esihlalweni.
4. UGagarin wayengowokuqala, kodwa hhayi owasemkhathini wokugcina ukufunda eChkalovsk Aviation School. Ngemuva kwakhe, abanye abafundi abathathu bakulesi sikhungo benyukele emkhathini: uValentin Lebedev, u-Alexander Viktorenko noYuri Lonchakov.
5. E-Orenburg, uYuri wathola umlingani wokuphila naye. Umshayeli wendiza oneminyaka engu-23 no-Valentina Goryacheva oneminyaka engu-22 bashade ngo-Okthoba 27, 1957. Ngo-1959, kwazalwa indodakazi yabo uLena. Futhi inyanga ngaphambi kokubalekela emkhathini, lapho umndeni usuvele uhlala esifundeni saseMoscow, uYuri waba ngubaba okwesibili - uGalina Gagarina wazalwa ngoMashi 7, 1961.
6. Noma nini lapho kungenzeka khona, uGagarin wayewakhiphela ngaphandle amadodakazi akhe asekhulile ayovivinya ekuseni. Ngasona leso sikhathi ubuye wabiza izicabha zomakhelwane, ebanxenxa ukuthi bangene. Kodwa-ke, amaGagarin ayehlala endlini yomnyango, futhi kwakungadingekile kakhulu ukushayela abahlali bawo ukuthi babize.
7. UValentina Gagarina manje usethathe umhlalaphansi. U-Elena uyinhloko yeMoscow Kremlin Museum-Reserve, uGalina unguprofesa, inhloko yomnyango kwelinye lamanyuvesi aseMoscow.
8. Kwizidumbu ze-cosmonaut, uGagarin wabhaliswa ngoMashi 3, futhi waqala ukuqeqeshwa ngoMashi 30, 1961 - cishe unyaka owodwa ngaphambi kokuba indiza iye emkhathini.
9. Kwabafakizicelo abayisithupha besiqu sikasomkhathi No. 1, abahlanu bandizela emkhathini kungekudala noma kamuva. UGrigory Nelyubin, owathola isitifiketi se-astronaut senombolo 3, waxoshwa eqenjini ngenxa yokudakwa nokuphikisana nabaphathi. Ngo-1966, wazibulala ngokuzijikijela ngaphansi kwesitimela.
10. Umbandela omkhulu wokukhetha kwaba ukukhula ngokomzimba. I-astronaut kwakudingeka iqine, kodwa incane - lokhu kwakudingeka ngobukhulu bomkhumbi-mkhathi. Ngokulandelayo kwafika ukuzinza kwengqondo. Ukuthandeka, ukuhlanganyela, nokunye kwakuyizindlela zesibili.
11. U-Yuri Gagarin ngisho nangaphambi kokuba indiza ibhalwe ngokusemthethweni njengomkhuzi webutho le-cosmonaut.
12. Ukuvunyelwa kukasomkhathi wokuqala kukhethwe futhi kwavunywa ikhomishini yombuso ekhethekile. Kodwa ukuvota ngaphakathi kwezidumbu ze-cosmonaut kukhombisile ukuthi uGagarin wayengumuntu ofaneleka kakhulu.
13. Ubunzima ekusetshenzisweni kohlelo lwasemkhathini lufundise ongoti ukuthi balungiselele izimo ezimbi kakhulu lapho belungiselela izindiza. Ngakho-ke, i-TASS balungiselela imibhalo yemiyalezo emithathu ehlukene ngendiza kaGagarin, futhi usomkhathi ngokwakhe wabhala incwadi yokuvalelisa kumkakhe.
14. Ngesikhathi sendiza, eyathatha ihora nesigamu, uGagarin kwadingeka akhathazeke kathathu, esigabeni sokugcina sokuhamba emkhathini. Ekuqaleni, uhlelo lwamabhuleki alulinciphisanga ijubane kunani olifunayo, futhi umkhumbi waqala ukuzungeza ngokushesha ngaphambi kokungena emkhathini. Lapho-ke uGagarin wazizwa engakhululekile lapho ebona igobolondo elingaphandle lomkhumbi lishisa emkhathini - insimbi yayigeleza ngokoqobo emafasiteleni, futhi nemoto eyehlayo uqobo yaqhuma kakhulu. Ekugcineni, ngemuva kokukhishwa, i-valve yokungenisa umoya yesudi ayizange ivuleke - kungaba yihlazo, ukundiza emkhathini, ukuminyana eduze noMhlaba uqobo. Kodwa konke kwasebenza - eduze koMhlaba ingcindezi yomoya yanda, futhi i-valve yasebenza.
15. UGagarin uqobo lwakhe wabika ngocingo ngokufika kwakhe ngempumelelo - oshayasibhamu abalwa nezindiza abavela ophikweni lwezokuvikela emoyeni, abathole imoto eyehlayo, wayengazi ngendiza yasemkhathini, futhi wanquma ukuqala ngokuthola ukuthi yini ewile, bese ebika. Lapho sebethole imoto eyehlayo (i-cosmonaut ne-capsule yehla ngokwehlukana), ngokushesha bayithola iGagarin. Abahlali bendawo babe ngabokuqala ukuthola i-cosmonaut # 1.
Indawo lapho umkhathi wokuqala afike khona kwakungeyamazwe ayizintombi kanye nawokulima, ngakho-ke umklomelo wokuqala osemthethweni weGagarin kwaba yindondo yentuthuko yabo. Kwasungulwa isiko okwathi ngalo ososayensi abaningi baqala ukuklonyeliswa ngendondo "Ngokuthuthuka kwamazwe ayizintombi namatshilo".
17. U-Yuri Levitan, owafunda umyalezo mayelana nokundiza kukaGagarin emsakazweni, wabhala emibhalweni yakhe ukuthi imizwa yakhe yayifana nemizwa ayithola ngoMeyi 9, 1945 - ummemezeli onolwazi akazange akwazi ukuzibamba izinyembezi. Kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuthi impi yaphela eminyakeni eyi-16 ngaphambi kokuba indiza kaGagarin. Abantu abaningi bayakhumbula ukuthi lapho bezwa izwi likaLevitan ngaphandle kwamahora esikole, bacabanga ngokuzenzekelayo: "Impi!"
Ngaphambi kokundiza, abaphathi bebengacabangi ngemikhosi enesizotha - njengoba besho, besingekho isikhathi samafutha, ukube umlayezo weTASS wokulila ubulungiselelwe. Kodwa ngo-Ephreli 12, isimemezelo sendiza yokuqala yasemkhathini sabangela ukuqhuma okukhulu komdlandla ezweni lonke kangangokuba kwakudingeka ukuhlela ngokushesha umhlangano kaGagarin eVnukovo kanye nomhlangano eRed Square. Ngenhlanhla, inqubo yenziwa ngesikhathi semihlangano yamathimba angaphandle.
19. Ngemuva kokundiza, usomkhathi wokuqala wazungeza cishe amazwe angamashumi amathathu. Yonke indawo wahlangana nokwamukelwa ngomdlandla nemvula yemiklomelo nezikhumbuzo. Phakathi nalolu hambo, uGagarin waphinda wafakazela ukunemba kokukhetha kwakhe ukhetho. Yonke indawo wayeziphatha kahle nangesithunzi, eheha abantu abambona kakhulu.
20. Ngaphezu kwesihloko esithi Hero of the Soviet Union, uGagarin wathola isicoco seHero of Labour eCzechoslovakia, eVietnam naseBulgaria. Usomkhathi waba yisakhamuzi esihlonishwayo samazwe amahlanu.
21. Phakathi nohambo lukaGagarin oluya eNdiya, imoto yakhe yezimoto eyakhiwe ngezimoto kwakumele ime isikhathi esingaphezu kwehora emgwaqweni ngenxa yenkomo engcwele eyayiphumule endleleni. Amakhulu abantu ayemi eceleni komgwaqo, futhi kwakungekho ndlela yokuzungeza lesi silwane. Ebheka ewashini lakhe futhi, uGagarin uphawule kabi ngokudabukisayo ukuthi uzungeza uMhlaba ngokushesha.
22. Njengoba elahlekelwe yifomu elincane ngesikhathi sokuvakasha kwamanye amazwe, uGagarin washeshe walibuyisa ngokushesha lapho sekuvela ithemba lendiza entsha yasemkhathini. Ngo-1967, waqala ukuhamba yedwa kwi-MiG-17, wabe esenquma ukubuyisela iziqu zomlwi.
23. U-Yuri Gagarin wenza indiza yakhe yokugcina ngoMashi 27, 1968. Yena nomfundisi wakhe, uColonel Vladimir Seryogin, benza indiza ejwayelekile yokuziqeqesha. Ukuqeqeshwa kwabo iMiG kushayisile esifundeni saseVladimir. Ngokusho kwenguqulo esemthethweni, abashayeli bezindiza babona kabi ukuphakama kwamafu futhi baphuma kuwo basondela kakhulu emhlabathini, bengenaso ngisho nesikhathi sokukhipha. UGagarin noSergeev babephilile futhi besangulukile.
24. Ngemuva kokushona kukaYuri Gagarin, isimemezelo sikazwelonke samenyezelwa eSoviet Union. Ngaleso sikhathi, kwakungokokuqala ukulila ezweni lonke emlandweni we-USSR, okwamenyezelwa hhayi ngokufa kwenhloko yezwe.
25. Ngo-2011, ekukhunjweni kweminyaka engu-50 yendiza ka-Yuri Gagarin, umkhumbi-mkhathi wanikezwa igama lokuqala - “uSoyuz TMA-21” waqanjwa ngokuthi “Gagarin”.
