Phakathi kwabaholi baseSoviet bengxenye yesibili yekhulu lamashumi amabili, isibalo sika-Alexei Nikolaevich Kosygin (1904 - 1980) sehlukile. NjengoNdunankulu (ngaleso sikhathi isikhundla sakhe sasibizwa ngokuthi "Usihlalo woMkhandlu Wongqongqoshe we-USSR"), wahola umnotho weSoviet Union iminyaka eyi-15. Eminyakeni edlule, i-USSR iphenduke amandla amakhulu kakhulu ngomnotho wesibili emhlabeni. Kungenzeka ukuthi kubhalwe impumelelo esezingeni lezigidi zamathani namamitha ayisikwele isikhathi eside kakhulu, kepha umphumela oyinhloko wezimpumelelo zezomnotho zama-1960s - 1980s iyindawo eyiSoviet Union ngaleso sikhathi emhlabeni.
U-Kosygin akakwazanga ukuziqhayisa ngemvelaphi yakhe (indodana yomjikeli nomama wekhaya) noma imfundo (isikole sobuchwepheshe i-Potrebkooperatsii kanye ne-1935 Textile Institute), kepha wayefundwa kahle, wayenenkumbulo enhle kakhulu futhi enombono obanzi. Akekho owayengacabanga emhlanganweni womuntu siqu ukuthi u-Alexei Nikolaevich wayengazange athole imfundo edingekayo yesikhulu esiphezulu. Kodwa-ke, cishe eminyakeni efanayo, uStalin wazwana nesikole sabefundisi esasingakaqedwa futhi ngandlela thile waphathwa ...
Ngo-Alexei Nikolaevich, osebenza nabo baphawula amakhono ahlukile ezindabeni ezisemthethweni. Akahlangananga imihlangano ukuze alalele ochwepheshe futhi anciphise umbono wabo kowodwa. U-Kosygin uhlale enza noma yiluphi udaba ngokwakhe, futhi waqoqa ongoti ukwenza izindlela zokuxazulula nokulungisa amapulani.
1. Isethulo sokuqala esibucayi se-AN Kosygin ngaleso sikhathi sasinelukuluku lokwazi. Ngemuva kokuthola ucingo oluya eMoscow, usihlalo weLeningrad City Executive Committee (1938 - 1939) ekuseni ngoJanuwari 3, 1939 wagibela isitimela saseMoscow. Masingakhohlwa ukuthi u-1939 usanda kuqala. ULavrenty Beria ngoNovemba kuphela ungene esikhundleni sikaNikolai Yezhov esikhundleni se-People's Commissar ye-NKVD futhi wayengakabi nesikhathi sokubhekana nabaphuli bamathambo abavela ehhovisi eliphakathi. Umakhelwane kaKosygin egumbini kwakungumlingisi odumile uNikolai Cherkasov, owayesanda kudlala kumafilimu athi "Peter the First" nethi "Alexander Nevsky". UCherkasov, owayenesikhathi sokufunda amaphephandaba asekuseni, wahalalisela uKosygin ngokuqokwa kwakhe okuphezulu. U-Alexei Nikolaevich wamangala ngandlela thile, ngoba wayengazazi izizathu zokubizelwa eMoscow. Kuvele ukuthi isimemezelo sokuqokwa kwakhe njenge-People's Commissar we-USSR Textile Industry sisayinwe ngoJanuwari 2 futhi sesivele sishicilelwe kwabezindaba. Kulokhu okuthunyelwe, uKosygin wasebenza kwaze kwaba ngu-Ephreli 1940.
2. UKosygin, yize ngokusemthethweni, ngenxa yokubamba iqhaza kwakhe ekugumbuqelweni kukaKhrushchev, futhi engathathwa njengelungu leqembu likaBrezhnev, wayengayifanele inkampani yaseBrezhnev ngohlamvu nangendlela yokuphila. Wayengawathandi amaphathi anomsindo, amadili nokunye ukuzijabulisa, futhi empilweni yansuku zonke wayenesizotha kwaze kwaba seqophelweni lokuzincisha. Cishe akekho owayemvakashela, njengoba nje kwakunzima kuye kunoma ubani. Waphumula esibhedlela esiseKislovodsk. I-sanatorium, okwakungeyona eyamalungu eKomidi Elikhulu, kepha akukho okunye. Onogada babehlala eceleni, nenhloko yoMkhandlu Wongqongqoshe uqobo yahamba ngaleyo ndlela, eyayibizwa nge- "Kosygin". UKosygin waya eCrimea amahlandla ambalwa, kepha umbuso wezokuphepha lapho wawuqine kakhulu, futhi itende elinocingo "olushintshayo" lumi ngqo ogwini, luhlobo luni lokuphumula ...
3. Emngcwabeni kaMongameli waseGibhithe uGamal Abdel Nasser A. Kosygin wayemele umbuso waseSoviet. Futhi lolu hambo waluthatha njengohambo lwebhizinisi - sonke isikhathi wayezama ukuphenya inhlabathi yezepolitiki yaseGibhithe. Wayefuna imininingwane ngomlandeli kaNasser (ngaleso sikhathi owayengakaqinisekiswa), u-Anwar Sadat, kunoma yimuphi umthombo. Ngokubona ukuthi ukuhlolwa kwabasebenzi bamanxusa nezikhulu zezobunhloli - bakhomba uSadat njengomuntu oziqhenyayo, omile, ononya nobuso obubili - kuyaqinisekiswa, uKosygin wavumelana nombono wabo. Ngaphambi nje kokuhamba, wakhumbula ukuthi kwakudingeka alethe izikhumbuzo kwabathandekayo bakhe, futhi wacela umhumushi ukuthi athenge okuthile esikhumulweni sezindiza. Ukuthengwa bekungamanani amakhilogremu angama-20 aseGibhithe.
4. UKosygin wayesondele kubaholi abadutshulwa futhi balahlwa yicala ngaphansi kwalokhu okuthiwa. Icala "Leningrad" (empeleni, kwakukhona amacala amaningana, kanye namacala). Izihlobo zakhumbula ukuthi izinyanga ezimbalwa u-Alexei Nikolaevich waya emsebenzini, njengokungathi ingunaphakade. Noma kunjalo, konke kwasebenza, yize kwakukhona ubufakazi obuphikisana noKosygin, futhi wayengenabo abakhulumeli abaphezulu.
5. Yonke imihlangano nemihlangano yebhizinisi A. Kosygin yenziwa ngendlela eyomile, efana nebhizinisi, ngandlela-thile nangendlela enokhahlo. Wonke amacala ahlekisayo noma angokomzwelo ngokubamba iqhaza kwakhe angabalwa eminweni yesandla esisodwa. Kodwa ngezinye izikhathi u-Alexei Nikolaevich wayesavumela ukukhanyisa ithoni yebhizinisi lemihlangano. Kanye emhlanganweni weHhovisi likaHulumeni loMkhandlu Wongqongqoshe, kwacatshangelwa uhlelo lokwakhiwa kwezikhungo zamasiko nezomnotho eziphakanyiswe nguMnyango Wezamasiko ngonyaka ozayo. Ngaleso sikhathi, ukwakhiwa kweGreat Moscow Circus kwase kuphele iminyaka kwakhiwa, kepha kwakusekude ukuba kuphele. UKosygin uthole ukuthi ukuze kuqedelwe ukwakhiwa kwesekisi, umuntu udinga ama-ruble ayisigidi nonyaka wokusebenza, kepha lesi sigidi asabelwe eMoscow. UNgqongqoshe Wezamasiko u-Yekaterina Furtseva ukhulume emhlanganweni. Ebambe izandla zakhe esifubeni, wacela isigidi sesekisi. Ngenxa yesimilo sakhe esibi, uFurtseva wayengathandwa kakhulu kuma-elite aseSoviet, ngakho-ke ukusebenza kwakhe akuzange kube nomthelela. Ngokungalindelekile, uKosygin uthathe isikhundla, ehlongoza ukwaba inani elidingekayo kungqongqoshe wesifazane kuphela phakathi kwezethameli. Kuyacaca ukuthi isinqumo kwavunyelwana ngaso ngokushesha. Kuyisikweletu sikaFurtseva, wasigcina isithembiso sakhe - ngemuva konyaka, isekisi elikhulu kunawo wonke eYurophu lathola izibukeli zokuqala.
6. Kuningi okulotshwe ngezinguquko zikaKosygin, futhi cishe akukho okubhaliwe mayelana nezizathu ezenze ukuthi izinguquko zidingeke. Kunalokho, bayabhala, kodwa ngemiphumela yalezi zizathu: ukwehla kokukhula komnotho, ukushoda kwezimpahla nemikhiqizo, njll. Kwesinye isikhathi bakhuluma ngokudlula "ngokunqoba imiphumela yenkolo yobuntu". Lokhu akuchazi lutho - kube nenkolo embi, yehlula imiphumela yayo, konke kufanele kube ngcono kuphela. Futhi kungazelelwe izinguquko ziyadingeka. Ibhokisi elincane elichaza okuzenzakalelayo livuleka kalula. Iningi lababhali, abezentatheli kanye nabezomnotho yinzalo yalabo abavuselelwa nguKhrushchev. Ngalokhu bayambonga uNikita Sergeevich isikhathi esingaphezu kwengxenye yekhulu leminyaka. Uma bengithethisa kwesinye isikhathi, kuzoba ngothando: waqamba lo mbila, kepha wabiza abaculi ngamagama amabi. Kepha empeleni, uKrushchev ubhubhise ngokuphelele umkhakha obaluleke kakhulu ongewona wombuso wezomnotho waseSoviet. Ngaphezu kwalokho, wayicekela phansi ihlanzekile - kusuka ezinkomeni ezimpofu kuya kumathelevishini akhiqiza imisakazo namathelevishini. Ngokwezibalo ezahlukahlukene, imikhakha ezimele ibamba u-6 kuye ku-17% we-GDP ye-USSR. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lawa kwakungamaphesenti, awela ngokweqile ngqo endlini noma etafuleni lomthengi. Ama-Artels nama-cooperatives akhiqiza cishe uhhafu wefenisha yaseSoviet, wonke amathoyizi ezingane, izingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu zezitsha zensimbi, nengxenye yesithathu yezingubo ezilukiwe. Ngemuva kokuhlakazwa kwama-artel, le mikhiqizo yanyamalala, ngakho-ke kwaba nokushoda kwezimpahla, kwavela ukungalingani embonini. Yingakho kwakudingeka izinguquko zeKosygin - kwakungekhona ukulwela ukupheleliswa, kodwa isinyathelo esivela emaphethelweni kwalasha.
7. Ngisho nangaphambi kokusula kwakhe esikhundleni sokuba ngusihlalo woMkhandlu Wongqongqoshe, kodwa esevele egula kakhulu, u-A.Kosygin uxoxisane nosihlalo webhodi le-USSR Centrosoyuz ngamathuba okuthuthukiswa kokubambisana. Ngokuya ngohlelo lukaKosygin, amabhizinisi abambisanayo anganikela ngokufika kuma-40% wenzuzo yokuthengisa ezweni futhi athathe indawo efanayo emkhakheni wezinsizakalo. Inhloso enkulu, empeleni, bekungekhona ukukhulisa umkhakha wokubambisana, kepha ukuthuthukisa ikhwalithi yezimpahla nezinsizakalo. Ngaphambi kwe-perestroika fanfare yayineminyaka engaphezu kwemihlanu ubudala.
8. Empeleni, hhayi umqondo ohlakaniphe kakhulu wokwabela i-USSR Quality Mark kuzimpahla ekuqaleni ezinwetshelwe imikhiqizo yokudla. Ikhomishini ekhethekile yabantu abambalwa inikeze i-Quality Mark, futhi ingxenye yale khomishini ibivakashele - ibisebenza ngqo emabhizinisini, ikhipha amaqembu ngokusebenza kwawo. Abaqondisi bakhonona ngokweqile, kepha abalokothi balwe “nolayini weqembu”. Kuze kube komunye wemihlangano noKosygin, umqondisi wesikhathi eside wefektri yama-confectionery yaseKrasny Oktyabr u-Anna Grinenko ubize ngqo ukusebenzisana ne-Quality Mark ngemikhiqizo engenangqondo. UKosygin wamangala futhi wazama ukuphikisana, kepha ngemuva kosuku nje umsizi wakhe wabiza uGrinenko wathi ukwabiwa kweQuality Mark kumikhiqizo yokudla kukhanseliwe.
9. Njengoba u-A. Kosygin alayishwa ngomgomo wokuthi "noma ngubani onenhlanhla, siyamthwala," ngakho-ke ngo-1945 kwakudingeka alungiselele isimemezelo sokwehlukaniswa kwendawo yabakhululekile ekuqothulweni kwamaJapane eSouth Sakhalin. Kwakudingeka ngifunde imibhalo, ubufakazi obungokomlando, ngize ngibheke nakwinganekwane. Ikhomishini eholwa nguKosygin yakhetha amagama amadolobha nezifunda eziyi-14 kanye nemizi eyisithupha yokubuswa kwesifunda. Lesi simemezelo samukelwa, amadolobha nezifunda zaqanjwa kabusha, kwathi izakhamuzi zaseSakhalin ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yama-1960, ngesikhathi sohambo lokusebenza lukaSihlalo woMkhandlu WabaNgqongqoshe, zakhumbuza u-Alexei Nikolaevich ukuthi wayenguye “unkulunkulukazi” wedolobha noma wesifunda sabo.
10. Ngo-1948, u-Alexey Nikolaevich kusuka ngoFebhuwari 16 kuya kuDisemba 28 wasebenza njengoNgqongqoshe Wezezimali wase-USSR. Isikhathi esifushane somsebenzi sichazwe kalula - uKosygin ubala imali yombuso. Iningi labaholi belingakazisusi izindlela "zamasosha" zokuphathwa kwezomnotho - phakathi neminyaka yempi babenganaki kakhulu imali, zazinyatheliswa njengoba kudingeka. Eminyakeni yangemva kwempi, ngisho nangemva kokuguqulwa kwemali, kwakudingeka ukuthi kufundwe ukusebenza ngendlela ehlukile. Abaholi bakholelwa ukuthi uKosygin wayecindezela imali ngezizathu zomuntu siqu. UJV Stalin uze wathola nesiginali mayelana nokuqolwa kwemali enkonzweni naseGokhran. Lokhu kuhlolwa kwakuphethwe nguLev Mehlis. Le ndoda yayikwazi ukuthola amaphutha kuyo yonke indawo, okwakuhambisana nomlingiswa ongenangqondo futhi oqaphelayo, okwamenza waba yisithusi somholi wanoma yisiphi isikhundla. KuNgqongqoshe Wezezimali, uMehlis akazange athole noma yikuphi ukushiyeka, kepha eGokhran kwashoda amagremu ayi-140 egolide. UMehlis “onolaka” wamema osokhemisi endlini yokugcina izimpahla. Ukuhlolwa kubonise ukuthi ukulahleka okungabalulekile (millionths kwephesenti) kwenziwa ngesikhathi kukhishwa igolide eSverdlovsk nokubuyiselwa kwalo emuva. Yize kunjalo, yize kube nemiphumela emihle yocwaningomabhuku, uKosygin wasuswa eMnyangweni Wezezimali waqokwa njengoNgqongqoshe Wezimboni Ezikhanyayo.
11. Ubudlelwano besiphekepheke sikaKosygin bavumela abamele iPakistan M. Ayub Khan kanye ne-India uL B. Shastri ukuthi basayine isimemezelo sokuthula eTashkent esaphela impikiswano yegazi. Ngokwe-Tashkent Declaration ka-1966, amaqembu aqala impi ngezindawo eziphikisanayo zaseKashmir ngo-1965 avuma ukuhoxisa amasosha futhi aqale kabusha ubudlelwane bezombusazwe, ezohwebo nezamasiko. Bobabili abaholi baseNdiya nabasePakistan bakuthokozele kakhulu ukulungela kukaKosygin ukuthola ithuba lokuxhumana ngeziphathimandla - inhloko kahulumeni waseSoviet akazange anqikaze ukuwavakashela esuka lapho ehlala khona eya kwenye indawo. Le nqubomgomo yagcotshwa ngempumelelo. Ngeshwa, inhloko yesibili kahulumeni wezwe elizimele laseNdiya, uLB Shastri, wagula kakhulu washona eTashkent ezinsukwini ezimbalwa ngemuva kokusayinwa kwesimemezelo. Noma kunjalo, ngemuva kwezingxoxo zikaTashkent, ukuthula eKashmir kwahlala iminyaka eyi-8.
12. Inqubomgomo yemali ka-Alexei Kosygin ngesikhathi sonke sokuba nguSihlalo woMkhandlu Wongqongqoshe (1964-1980), njengoba besengasho manje, yanqunywa ngefomula elula - ukukhula komkhiqizo wabasebenzi kufanele, okungenani ngenani elincane, kudlule ukukhula komholo omaphakathi. Naye uqobo wadumala kakhulu ngezinyathelo zakhe zokuguqula ezomnotho lapho ebona ukuthi izinhloko zamabhizinisi, sezitholile inzuzo eyeqile, zenyusa amaholo ngokungenangqondo. Ukholelwe ukuthi ukwanda okunjalo kufanele kulandele kuphela ukwanda komkhiqizo wabasebenzi. Ngo-1972, iSoviet Union yathola ukwehluleka okukhulu kwezitshalo. Abanye abaphathi beminyango kanye neState Planning Commission banqume ukuthi ngonyaka we-1973 obunzima ngokusobala kungenzeka ukuthi bakhuphule amaholo ngenani elifanayo ngokunyuka kokukhiqizwa kwabasebenzi ngo-1%. Kodwa-ke, uKosygin wenqabile ukuvumela uhlelo olusalungiswa kuze kube yilapho ukukhushulwa komholo kwehliswa kwaba ngu-0.8%.
13. U-Alexei Kosygin nguyena kuphela owayemele izikhulu zamandla eziphakeme kakhulu eSoviet Union owaphikisana ngokuqinile nomsebenzi wokudlulisa ingxenye yokugeleza kwemifula yaseSiberia iye eCentral Asia naseKazakhstan. UKosygin wayekholelwa ukuthi umonakalo odalwe ukudluliswa kwamanzi amaningi ebangeni elifinyelela ku-2,500 km uzodlula kude izinzuzo zezomnotho.
14. UJermen Gvishiani, umyeni wendodakazi ka-A. Kosygin, ukhumbule ukuthi, ngokusho komukhwe wakhe, ngaphambi kweMpi Enkulu Yobuzwe, u-Stalin wagxeka ephindelela abaholi bezempi baseSoviet emehlweni, ebabheka bengayilungele impi enkulu. UKosygin uthe uStalin, ngendlela ehlekisa kakhulu, ucele abamasosha ukuba bazilungiselele ukungasukeli isitha, esasibalekela ngejubane elikhulu endaweni yaso, kodwa izimpi ezinzima. lapho kungadingeka ulahlekelwe yingxenye yezempi ngisho nensimu ye-USSR. Ngezehlakalo ezalandela, kuyacaca ukuthi abaholi bamasosha bawathatha ngokungathi sína kangakanani amazwi kaStalin. Kodwa ochwepheshe bezempi, ababephethwe, kufaka phakathi uKosygin, bakwazile ukulungiselela impi. Ezinsukwini zayo zokuqala, ingxenye ebalulekile yamandla ezomnotho e-USSR yathunyelwa empumalanga. Iqembu lika-Alexey Nikolaevich likhiphe amabhizinisi angaphezu kuka-1 500 kulezi zinsuku ezimbi.
15. Ngenxa yencithakalo kaKhrushchev, abamele i-USSR iminyaka eminingi bavakashela cishe wonke amazwe omhlaba wesithathu ngokulandelana kwezinhlamvu zamagama, beqinisekisa ubuholi babo ngobungani babo. Ngasekuqaleni kwawo-1970, uKosygin naye kwakudingeka enze uhambo olunjalo eMorocco. Ukuhlonipha izivakashi ezihlonishwayo, iNkosi u-Faisal isingathe idili esigodlweni sayo semfashini, esisogwini lolwandle. Undunankulu waseSoviet, owayezibheka njengombhukudi onekhono, wajabula wangena emanzini ase-Atlantic. Onogada ababehamba noSihlalo woMkhandlu WoNgqongqoshe wase-USSR kulolu hambo bakhumbula isikhathi eside ngosuku lapho kwakufanele babambe khona u-A.Kosygin emanzini - kwavela ukuthi ukuze baphume olwandle, kudingeka ikhono elithile.
16. Ngo-1973, iKhansela laseJalimane uWilly Brandt wanikeza ubuholi be-USSR izimoto ezintathu zakwaMercedes zezinhlobonhlobo. L. Brezhnev wayala ukushayela imodeli ayithandayo egalaji likaNobhala Jikelele. Ngokombono, ezinye izimoto ezimbili zazenzelwe uKosygin noNikolai Podgorny, uSihlalo weSupreme Soviet ye-USSR, ngaleso sikhathi wayebhekwa njengenhloko yezwe, "uMongameli we-USSR". Ngokuqalisa kukaKosygin, zombili lezi zimoto zadluliselwa "emnothweni wezwe". Omunye wabashayeli baka-Aleksey Nikolayevich kamuva wakhumbula ukuthi abasebenza ku-KGB bahamba ngezabelo e "Mercedes".
17. U-Alexey Nikolaevich wayehlala nonkosikazi wakhe uKlavdia Andreevna (1908 - 1967) iminyaka engama-40. Unkosikazi wakhe washona ngoMeyi 1, cishe emizuzwini efanayo noKosygin, emi emsamo weMausoleum, emukela umbukiso wabasebenzi. Maye, kwesinye isikhathi ukucatshangelwa kwezepolitiki kungaphezu kothando oluhlonipha kakhulu. UKosygin wasinda kuKlavdia Ivanovna eneminyaka engama-23, futhi yonke le minyaka wayegcina imemori yakhe enhliziyweni yakhe.
18. Kokuxhumana kwezebhizinisi, uKosygin akakaze abhekise ebunzimeni kuphela, kepha nasekubhekiseni ku "wena". Ngakho ubize abantu abambalwa abasondele ngempela nabasizi bomsebenzi. Omunye wabasizi bakhe ukhumbula ukuthi uKosygin wambiza ngokuthi "wena" isikhathi eside, yize wayemncane kunabo bonke kozakwabo. Ngemuva kwesikhashana, ngemuva kokuphothula izabelo eziningi ezibucayi, u-Alexey Nikolaevich waqala ukubiza umsizi omusha ngokuthi "wena". Noma kunjalo, uma kunesidingo, uKosygin angaba nzima kakhulu. Ngesinye isikhathi, ngesikhathi somhlangano wabasebenzi bakawoyela, umphathi kusuka kubaholi besifunda saseTomsk, ebika ebalazweni ngokuba khona "kwemithombo" - imithombo ethembisayo - esikhundleni sesifunda saseTomsk sakhuphukela eNovosibirsk ngephutha. Abaphindanga bambona futhi ezikhundleni ezibucayi zobuholi.
ishumi nesishiyagalolunye.UNikolai Baybakov, owayemazi uKosygin kusukela ngezikhathi zangaphambi kwempi, owayesebenza njengephini lika-Alexei Nikolaevich nosihlalo weKhomishini Yezokuhlelwa Kwesifundazwe, ukholelwa ukuthi izinkinga zezempilo zikaKosygin zaqala ngo-1976. Ngesikhathi egibela isikebhe, u-Alexei Nikolaevich wavele waquleka. Isikebhe saginqika futhi wacwila. Vele, uKosygin wakhishwa ngokushesha emanzini futhi wanikezwa usizo lokuqala, kepha kwadingeka ahlale esibhedlela isikhathi esingaphezu kwezinyanga ezimbili. Ngemuva kwalesi sigameko, uKosygin ngandlela thile wafiphala, nasePolitburo izindaba zakhe zaziya ngokuya ziba zimbi kakhulu, futhi lokhu akuzange kube nomthelela ekuthuthukiseni impilo yakhe.
20. UKosygin wakuphikisa kakhulu ukuqhutshwa kwamasosha e-Afghanistan. Ejwayele ukubala yonke indibilishi yombuso, uphakamise ukuthi anikeze i-Afghanistan noma yini nanoma yini, kodwa akumele kuthunyelwe amasosha. Maye, izwi lakhe lalinesizungu, kwathi ngo-1978, ithonya lika-Alexei Nikolaevich kwamanye amalungu ePolitburo lancishiswa laba lincane.
