Izimfihlakalo ezingasonjululwanga emhlabeni wethu ziya ngokuya zincipha minyaka yonke. Ukuthuthuka okuqhubekayo kobuchwepheshe, ukubambisana kososayensi abavela emikhakheni ehlukahlukene yesayensi kusivezela izimfihlo nezimfihlakalo zomlando. Kepha izimfihlo zamaphiramidi zisaphikisana nokuqondwa - konke okutholakele kunikeza ososayensi izimpendulo zokuzama zemibuzo eminingi. Ngubani owakha imibhoshongo yaseGibhithe, kwakuyini ubuchwepheshe bokwakha, ngabe kukhona isiqalekiso sofaro - le mibuzo neminye eminingi isala ingenampendulo eqondile.
Incazelo yamaphiramidi aseGibhithe
Abavubukuli bakhuluma ngamaphiramidi ayi-118 eGibhithe, ngokwengxenye noma agcinwe ngokuphelele esikhathini sethu. Iminyaka yabo isukela eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane ezine kuya kwezingu-10. Omunye wabo - uCheops - ukuphela "kwesimangaliso" esisindile esivela ku- "Izimangaliso Eziyisikhombisa Zomhlaba". Isakhiwo esibizwa nge- "The Great Pyramids of Giza", esihlanganisa nePyramid of Cheops, naso sathathwa njengomuntu obambe iqhaza emncintiswaneni we- "New Seven Wonders of the World", kodwa sahoxiswa ekuhlanganyeleni, ngoba lezi zinhlaka ezibabazekayo empeleni "ziyisimangaliso somhlaba" ohlwini lwasendulo.
Le mibhoshongo yaba yindawo evakashelwa kakhulu yokubuka izindawo eGibhithe. Zigcinwe ngokuphelele, okungeke kushiwo ngezinye izakhiwo eziningi - isikhathi asikaze sibe nomusa kubo. Izakhamizi zakule ndawo nazo zibe nesandla ekucekelweni phansi kwezindawo ezinkulu zasolwandle ngokususa okokufaka nokwephula amatshe ezindongeni ukwakha amakhaya azo.
Amapiramidi aseGibhithe akhiwa ngoFaro ababusa kusukela ngekhulu lama-XXVII BC. e. futhi kamuva. Zenzelwe ukuphumula kwababusi. Isikali esikhulu samathuna (amanye - aze acishe abe ngamamitha ayi-150) bekufanele afakazele ubukhulu babofaro abangcwatshwe; nakhu futhi kukhona izinto ezazithandwa umbusi ngesikhathi esaphila futhi ezingaba lusizo kuye empilweni yangemva kokufa.
Ngokwakhiwa, kwasetshenziswa amabhulokhi amatshe osayizi abahlukahlukene, akhishwa emadwaleni, kwathi kamuva izitini zaba yizinto zokwakha izindonga. Amabhulokhi amatshe aphendulwa futhi alungiswa ukuze insingo yommese ingakwazi ukushelela phakathi kwabo. Amabhulokhi abekwa ngaphezulu komunye nomunye nge-offset yamasentimitha amaningana, akha indawo enyathelwe yesakhiwo. Cishe yonke imipiramidi yaseGibhithe inesisekelo esiyisikwele, izinhlangothi zazo ezibhekiswe ngqo kumaphuzu okhadinali.
Njengoba amaphiramidi enza umsebenzi ofanayo, okungukuthi, ayesebenza njengendawo yokungcwaba oFaro, bese kuthi ngaphakathi kwesakhiwo nokuhlobisa afane. Ingxenye eyinhloko yihholo lokungcwaba, lapho kufakwe khona i-sarcophagus yombusi. Umnyango wawungahlelwanga ezingeni eliphansi, kepha wawungamamitha amaningana ukuphakama, futhi wawumbozwa ngamacwecwe abheke phezulu. Kusukela ekungeneni kwehholo elingaphakathi bekunezitebhisi nezindlwana-amaphaseji, kwesinye isikhathi anciphise kakhulu ukuthi kungenzeka ukuhamba kuzo kuphela ukugcwala noma ukukhasa.
Ezingxenyeni eziningi ze-necropolise, amakamelo okungcwaba (amakamelo) atholakala ngaphansi kwezinga lomhlabathi. Umoya wenziwa ngemigudu emincane yemigodi, egcwala izindonga. Imidwebo yamadwala nemibhalo yasendulo yenkolo iyatholakala ezindongeni zemibhoshongo eningi - empeleni, kubo ososayensi bathola imininingwane ethile ngokwakhiwa nangabanikazi bokungcwaba.
Izimfihlakalo eziyinhloko zemipiramidi
Uhlu lwezimfihlakalo ezingasonjululwanga luqala ngokuma kwama-necropolise. Kungani umumo wepiramidi wakhethwa, ohunyushwa kusuka esiGrekini ngokuthi "polyhedron"? Kungani ubuso babubekwe ngokusobala emaphuzwini amakhadinali? Amabhulokhi amatshe amakhulu asuka kanjani endaweni yezimayini futhi aphakanyiswa kanjani aya ezindaweni eziphakeme? Ngabe izakhiwo zakhiwe ngabafokazi noma abantu abane-crystal magic?
Ososayensi baze baphikisana ngombuzo wokuthi ngubani owakha izakhiwo ezinde kangako esezime izinkulungwane zeminyaka. Abanye bakholelwa ukuthi zakhiwa yizigqila ezafa ngamakhulu ezinkulungwane isakhiwo ngasinye. Kodwa-ke, okusha okutholwe abavubukuli kanye nezazi zesayensi yabantu kuyakholisa ukuthi abakhi babengabantu abakhululekile abathola ukudla okuhle nokunakekelwa kwezokwelapha. Benza iziphetho ezinjena ngokubheka ukwakheka kwamathambo, ukwakheka kwamathambo nokulimala okuphulukisiwe kwabakhi abangcwatshiwe.
Konke ukufa nokufa kwabantu abathintekayo ekutadisheni imibhoshongo yaseGibhithe kwabangelwa ukuqondana kwezinto okuyimfihlakalo, okwasusa amahemuhemu nokukhuluma ngesiqalekiso sofaro. Abukho ubufakazi besayensi ngalokhu. Mhlawumbe la mahlebezi aqalwa ukwethusa amasela nabaphangi abafuna ukuthola izinto eziyigugu nobucwebe emathuneni.
Izikhathi zokugcina eziqinile zokwakhiwa kwamaphiramidi aseGibhithe zingabangelwa amaqiniso ayindida athakazelisayo. Ngokusho kwezibalo, ama-necropolise amakhulu analelo banga lobuchwepheshe kufanele ngabe akhiwe okungenani ikhulu leminyaka. Isibonelo, iphiramidi yeCheops yakhiwa kanjani eminyakeni engama-20 nje kuphela?
Amaphiramidi Amakhulu
Leli igama lesakhiwo sokungcwaba eduze kwedolobha laseGiza, eliqukethe imibhoshongo emithathu emikhulu, isithombe esikhulu seSphinx namapiramidi amancane esathelayithi, okungenzeka ahloselwe amakhosikazi wababusi.
Ukuphakama kwasekuqaleni kwephiramidi yeCheops kwakungu-146 m, ubude ohlangothini - ama-230 m. Yakhiwa eminyakeni engama-20 ngekhulu le-XXVI BC. Indawo ephawuleka kakhulu eGibhithe ayinamahholo okungcwaba eyodwa kodwa amathathu. Eyodwa ingaphansi kwezinga lomhlabathi, kanti amabili angaphezulu kwesisekelo. Imigwaqo eminyene eholela emagumbini okungcwaba. Kubo ungaya ekamelweni likaFaro (inkosi), ekamelweni lendlovukazi nasehholo elingezansi. Igumbi likafaro liyikamelo le-granite elibomvana elinobukhulu obungu-10x5 m. Kufakwe kulo i-sarcophagus yohlobo lwe-granite ngaphandle kwesembozo. Ayikho imibiko yososayensi eyayinolwazi mayelana nezidumbu ezitholakele, ngakho-ke akwaziwa ukuthi uCheops wangcwatshwa lapha. Ngendlela, umama weCheops akazange atholakale kwamanye amathuna.
Kuseseyimfihlakalo ukuthi ngabe iphiramidi lamaCheops lasetshenziselwa inhloso yalo, futhi uma kunjalo, kusobala ukuthi laphangwa ngabaphangi emakhulwini eminyaka adlule. Igama lombusi, owalelwa ngokomyalo nomsebenzi wale thuna, lafundwa emidwebeni nakuma-hieroglyphs ngenhla kwegumbi lokungcwaba. Yonke eminye imipiramidi yaseGibhithe, ngaphandle kweDjoser, inesakhiwo esilula sobunjiniyela.
Amanye ama-necropolise amabili eGiza, awakhelwe izindlalifa zeCheops, ngosayizi athe xaxa:
Abavakashi beza eGiza bevela kulo lonke elaseGibhithe, ngoba leli dolobha empeleni liyindawo engaphansi kweCairo, futhi konke ukuhwebelana kwezokuthutha kuholela kulo. Abahambi abavela eRussia bavame ukuya eGiza njengengxenye yamaqembu ohambo avela eSharm el-Sheikh naseHurghada. Uhambo lude, amahora angu-6-8 ngendlela eyodwa, ngakho-ke uhambo luvame ukwakhelwa izinsuku ezi-2.
Izakhiwo ezinkulu zitholakala kuphela ngezikhathi zebhizinisi, imvamisa kuze kube ngu-5 ntambama, ngenyanga kaRamadan - kuze kube ngu-3 ntambama. Akunconyelwe ukungena ngaphakathi kwe-asthmatics, kanye nabantu abaphethwe yi-claustrophobia, isifo sezinzwa nesenhliziyo. Kufanele nakanjani uthathe amanzi okuphuza nezigqoko uhambe nohambo. Imali yokuvakasha iqukethe izingxenye eziningana:
- Ukungena enkingeni.
- Ukungena ngaphakathi kwephiramidi lamaCheops noma iKhafre.
- Ukungena eMnyuziyamu weSikebhe Solar, lapho umzimba kaFaro wahanjiswa khona ngaphesheya kweNayile.
Ngokumelene nesizinda samaphiramidi aseGibhithe, abantu abaningi bathanda ukuthatha izithombe, behleli emakameleni. Ungaxoxisana nabanikazi bamakamela.
Iphiramidi kaJjer
Iphiramidi lokuqala emhlabeni liseSaqqara, eduze neMemphis, inhlokodolobha yangaphambili yase-Ancient Egypt. Namuhla, iphiramidi ye-Djoser ayihehi izivakashi njenge-necropolis yaseCheops, kepha ngesinye isikhathi yayiyiyona enkulu kunazo zonke ezweni futhi eyinkimbinkimbi ngokwedizayini yobunjiniyela.
Isakhiwo sokungcwaba besinamasonto, amagceke nezindawo zokugcina izinto. Lo mbhoshongo oyizinyathelo eziyisithupha uqobo awunasisekelo esiyisikwele, kodwa unxande, unamacala angu-125x110 m. Ukuphakama kwesakhiwo uqobo kungamamitha angama-60, kunamakamelo okungcwaba ayi-12 ngaphakathi kuwo, lapho kwakuthiwa kungcwatshwe khona yena kanye namalungu omndeni wakhe. Umama kaharahara akatholakalanga ngenkathi kumbiwa. Yonke insimu yenkimbinkimbi, amahektha ayi-15, yayizungezwe udonga lwamatshe ukuphakama kwamamitha ayi-10. Njengamanje, ingxenye yodonga nezinye izakhiwo seyibuyisiwe, futhi iphiramidi, elisondele eminyakeni engama-4700, ligcinwe kahle.
