I-alfabhethi iyisihluthulelo solwazi. Ukufunda ama-alfabhethi, senza isinyathelo sokuqala nesibheke ekujwayeleni okuhlelekile nesayensi namasiko, sithola ithuluzi elingenakubuyiselwa lokuthola ulwazi olusha.
Kukholelwa ukuthi i-alfabhethi lokuqala lohlamvu lwezinhlamvu lavela ngekhulu le-13 BC. e., lapho abaseFenike benza ushintsho olunqumayo besuka kwizimpawu ezikhombisa amagama baya kwizimpawu ezikhombisa imisindo. Cishe wonke amagama akhona ayinzalo yombhalo waseFenike noma waseKhanani. Ku-alfabhethi laseFenike, izinhlamvu zazichaza ongwaqa kuphela futhi zazanele. Kodwa-ke, nangesiRashiya sanamuhla, iningi lemibhalo lizohlala liqondakala uma uloba ngezinhlamvu ezingwaqa kuphela.
Umlando wama-alfabhethi aseRussia ungalandelwa kahle. Kuqhamuka ezinhlamvwini zesiBulgaria zeCyrillic, uCyril noMethodius abazivumelanisa kancane kancane, okokuqala nolimi lwesiSlavonic seSonto Elidala, kwase kuba ku-Old Russian. Izinhlamvu zamaRashiya athuthuke njengesidalwa esiphilayo - kwavela izinhlamvu ezintsha, ezinye zangasetshenziswa kakhulu noma ezingadingekile zanyamalala. Uhlobo lwamanje lwe-alfabhethi laseRussia lungahlehlela emuva ngo-1942. Ngemuva kwalokho ukusetshenziswa kwencwadi "ё" kwaba yisibopho, ngokulandelana, ku-alfabhethi kwakukhona izinhlamvu ezingama-33.
Nawa amanye amaqiniso amnandi mayelana nezinhlamvu zaseRussia:
1. Izinhlamvu zamagama zesiCyrillic zazinezinhlamvu ezingama-49. Kancane kancane, isibalo sabo sehla saya ku-32, saphinde sakhula kancane ngenxa ka- “e”.
2. Imvamisa uhlamvu oluthi “o” lisetshenziswa ngesiRashiya. Incwadi engavamile ekubhalweni kweRussia isibonakaliso esinzima.
3. Uhlamvu oluthi "o" ludala ngeminyaka engu-2 000 kunamagama wonke. Isetshenziswe izikhathi eziyi-8 egameni elithi “amandla okuvikela”.
4. Uhlamvu oluthi "y" luthatha indawo engama-23 ephezulu kokungama-33 ekusetshenzisweni kaningi, kepha amagama angama-74 kuphela aqala ngayo.
5. Awekho amagama esiRashiya aqala ngezimpawu ezithambile nezinzima nama- "s".
6. Uhlamvu oluthi "f" luvela kuphela emagameni avela kwamanye amazwe.
7. UPeter I, eguqula indlela yokubhalwa kwamagama, wasusa izinhlamvu "xi", "omega" kanye "psi" ku-alfabhethi. Umbusi wayefuna ukususa ezinye izinhlamvu ezine nayo yonke imibhalo engaphezulu, kodwa ukuphikisana kwabapristi kwakukukhulu kangangokuba noPeter owayethukile waphoqeleka ukuba ahlehle. ULomonosov kamuva wabiza ukuguqulwa kukaPeter I ukugqokwa kwezinhlamvu ezivela ezigqokweni zoboya basebusika zibe izingubo zasehlobo.
8. Incwadi "ё" yasungulwa emuva ngo-1783, kodwa ekugcineni yafakwa ezinhlamvwini kuphela ngemva kwekhulu nesigamu. Isibongo seqhawe elithi "Anna Karenina" kwakungu "Levin". ELevin yaqanjwa kabusha ngabasebenzi bokuphrinta. Kodwa-ke, kamuva u-Andrei Bely noMaria Tsvetaeva abayisebenzisanga le ncwadi ngokomthetho. Ngo-1956, yenziwa yaba inketho futhi. Kwi-Internet yaseRussia, izingxoxo ezishubile mayelana no "yo" azange zehle kwaze kwaba ngu-2010.
9. Uphawu oluqinile manje akusiyona incwadi elula kunazo zonke ongayisebenzisa, futhi ngaphambi kokulungiswa kuka-1918, owayengaphambi kwakhe, owayebizwa ngokuthi "er", wayeyitshe legumbi lokufunda. Kwakufanele ibekwe ngokuya ngemithetho ekhethekile ekugcineni kwamagama (kodwa hhayi wonke) aphele ngongwaqa. Kwakunama- "ers" angaphezu kwama-50 cishe kunoma yiliphi ikhasi lezincwadi. Zonke "izinkathi" ezikopishwe kusuka ku- "War and Peace" bezizothatha amakhasi angama-70.
10. Ngenkathi kwenziwa izinguquko ngo-1918, izinhlamvu ezimbili zokugcina zasuswa ezinhlamvwini zamagama, kwathi eyokugcina yaba “Mina”. Emibuthanweni ethile, izinguquko zahunyushwa kanjena: "AmaBolsheviks abeka ubuntu bomuntu endaweni yokugcina."
11. Ukususwa kwencwadi ethi “imure” ezinhlamvwini zezinhlamvu kwabuye kwahunyushwa ngendlela efanayo - uhulumeni omusha uyenqaba ukugcoba ama-Orthodox.
12. Izinhlamvu zamagama zesiCyrillic zazisuselwa ku-alfabhethi lesiGreki, ngakho-ke ukuhleleka kwezinhlamvu kufana kakhulu nezinhlamvu zamaRashiya nezesiGreki. Ngezinhlamvu ezichaza imisindo engekho esiGrekini, uCyril noMethodius basebenza ngendlela elula futhi enengqondo - bazibeka phambi kwesiGreki esifana kakhulu ("b" ngaphambi "c", "g" ngaphambi "z"), noma babeka ekugcineni kohlu ...
13. Ngaphandle kwamayunithi abaliwe, wonke amagama aqala ngo- “a” abolekwe. Isibonelo, "i-alfabhethi". Kodwa igama elithi "alfabhethi" lingowokudabuka eRussia.
14. Umbhali owaziwayo u-Alexander Solzhenitsyn vele ngawo-1970 uhlongoze ukubuyisela u- “yat” no “er” ezinhlamvwini zaseRussia.
15. Uhlamvu oluthi "e" luvele ngezinhlamvu zamagama ngemuva kokuboleka amagama angaphandle ngomsindo ofanayo. Ngaphambi kwalokho, sasingekho isidingo saso. Ngisho namanje, ngamagama amaningi, ikakhulukazi ekugcineni, ithathelwa indawo ngu "e", isibonelo, "pince-nez".
