Bonke abantu babona amabhuloho ahlukahlukene. Akuwona wonke umuntu ocabanga ukuthi leli bhuloho lisungulwe kakhulu kunesondo. Phakathi neminyaka eyinkulungwane yokuqala yomlando wesintu, abantu babengadingi ukuhambisa noma yini esindayo. Izinkuni zokubasa zingaphathwa ngesandla. Umhume noma iqhugwane lalifanele indawo yokuhlala. Umammoth odume kabi, owabulawelwa ukudla, wayengadingi ukuhudulwa noma yikuphi - ayedla isikhathi eside ngangokunokwenzeka, khona lapho, noma ahlukanise isidumbu sibe yizicucu ezifanele ukuthwalwa. Ukuwela imifula noma imihosha, okokuqala lapho uwe ngempumelelo, bese kuba isiqu esilahlwe ngokukhethekile, ngokuvamile kwakudingeka, futhi kwesinye isikhathi impilo yayixhomeke ekutheni kungenzeka ukuwela.
Kwezinye izifunda ezinezintaba zaseNingizimu Melika nase-Asia, kunezizwe ezingakalazi isondo. Kepha amabhuloho aziwa kahle ezizweni ezinjalo, futhi imvamisa awasona neze isigodo esiwele emseleni wamamitha ubude, kepha izakhiwo eziyinkimbinkimbi zemicu nezimo zokhuni, ezihlanganiswe ngamathuluzi amancane, kepha zisebenza amakhulu eminyaka.
Ukwakhiwa okukhulu kwamabhuloho kwaqalwa ngamaRoma ahlasele umgwaqo. Izimiso zokwakhiwa kwebhuloho ezenziwe ngabo zazikhona amakhulu eminyaka, ngaphambi kokuvela kwensimbi, ukhonkolo nezinye izinto zesimanje. Kepha noma ucabangela intuthuko yakamuva kwezesayensi, ukwakhiwa kwamabhuloho kusalokhu kuwumsebenzi onzima wobunjiniyela.
1. Amabhuloho, naphezu kwakho konke ukuhlukahluka kwawo, anezinhlobo ezintathu kuphela ngohlobo lokwakha: i-girder, ikhebula elihlala futhi li-arched. Ibhuloho le-girder yilona elilula kunazo zonke, ugodo olufanayo oluphonswe phezu komfudlana. Ibhuloho lokumiswa lihlala ezintanjeni; kungaba zombili izintambo zezitshalo nezintambo zensimbi ezinamandla. Ibhuloho le-arched linzima kakhulu ukwakhiwa, kepha ngasikhathi sinye lihlala isikhathi eside kakhulu. Isisindo sebhuloho phezu kwemengamo sisatshalaliswa ezisekelweni. Vele, ekwakhiweni kwamabhuloho kwesimanje, kukhona nenhlanganisela yalezi zinhlobo. Kukhona namabhuloho antantayo, noma ama-pontoon, kepha lawa yizakhiwo zesikhashana nje, futhi zilele emanzini, futhi azidluli kuwo. Kungenzeka futhi ukuhlukanisa amabhuloho (adlula amanzi) kusuka e-viaducts (ewela izindawo eziphansi kanye nezihosha) kanye nezindlela ezeqile (ezidlula imigwaqo), kepha ngokubuka kobunjiniyela, umehluko awubalulekile.
2. Ngaphandle kokuthi noma iliphi ibhuloho, ngokwencazelo, liyisakhiwo sokuzenzela, eMhlabeni, ngaphandle kwamachibi amancane, kunamabhuloho amakhulu emvelo. Muva nje, kusatshalaliswe kabanzi izithombe zeFairy Bridge eChina. Ukubukwa kuyamangalisa ngempela - umfula udlula ngaphansi kwe-arch ngobude obungaphezu kwamamitha angama-70, futhi ubude bebhuloho busondele kumamitha ayi-140. Kodwa-ke, iFairy Bridge ikude kakhulu nokwakheka okunjalo, hhayi okukhulu kakhulu. EPeru, emthambekeni osempumalanga we-Andes, emuva ngo-1961, kwatholakala ithothali elinamamitha ayi-183 ngaphezu koMfula iCutibiren. Ibhuloho elivelayo lingaphezu kwamamitha angama-350 ubude. Ngaphezu kwalokho, leli “bhuloho” lingamamitha angaba ngu-300 ububanzi, ngakho-ke abathandi bemigudu bangaphikisana ngokuthi yini ngempela le ndlela yemvelo okufanele ibhekwe ngayo.
3. Ibhuloho lasendulo elidume kakhulu mhlawumbe ibhuloho elingamamitha angama-400 phezu kweRhine, elakhiwa ngo-55 BC. e. Ngenxa yesizotha sikaJulius Caesar, futhi siyichaza ngenkuthalo encwadini ethi "Gallic War" (abukho obunye ubufakazi), sinombono walesi simangaliso sobunjiniyela. Ibhuloho lakhiwe ngezinqwaba ze-oki ezibheke phezulu nezithambekele ezinokuphakama kwamamitha ayi-7 - 8 (ukujula kweRhin esakhiweni sebhuloho kungamamitha ayi-6). Kusuka phezulu, izinqwaba zaziboshelwa ngemishayo evundlile, lapho kwakuhlonyiswe khona ipaki lezingodo. Konke mayelana nakho konke kuthathe izinsuku eziyi-10. Endleleni ebuyela eRoma uKhesari wayalela ukuthi kuhlakazwe ibhuloho. Kukhona okuthile okungahambi kahle obekusolwa ukuthi sekuvele ngeNkathi Ephakathi. Kuliqiniso, u-Andrea Palladio noVincenzo Scamozzi balungisa kancane nje uKesari omkhulu, "balungisa" indlela yokwakha nokubukeka kwebhuloho. UNapoleon Bonaparte, ngokungagunci kwakhe okuyisici, umemezele ukuthi konke ukukhuluma ngepulangwe lokumbozwa kwebhuloho kwakungamampunge, futhi amabutho amabutho ayehamba phezu kwezingodo ezingagundile. U-August von Zoghausen, unjiniyela wezempi wasePrussia, waqhubeka. Ubala ukuthi uma ukhanda inqwaba nowesifazane (isando esikhulu esiphakamiswe ngezintambo) kusuka ezikebheni ezimbili, bese ngokungezelela ukusiqinisa ngokulahla, iphrojekthi kungenzeka. Kusobala ukuthi ngokulungiswa kwezinqwaba kwakudingeka ukugawulwa kwehlathi elincane le-oki, nokumba inkwali yamatshe yokubuyisela emuva. Kakade ngekhulu lama-20, isazi-mlando uNikolai Ershovich wabala ukuthi ngomsebenzi wokushintsha kabili womshayeli wenqwaba, kungathatha izinsuku ezingama-40 zomsebenzi oqhubekayo kuphela ukushayela izinqwaba namabutho kaKhesari. Ngakho-ke, cishe, ibhuloho leRhine lalikhona kuphela emcabangweni ocebile kaKesari.
4. Umsunguli webhilidi lesayensi ungunjiniyela nososayensi waseRussia uDmitry Zhuravsky (1821 - 1891). Nguye owaqala ukusebenzisa izibalo zesayensi kanye nemodeli enembile yesikali ekwakhiweni kwebhuloho. UZhuravsky wasebenza njengonjiniyela ekwakhiweni kukajantshi owayemude kunabo bonke emhlabeni, iSt. Petersburg - eMoscow. Inkazimulo yabakhi bamabhuloho aseMelika yaduma emhlabeni. Isikhanyisi kwakunguWilliam Howe. Wasungula umkhonto wokhuni ohlanganiswe ndawonye ngezinduku zensimbi. Kodwa-ke, lokhu kusungulwa kwaba ugqozi olungazelelwe. UGau nenkampani yakhe bakha amabhuloho amaningi e-United States, kepha bawakha, njengoba isayensi ethandwayo ikubeka kahle, ngokomqondo - ngokungahleliwe. Ngokufanayo, ngokomqondo, la mabhuloho awe. UZhuravsky, ngakolunye uhlangothi, waqala ukubala amandla ezinhlaka ze-arched ngokwezibalo, anciphisa yonke into yaba ngamafomula amahle. Cishe wonke amabhuloho wesitimela eRussia ngekhulu le-19 akhiwa ngaphansi kobuholi bukaZhuravsky, noma esebenzisa izibalo zakhe. Amafomula ngokuvamile abephelele - nawo aqhamuka lapho kubalwa amandla omoya weCathedral of the Peter and Paul Fortress. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uDmitry Ivanovich wakha imisele, wakha kabusha amachweba, iminyaka engu-10 wahola umnyango wezitimela, wakhulisa kakhulu ukudlula kwemigwaqo emikhulu.
5. Ibhuloho elide kunawo wonke emhlabeni - i-Dadu-Kunshan viaduct. Ngaphansi kwamakhilomitha ayi-10 ubude bayo bonke obungamakhilomitha ayi-165 budlula emanzini, kepha lokhu akwenzi ukuthi isigaba somgwaqo omkhulu onejubane eliphakathi kweNanjing neShanghai kube lula ukwakha. Kodwa-ke, kuthathe abasebenzi nabanjiniyela baseChina kuphela ama-dollar ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane eziyi-10 nezinyanga ezingaba ngu-40 ukwakha lesi silo ezweni lamabhuloho. Ukwakhiwa okusheshayo kwe-viaduct ngokusobala bekubangelwa nesidingo sezepolitiki. Kusukela ngo-2007, ibhuloho elide kunawo wonke emhlabeni kube yiZhanghua - Kaohsiung Viaduct. Lo mnikazi wamarekhodi wakhiwa eTaiwan, ebizwa nangokuthi yiRiphabhlikhi yaseChina futhi uthatha iziphathimandla zamanje eBeijing njengabadayisi. Izindawo ezi-3 kuya kwezi-5 zihlala amabhuloho ahlukahlukene aseChina kanye nama-viaducts kusuka kumakhilomitha ayi-114 kuye kwangama-55 ubude. Engxenyeni engezansi kuphela yeshumi ephezulu kunamabhuloho eThailand nase-United States. Amabhuloho amade kunawo wonke eMelika, okungamakhilomitha angama-38 ubude iPontchartrain Lake Bridge, athunyelwa ngo-1979.
6. IBhuloho laseBrooklyn elidumile eNew York empeleni lathatha izimpilo zabasebenzi abanga-27 kuphela, kodwa nabakhi balo abakhulu ababili: uJohn Roebling nendodana yakhe uWashington. UJohn Roebling, ngenkathi kuqala ukwakhiwa kweBrooklyn Bridge, wayesesakhele intambo-ehlala ewela iNiagara ngezansi nje kwempophoma edumile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, wayenenkampani enkulu yezintambo zensimbi. URoebling Sr. udale iphrojekthi yebhuloho futhi ngo-1870 waqala ukwakhiwa kwalo. URoebling ukhiphe umyalo wokuthi kuqalwe ukwakhiwa kwebhuloho, engazi ukuthi uzolahlwa. Ngesikhathi sokulinganisa kokugcina, isikebhe saphonseka esikebheni esithwele unjiniyela. Lo njiniyela ulimale izinzwane eziningi. Akaphindanga walulama kulokhu kulimala, yize umlenze wakhe wanqunywa. Ngemuva kokushona kukayise, uWashington Roebling waba unjiniyela omkhulu. Wabona iBrooklyn Bridge yakhiwa, kepha impilo kaRoebling Jr. yathinteka. Ngenkathi ebhekene nengozi emgodini we-caisson - ikamelo lapho amanzi akhishwa khona ngumfutho ophakeme womoya ukuze asebenze ngokujulile - wasinda ekuguleni ngokweqile futhi wakhubazeka. Uqhubeke nokuqondisa ukwakhiwa, ehleli esihlalweni esinamasondo futhi exhumana nabakhi ngomkakhe, u-Anne Warren. Kodwa-ke, iWashington Roebling yayinentando enjalo yokuthi yahlala ikhubazekile kwaze kwaba ngo-1926.
7. Ibhuloho elide kunazo zonke eRussia yilona "elisha sha" - iCrimea Bridge. Ingxenye yayo yezimoto yaqala ukusebenza ngo-2018, kwathi eyesitimela eyodwa - ngo-2019. Ubude besigaba sesitimela ngamamitha ayi-18,018, ingxenye yomgwaqo - amamitha ayi-16 857. Ukwahlukaniswa kwaba izingxenye, kunjalo, kunemibandela - ubude bezitimela zesitimela nobude bomgwaqo balinganiswa. Indawo yesibili neyesithathu ekuklelweni kwamabhuloho amade kunawo wonke eRussia kuhlala abantu abadlula eWestern High-Speed Diameter eSt. Ubude bokweqa iSouth ngamamitha ayi-9,378, ukweqa eNyakatho kungamamitha ayi-600 kufushane.
8. ITrinity Bridge eSt. Petersburg ekuqaleni kwekhulu lamashumi amabili yabizwa ngobuhle baseFrance noma baseParis. Ngesikhathi sokuhlangana kabusha kwezepolitiki phakathi kweRussia neFrance, inhlonipho esivele ibonwe kuwo wonke amaFrance yafinyelela ezindaweni eziphakeme kakhulu. Amafemu kanye nonjiniyela baseFrance kuphela ababambe iqhaza emncintiswaneni wokwakhiwa kweTrinity Bridge. Ophumelele kwaba nguGustave Eiffel, owakha umbhoshongo eParis. Kodwa-ke, ngenxa yokuhamba okungaqondakali komphefumulo waseRussia, iBatignolles yanikwa igunya lokwakha ibhuloho. AmaFulentshi awaphoxanga, njengoba akhe omunye umhlobiso wedolobha. ITrinity Bridge ihlotshiswe ngama-obeliski okuqala kuwo womabili amabhange namalambu athwala insika ngayinye yebhuloho. Futhi kusukela eTroitsky Bridge ungabona amanye amabhuloho ayisikhombisa eSt. Ngo-2001 - 2003, leli bhuloho lakhiwa kabusha ngokuphelele ngokushintshwa kwezingxenye zikakhonkolo ezigugile, umgwaqo womgwaqo, izingoma zethilamu, indlela yokujikisa nokufakwa kwamalambu. Zonke izinto zokuhlobisa nezokwakha zibuyisiwe. Emigwaqeni esuka ebhulohweni, ukuhlangana kwamazinga amaningi kuvele.
9. Ingxenye yesithombe esibonakalayo esivela ekhanda lomuntu egameni elithi "London" kungenzeka kube yibhuloho - lawa angama-cliches asungulwe. Kodwa-ke, awekho amabhuloho amaningi enhlokodolobha yaseBrithani. Zibalelwa ku-30 kuphela.Ukuqhathanisa: abahlanganisi beGuinness Book of Records bakholelwa ukuthi kunamabhuloho angaba ngu-2 500 eHamburg, eJalimane. E-Amsterdam, kunamabhuloho angafika ku-1 200, eVenice, emi cishe kuphela emanzini, akhona angama-400. ISt. zingu-342 zazo enhlokodolobha, kufaka nezingu-13 eziguquguqukayo.
10. Amabhuloho amadala kunawo wonke awela uMfula iMoskva enhlokodolobha yaseRussia, ngokuqondene nezinhlaka ezifanayo, awamdala kangako. Yakhiwa ngumakhi wezakhiwo u-Roman Klein ngo-1912 ukukhumbula ikhulu leminyaka le-Patriotic War. Kusukela lapho, leli bhuloho lakhiwe kabusha kanzima kabili. Izinsika ezithwalayo zashintshwa, ibhuloho lanwetshwa, ukuphakama kwalo kwandiswa - ngoba ibhuloho elitholakala ngamakhilomitha ambalwa ukusuka eKremlin, akubalulekile nje kuphela ubuhle bobuhle, kodwa futhi nomthamo wokuthwala. Ukubukeka kwebhuloho kulondolozwe ngokuphelele kanye namakhadi alo ebhizinisi - ama-porticos asemaceleni nama-obelisk.
11. Ukuqala kwekhulu lama-XXI kwakuyinkathi yegolide yesakhiwo sebhuloho laseRussia. Ngaphandle kwesasasa elikhulu, ngaphandle kokumemezela izinhlelo zikazwelonke noma amaphrojekthi wokwakha ezweni lonke, inqwaba yamabhuloho abude obude nobunzima obuthile bokwakha sebakhiwe ezweni. Kwanele ukusho ukuthi amabhuloho ayi-9 kwangu-10 nangu-17 kwangu-20 kwamade kunawo wonke aseRussia akhiwa ngo-2000-2020. Phakathi kwama- "oldies" kwabayishumi abaphezulu ibhuloho i-Amur eKhabarovsk (amamitha angu-3,891, indawo yesi-8), elingabonakala kumthethosivivinywa wezinkulungwane ezinhlanu. ISaratov Bridge (2804, 11) neMetro Bridge eNovosibirsk (2 145, 18) aphakathi kwamabhuloho angamashumi amabili amade kakhulu eRussia.
12. Ukuphela kwebhuloho lokuqala laseSt. Petersburg kufanelekile ukuqhubeka kule noveli. Yakhiwa ngu-Alexander Menshikov ngo-1727. Ngemuva kokushona kukaPeter I, ongazange avume ukwakhiwa kwamabhuloho eSt. Petersburg, intandokazi yaba namandla onke futhi yabela isikhundla sobuphathi. Futhi i-Admiralty yayitholakala endaweni yaseMenshikov esiQhingini saseVasilievsky ngaphesheya kweNeva - kulula ukuya enkonzweni ngaphandle kokushintshela ezikebheni nasemuva. Ngakho-ke bakha ibhuloho elintantayo, elalicindezelwa eceleni ukuze kudlule imikhumbi ladilizwa ebusika. Lapho uMenshikov egumbuqelwa, wayala ukuthi kudilizwe ibhuloho. Kwafinyelelwa kulesi siqhingi, futhi leli bhuloho ladonswa ngejubane elikhulu yizakhamizi zaseSt. Isonto lika-Isaac (iSonto likaSt. Isaac lalimile eduze kwebhuloho eliseduze ne-Admiralty) livuselelwa ngo-1732, kodwa labhujiswa ngokushesha yisikhukhula sasekwindla. Ngo-1733, leli bhuloho lenziwa laba namandla ngokwengeziwe, futhi lama kwaze kwaba ngo-1916. Nokho, ngo-1850 wathuthela Spit of Vasilyevsky Island futhi ibhuloho laba Palace Palace. Mhlawumbe njengesikhumbuzo sasendulo, leli bhuloho belizosinda kuze kube yilolu suku, kodwa othile weza nomqondo ngenkathi yesitimela ukuze ahlele indawo yokugcina upharafini kuyo. Umphumela wawubikezelwe: ehlobo lika-1916, izinhlansi ezivela ezinhlakeni zabasebenzi zabaswa futhi ilangabi lafika ngokushesha kaphalafini. Izinsalela zebhuloho zasha izinsuku ezimbalwa. Kepha futhi kwakuyibhuloho lokuqala emhlabeni elinokukhanyisa ngogesi - ngo-1879 kwafakwa amalambu amaningana aklanywe ngu-PN Yablochkov.
13. Njengoba wazi, kufanele ukhokhele noma yikuphi okulula. Amabhuloho avame ukukhokhisa izimpilo zabantu ukuze kube lula. Kwesinye isikhathi zibhujiswa ngenxa yokungacabangi komuntu noma ukunganaki, kwesinye isikhathi ngezizathu zemvelo, kepha imvamisa ibhuloho libhujiswa yizo zonke izinto eziyinkimbinkimbi. Amacala eFrench Angers (1850) noma eSt. Petersburg (1905), lapho amabhuloho ewa ngenxa yokuthi amasosha ahambile ahlangana nokuzamazama kwebhuloho, kungathathwa njengokufanele - ukubhujiswa kunesizathu esisodwa esisobala. UClark Eldridge noLeon Moiseeff, ngenkathi beklama ibhuloho eTacoma Narrows e-United States, nabo bakushaye indiva ukuguquguquka kwesimo, kulokhu umoya ovunguzayo wawusondele. Ibhuloho liwile phambi kwabanikazi bamakhamera abaningana abathathe izithombe ezithokozisayo. Kepha ibhuloho elingaphezu kweFirth of Tay eScotland lawa ngo-1879 hhayi kuphela ngenxa yomoya namandla namagagasi, kepha futhi nangenxa yokuthi izisekelo zalo zazingakhelwanga umthwalo onzima - isitimela naso sethulwa ngaphesheya kwebhuloho. Amanzi omfula iTei abe yithuna labantu abangama-75. I- "Silver Bridge" ese-United States phakathi kweWest Virginia ne-Ohio, eyakhiwa ngo-1927, isikhathele nje eminyakeni engama-40. Kwakubalwa ngokuhamba kwezimoto zabagibeli ezinesisindo sama-600 - 800 kg namaloli ahambisanayo. Futhi ngawo-1950, kwaqala inkathi ye-gigantism yezimoto, futhi izimoto ezinesisindo seloli langaphambi kwempi zaqala ukugibela "eSilver Bridge". Ngolunye usuku, kude kakhulu nabantu abangama-46, leli bhuloho lawela emanzini ase-Ohio. Ngeshwa, amabhuloho azoqhubeka nokuwa - amazwe manje anqikaza kakhulu ukutshala imali kwingqalasizinda, futhi amabhizinisi azimele adinga inzuzo esheshayo. Awukwazi ukuyithola emabhulohweni.
14. Ngo-1850 eSt. Petersburg ukwakhiwa kwebhuloho lensimbi phezu kweNeva elinamamitha acishe abe ngama-300 ubude kwaphela. Ekuqaleni, yaqanjwa ngokuthi iBlagoveshchensky ngegama lesonto eliseduze. Kwathi emva kokufa kukaNicholas I, yaqanjwa kabusha ngokuthi uNikolaevsky. Ngaleso sikhathi ibhuloho lalide kakhulu eYurophu. Ngokushesha baqala ukuqamba izindaba nezinganekwane ngaye. U-Emperor, umdali webhuloho, uStanislav Kerbedz, kuthiwa wabela esinye isikhundla sezempi ngemuva kokufakwa kwesikhala ngasinye. UKerbedz waqala ukwakha ibhuloho esigabeni esikhulu. Uma inganekwane iyiqiniso, ngemuva kohambo lwesihlanu, wayezoba umphathi jikelele wenkundla, bese kuthi uNikolai asungule izihloko ezintathu ezintsha ngokwenani lezindiza ezisele. Abesilisa abahamba ngezintokazi babambana bodwa ngobuhle baleli bhuloho - isikhathi eside bekuwukuphela kwalo okuvunyelwe kulo ukubhema - amanye amabhuloho ayengokhuni. Ngaphambi nje kokushona kwakhe, uNicholas I, edlula ibhuloho, wahlangana nodwendwe oluncane lomngcwabo. Bangcwaba isosha ebelisebenze iminyaka engama-25 ebekiwe. Umbusi wehla enqoleni wahamba nesosha ohambweni lwakhe lokugcina. Ama-retinue aphoqeleka ukuba enze okufanayo.Ekugcineni, ngo-Okthoba 25, 1917, isibhamu samasentimitha angu-6 se-cruiser Aurora, esasiseduze nebhuloho laseNikolaevsky, sanikeza isignali sokuqala kokubhidlizwa kuka-Okthoba, okwathiwa kamuva yiGreat October Socialist Revolution.
15. Kusukela ngo-1937 kuya ku-1938, kwakhiwa noma kwakhiwa kabusha amabhuloho ayi-14 eMoscow. Phakathi kwabo kukhona kuphela iCrimean Bridge (eMoscow) enhlokodolobha, ethanda kakhulu labo abafuna ukuzibulala, neBolshoi Kamenny Bridge - ipanorama edumile yaseKremlin ivula kuyo. IBolshoi Moskvoretsky Bridge, exhuma uVasilievsky Spusk noBolshaya Ordynka, nayo yakhiwa kabusha. Kwakukhona ukuwela lapha ngekhulu le-16, kanti ibhuloho lokuqala lakhiwa ngo-1789. Ezikhathini zamuva nje, leli bhuloho laziwa ngokuthi kwakukulo lapho kwafika khona indiza elula yaseJalimane iMatthias Rust, eyathi ngo-1987 yanqoba lonke uhlelo lokuvikela umoya lwe-USSR. Kwabe sekwakhiwa ibhuloho elidala kunawo wonke eRussia, iSmolensky. Abagibeli bokuqala bebhuloho lamakhilomitha angu-150 lamakhilomitha ayisithupha eline-arched arched ikakhulukazi baphawule umehluko phakathi kwezindonga ezimnyama zomhubhe kamasipala kanye nemibono emihle yoMfula iMoskva namabhange alo avele ngokuzumayo.
