UBig Ben eceleni, uStonehenge angabhekwa njengophawu olubonakalayo lwaseNgilandi. Wonke umuntu uke wabona indandatho yamasilebhu amadala amakhulu emi edulini eliphansi otshanini obuluhlaza okungenani kanye. Yize ukude, noma kusondele, i-Stonehenge iyamangalisa, inika inhlonipho ngezikhathi lapho i-Atlanteans kwakubonakala sengathi ihlala eMhlabeni.
Umbuzo wokuqala wemvelo ovela kwabaningi lapho uthi shazi e-Stonehenge - ngani? Kungani la mabhulokhi amatshe ahlelwe ngale ndlela? Yimiphi imikhosi engaqondakali eyenzeka kulesisigejana samatshe asetshenziswe isikhathi?
Ngokuqondene nezindlela zokuletha amatshe nokwakha i-Stonehenge, khona-ke kunezindlela ezimbalwa kakhulu zokukhetha ngenxa yenani elilinganiselwe lezindlela (uma ungacabangi njengabafokazi ne-telekinesis). Okufanayo kusebenza kubantu abakha i-megalith - eNgilandi ngaleso sikhathi kwakungekho makhosi noma izigqila, ngakho-ke uStonehenge wakhiwa, eqondiswa kuphela yizinhloso zokomoya. Izikhathi lapho umbuzo uthi: "Uyafuna yini ukubamba iqhaza ezinhlelweni ezinkulu zokwakha emhlabeni wonke?" phendula "Uyini umholo?" khona-ke babengakafiki.
1. I-Stonehenge yakhiwa phakathi namakhulu eminyaka, kusukela cishe ku-3000 kuya ku-2100 BC. e. Ngaphezu kwalokho, sekuvele cishe ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yokuqala yeminyaka BC. kubukeka sengathi bakhohliwe ngaye. Ngisho namaRoma, aqopha konke ngenkuthalo, awasho nelilodwa igama mayelana ne-megalith efana nemipiramidi yaseGibhithe. UStonehenge "uyavela" futhi kuphela ngo-1130 emsebenzini kaHeinrich Huntingdon "Umlando wabantu abangamaNgisi". Wenza uhlu lwezimangaliso ezine zaseNgilandi, futhi nguStonehenge kuphela kulolu hlu okwakungumsebenzi womuntu.
2. Ngokujwayelekile, ukwakhiwa kweStonehenge kungahlukaniswa izigaba ezintathu. Kuqale kwathululwa izindunduma kwembiwa umsele phakathi kwabo. Lapho-ke i-megalith yakhiwa ngokhuni. Esigabeni sesithathu, izakhiwo zamapulangwe zathathelwa indawo ngamatshe.
3. I-Stonehenge iqukethe imibhoshongo emibili enomsele phakathi kwabo, i-Altar Stone, amatshe amane amile mpo (2 asinda, futhi asuswa), izindandatho ezintathu zemigodi, amatshe ayi-30 amile mpo ocingo lwangaphandle, axhunywe ngama-jumpers (ama-jumpers ayi-17 no-5 asindile) , Amatshe aluhlaza angama-59 noma angama-61 (kwasinda abayi-9), nama-triliths ama-5 ngaphezulu (izakhiwo ezimise okwe-U) kumbuthano wangaphakathi (kwasinda ama-3) Igama "ukusinda" lisho "ukuma mpo" - amanye amatshe alele, futhi ngasizathu simbe awazange athintwe ngesikhathi sokwakhiwa kabusha, yize amanye amatshe ayemi ahamba. Ngokwehlukana, ngaphandle kwendilinga, kumi itshe le-Heel. Kungaphezu kwakhe ukuthi iLanga liphuma ngosuku lwenkathi yasehlobo. Kwakuneminyango emibili yokungena eStonehenge: encane, njll. I-Avenue ngumgwaqo obheke ngaphandle ovalwe ngodonga lobumba.
4. Umlando osemthethweni ka-Stonehenge ubika ukuthi ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-19, uSthengehenge wayesesesimweni sokuthi kwakumele sakhe kabusha. Kakade ngemuva kwesigaba sokuqala sokwakhiwa kabusha (1901), lapho kwaphakanyiswa khona itshe elilodwa futhi kusolwa ukuthi lifakwe ncamashi endaweni, kwavela igagasi lokugxeka. Ngokushesha ngemuva kokuphela kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala, ukwakhiwa okusha kwaqala. Ngendlela, amaJalimane aphumelela ekuqhumeni ngebhomu eLondon nakwamanye amadolobha aseNgilandi eMpini Yezwe Yokuqala, ngakho-ke kwakukhona okumele kubuyiselwe lapho. Kepha banqume ukubuyisa inqwaba yamatshe afile njengento ebaluleke kakhulu. Le misebenzi yayinkulu kakhulu, kepha ngemuva kwempi enegazi umphakathi wawungavumi ukubhikisha. Ekugcineni, isigaba esibi kakhulu sokwakhiwa kabusha senzeka ngo-1958-1964. Lapha kwase kusetshenziswe imishini esindayo, ukhonkolo, imishini yokubona, ama-theodolites, njll. Futhi ngokushesha ngemuva kokuphela, kwashicilelwa incwadi kaGerald Hawkins ethi "The Solution to the Secret of Stonehenge", lapho athi khona ngokunengqondo ukuthi uStonehenge wayeyindawo yokubuka. Izazi zetulo lithole ukudla okunothile kokubonisana nezinsolo. Kodwa izincwadi zikaHawkins zathengisa kakhulu futhi zanikeza uStonehenge ukuthandwa okukhulu.
5. Ngonyaka we-1900, ososayensi, abacwaningi, onjiniyela kanye nabantu nje abanentshisekelo baveza imibono engama-947 ngenhloso ka-Stonehenge (ebalwa ngu-Austrian Walter Musse). Ubuningi bokucabanga okunjalo abuchazwa nje kuphela ngomcabango ongenakulungiswa wabalobi bawo, kodwa futhi nangendlela esungulwe yocwaningo lwasendulo. Ngalezo zinsuku, kwakubhekwa njengokujwayelekile ukuthi ungafunda noma iyiphi isayensi ngaphandle kokushiya ihhovisi lakho. Kwanele nje ukutadisha imibhalo nobufakazi obutholakalayo, ukuyiqonda futhi uthole iziphetho ezilungile. Futhi ngesisekelo semidwebo engemihle yemidwebo yamapensela nezincazelo ezinomdlandla zalabo abaye bazivakashela mathupha i-Stonehenge, umuntu angabeka imibono engenamkhawulo eminingi.
6. Ukukhulunywa kokuqala kokuma kwezinkanyezi nokwendawo kwe-Stonehenge kungokukaWilliam Stukeley. Ngo-1740 Stonehenge wakhe: Ithempeli Libuyiselwe eBritish Druids, wabhala ukuthi i-megalith ibheke enyakatho-mpumalanga futhi ikhombisa ukuzinza kwelanga. Lokhu kukhuthaza inhlonipho ngososayensi nomcwaningi - njengoba kungabonakala ngisho nasesihlokweni sencwadi yakhe, uStukeley wayeqiniseka ngokuqinile ukuthi iStonehenge yiyindawo engcwele yamaDruid. Kepha ngasikhathi sinye futhi wayengumcwaningi omuhle emkhakheni, wanaka ukuma kwesakhiwo, futhi akazange athule ngokubona kwakhe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uStukeley wenza ukumbiwa okuningi futhi wabona imininingwane eminingana ebalulekile.
7. Kakade ngekhulu le-19, i-Stonehenge yayiyindawo ethandwayo yokuhamba amazwe kanye namapikiniki. USir Edmund Antrobus, owayengumnikazi womhlaba ozungeze le megalith, waphoqeleka ukuba aqashe, ngokwesimo sanamuhla, onogada ukugcina ukuhleleka. Ngokomthetho waseNgilandi, wayengenalo ilungelo lokuvimba ukutholakala kweStonehenge ngabantu bangaphandle (khumbula ukuthi uJerome K. Jerome wayezigcona kanjani izimpawu ezivimbela ukudlula noma yikuphi endabeni Amadoda Amathathu Esikebheni, Engafaki Inja). Futhi onogada abasizanga kakhulu. Bazama ukuncenga izethameli ezihloniphekile ukuthi zingashisi imililo, zingalahli udoti futhi zingasiki izingcezu ezinkulu kakhulu ematsheni. Abephula umthetho bajeziswa kanzima ngokubhala amagama abo namakheli abo. Esikhundleni salokho, igama nekheli ababelibiza - kwakungekho mbuzo ngamakhadi kamazisi ngaleso sikhathi. Ngo-1898, uSir Edmund I washona, futhi umhlaba wadla ifa likaSir Edmund II, umshana kamufi. I-Antrobus esencane ibiyele i-Stonehenge khona lapho ku-bat futhi ikhokhisa imali yokungena. Izethameli bezicindezelekile, kepha ama-druid angenelele, ecabangela uStonehenge indawo yabo engcwele. Futhi, ngokomthetho, akekho onelungelo lokuvimbela ukungena ezindaweni zokukhonzela. Lokho wukuthi, insizwa eza eStonehenge nengalo yentombazane ngengalo yayo kanye nebhasikidi lepikiniki, ukwamukelwa mahhala, kwakwanele ukumemezela kungqongqoshe ukuthi uyi-druid. Ephelelwe yithemba, u-Antrobus wathembisa uhulumeni ukuthi athenge i-Stonehenge namahektha ayi-12 omhlaba oyizungezile ngo- £ 50,000 - kunenkundla yezindiza nebanga lezikhali eduzane, kungani ungazikhulisi? Uhulumeni wasenqaba isivumelwano esinjalo. U-Antrobus Jr. waya eMpini Yezwe Yokuqala futhi washonela khona, engashiyanga izindlalifa.
8. E-Stonehenge, indawo yokugcina yenoveli kaThomas Hardy ethi "Tess of the D'Urberville" iyenzeka. Umlingisi oyinhloko, owabulala, nomyeni wakhe uClaire bazama ukubalekela amaphoyisa. Zizulazula eningizimu yeNgilandi, zilala emahlathini nasemizini engenalutho. Bakhubeka ku-Stonehenge cishe ebumnyameni, bezwa elinye lamatshe asesiyingini esingaphandle. Bobabili uTess noClaire babheka iStonehenge njengendawo yokuzidela. UTess ulala e-Altarstone. Ebusuku, uTess nomyeni wakhe bazungezwe ngamaphoyisa. Ngemuva kokulinda, ngokucela komyeni wakhe, uTess ukuvuka, bayambopha.
9. Ikhishwe ngo-1965, incwadi kaGerald Hawkins ethi "Deciphered Stonehenge" ngokoqobo yaqhumisa umhlaba wabavubukuli nabaphenyi be-megalith. Kuvele ukuthi bebexakekile ngenxa yemfumbe kaStonehenge amashumi amaningi eminyaka, bese kuthi umuntu ongeyena uchwepheshe, ngisho nowaseMelika, ayithathe anqume konke! Okwamanje, yize kunamaphutha amaningi, abakwaHawkins beza nemibono eminingi engenakuphikiswa. Ngokusho kukaHawkins, ngosizo lwamatshe nezimbobo zikaStonehenge, bekungenzeka ukubikezela hhayi kuphela isikhathi sama-solstices, kepha futhi nokusithwa kwelanga nokusithwa kwelanga. Ukuze wenze lokhu, kwakudingeka ukuhambisa amatshe emigodini ngokulandelana okuthile. Vele, ezinye zezitatimende zikaHawkins bezinganembile ngokuphelele, kodwa kukho konke, umbono wakhe, oqinisekiswa ukubalwa kwamakhompiyutha, ubukeka uvumelana futhi ungaguquguquki.
10. Ebanjwe isibindi sikaHawkins, abaseBrithani bacela isazi sezinkanyezi esidumile futhi, ngesikhathi esifanayo, umbhali wezinganekwane zesayensi uFred Hoyle ukuthi abeke indawo yokuqala. Ngaleso sikhathi uHoyle wayenegunya elikhulu kwezesayensi. Nguye owaqala wasebenzisa ibinzana elithi "Big Bang" ukuchaza umsuka wendawo yonke. UHoyle, ngokuncoma kwakhe, akazange "awufeze umyalo," kodwa wabhala owakhe umsebenzi, lapho angaqinisekisanga nje kuphela, kepha wengeza nezibalo zikaHawkins. Ku- "Decoded Stonehenge," uHawkins uchaze indlela yokubikezela ukusitheka kwenyanga, kepha okunye ukusitheka kwelanga akubanga ngaphansi kwale ndlela. U-Hoyle, owaxaka kancane indlela yokuhambisa amatshe emigodini, kwavela ukuthi abantu basendulo babekwazi ukubikezela ngisho nokusitheka kwelanga okungabonakali kule ndawo yoMhlaba.
11. Mhlawumbe uStonehenge wayeyisipho esiwubukhazikhazi emlandweni. Ngo-1915 (yebo, kubani impi, nobani no-Stonehenge), inkatho, eyachazwa njenge "ndawo engcwele yokubuka nokukhulekela iLanga" yathengwa endalini nguCecil Chubb. Wazalelwa emndenini ka-saddler esigodini esiseduze naseStonehenge, kodwa wakwazi, njengoba besho, ukugqekeza abantu, waba ngummeli ophumelelayo. Empilweni yomndeni, uChubb waphumelela ngaphansi kwezomthetho - wafika endalini ngokuthanda komkakhe, owamthuma ukuthi ayothenga amakhethini noma izihlalo. Ngiye egumbini elingalungile, ngezwa nge-Stonehenge, ngalithenga ngo- £ 6,600 ngentengo yokuqala engu-5 000. UMary Chubb akazange akhuthazwe yilesi sipho. Eminyakeni emithathu kamuva, uChubb wanikeza uStonehenge kuhulumeni mahhala, kodwa ngombandela wokuthi ukungena kwama-druid kuzoba mahhala, futhi abaseBrithani babengeke bakhokhe ngaphezu kwesheleni elilodwa. Uhulumeni wavuma futhi wagcina izwi lakhe (bona iqiniso elilandelayo).
12. Njalo ngonyaka ngoJuni 21, uStonehenge ubamba umkhosi womculo wokuhlonipha i-solstice yasehlobo, eheha amashumi ezinkulungwane zabantu. Ngo-1985, umkhosi wawuvinjelwe ngenxa yokuziphatha okungafanele kwezethameli. Kodwa-ke, ngaleso sikhathi iBritish Heritage Foundation, ephethe uStonehenge, yanquma ukuthi akusizi ukulahlekelwa yinzuzo. Umkhosi uphinde waqala ngethikithi lokungena ngo- £ 17.5 kanye no- £ 10 webhasi elisuka emadolobheni aseduze.
13. Kusukela ngo-2010, kwenziwa ucwaningo oluhlelekile lwezinto zakudala eziseduze naseStonehenge. Kutholwe izakhiwo zamatshe nezokhuni eziyi-17, kwatholakala inqwaba yamathuna kanye nemingcwabo elula. Ngosizo lwe-magnetometer, ikhilomitha ukusuka ku "mainhenge" Stonehenge, izinsalela zekhophi elincane lamapulangwe zatholakala. Cishe, lokhu okutholakele kusekela umbono wokuthi iSkyhenge kwakuyisikhungo senkolo esikhulu kunazo zonke, uhlobo lweVatican yeBronze Age.
14. Amatshe amakhulu kocingo olungaphandle kanye nama-triliths angaphakathi - ama-sarsens - enziwe asondela ngokwedlulele - amakhilomitha angama-30 enyakatho yeStonehenge kunenqwaba yamatshe amakhulu alethwe yiqhwa. Lapho, kwaqoshwa izingcwecwe ezidingekayo emabhulokini. Babepholishiwe vele esakhiweni. Ukuthuthwa kwamabhulokhi angama-30-ton kwakunzima, ikakhulukazi ngenxa yendawo enesimo esibi. Cishe, bahudulwa kanye nama-rollers kusuka ezingodweni ezisemakhazeni enziwe, futhi, kusuka ezingodweni. Ingxenye yendlela ingenziwa eceleni koMfula i-Avon. Manje sekungajulile, kepha eminyakeni engu-5 000 eyedlule, lapho i-Ice Age ihlehla muva nje, i-Avon ibingahle igcwale kakhulu. Ukuhamba kweqhwa neqhwa kungaba kuhle, kepha ucwaningo lukhombisa ukuthi isimo sezulu besisincane ngaleso sikhathi.
15. Kunzima kakhulu ukucabanga ukuthuthwa kwamatshe aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Zilula - cishe amathani ayi-7 - kepha insimu yabo iseningizimu yeWales, cishe amakhilomitha angama-300 kulayini oqondile ukusuka eStonehenge. Indlela emfushane kunazo zonke inyusa ibanga liye kumakhilomitha angama-400. Kepha lapha iningi lendlela lingenziwa ngolwandle nangomfula. Ingxenye yomhlaba esemgwaqeni ingamakhilomitha angama-40 kuphela. Kungenzeka ukuthi amatshe aluhlaza ahanjiswa eceleni komgwaqo obizwa nge-Stonehenge ovela eBluhenge, i-megalith yakudala eyenziwe ngamatshe aluhlaza abekwe phansi. Kulokhu, ihlombe lokulethwa lizoba amakhilomitha ayi-14 kuphela. Kodwa-ke, ukulethwa kwezinto zokwakha kungenzeka kudinge abasebenzi abaningi kunokwakhiwa kwangempela kwe-Stonehenge.
Inqubo yokufaka ama-sarsens, ngokusobala, ibukeka kanjena. Itshe lalihudulelwa emgodini owawusuvele umbiwe. Njengoba itshe laliphakanyiswa ngezindophi, elinye icala lalo lawela emgodini. Lapho-ke umgodi wawumbozwe ngomhlabathi ngamatshe amancane futhi wanyuswa. I-crossbar yaphakanyiswa ngosizo lwesikafula esenziwe ngezingodo. Lokhu kwakudinga inani elifanele lezinkuni, kepha akunakwenzeka ukuthi izinqamlezo eziningana zavuswa ngasikhathi sinye ngenkathi kwakhiwa.
17. Ukwakhiwa kwe-Stonehenge akunakwenzeka ukuthi kwenziwe ngabantu abangaphezu kwezi-2 - 3 zamawaka ngasikhathi sinye. Okokuqala, iningi labo limane nje alinandawo yokujikela. Okwesibili, inani labantu ngaleso sikhathi kulo lonke elaseNgilandi lilinganiselwa kubantu abangama-300,000. Ngokulethwa kwamatshe, mhlawumbe, bahlela ukugqugquzela okufushane ngesikhathi lapho kwakungekho msebenzi wasensimini. UGerald Hawkins ulinganisela ukuthi kwathatha izinsuku zomuntu eziyizigidi eziyi-1.5 ukwakha iStonehenge. Ngo-2003, iqembu lomvubukuli uParker Pearson lathola isigodi esikhulu esingamakhilomitha amathathu ukusuka eStonehenge. Izindlu zigcinwe kahle. Ukuhlaziywa kweRadiocarbon kukhombisile ukuthi zakhiwa phakathi kuka-2 600 no-2 500 BC. - ngenkathi kuqedwa ukwakhiwa kwetshe le-Stonehenge. Lezi zindlu bezingakulungele kahle ukuhlala - zazifana namahostela ashibhile, lapho abantu beza ukuzolala kuphela. Sekukonke, iqembu likaPearson lemba cishe izindlu ezingama-250 ezazingahlala abantu abangu-1 200. Isazi semivubukulo uqobo sasikisela ukuthi kungenzeka ukukhama abantu abaphindwe kabili kubo. Into ebaluleke kakhulu ukuthi amathambo anezinsalela zenyama atholakele, kepha ayikho iminonjana yezomnotho: izinqolobane, izinqolobane, njll.
18. Izindlela zakamuva zokucwaninga izinsalela zabantu seziveze imininingwane ethakazelisayo - abantu abavela kulo lonke elaseYurophu beza eStonehenge. Lokhu kunqunywa ngamazinyo, okuqhamuka koqweqwe lwawo, njengoba kuvela, kubhala yonke indawo yokuphila komuntu. UPeter Parker ofanayo, esethole izinsalela zamadoda amabili, wamangala lapho ezwa ukuthi ayevela ogwini lwaseMedithera. Ngisho nangemva kweminyaka engu-3 000, lolu hambo lwalungelula futhi luyingozi. Kamuva kwatholakala izinsalela zabantu abazalelwe endaweni yaseJalimane yanamuhla naseSwitzerland. Ngokwesimo, cishe bonke "abokufika" babelimele kanzima noma bekhubazekile. Mhlawumbe kwa-Stonehenge babehlose ukwelapha noma ukudambisa ukuhlupheka kwabo.
19. Ukuthandwa kukaStonehenge bekungavezwa kumakhophi, ukulingiswa kanye nama-parody. E-United States, amakhophi we-megalith edume umhlaba wonke enziwa ngezimoto, amadokodo ocingo, izikebhe kanye neziqandisi. Ikhophi enembile kunazo zonke yakhiwa nguMark Kline. Akagcinanga nje ngokwenza amakhophi amatshe ase-Stonehenge nge-polystyrene enwetshiwe, kodwa futhi wawabeka ngokulandelana ncamashi njengoba afakwa esakhiweni sokuqala. Ukuvimbela amabhlogo ekushayweni ngumoya, uKline wawafaka emapayipini ensimbi embiwa phansi. Lapho ifakwa, abaseMelika babonisana nabaqondisi bezokuvakasha be-Stonehenge yasekuqaleni.
20. Ngo-2012, abavubukuli baseBrithani bahlola wonke amatshe ka-Stonehenge besebenzisa isithwebuli se-3D. Iningi lezisulu zabo kwakuyindikimba yezikhathi zanamuhla - kuze kube sekupheleni kweminyaka yama-1970, izivakashi zazivunyelwa ukucosha amatshe, futhi ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, zazivame ukuqasha ishizela. Kodwa-ke, phakathi kwemikhondo yabacekeli bezithombe, kwakungabonakala imidwebo yasendulo, ikakhulukazi ekhombisa izimbazo nezinkemba, okuyinto ejwayelekile kubuciko bamadwala ngalezo zikhathi kulo lonke elaseYurophu.Kwamangaza abavubukuli ukuthi elinye lamabhabha lalinombhalo wesandla womuntu okwathi, ngaphandle kokuklwebha izindonga, wenza igama lakhe lalingaziwa ngesiNgisi kuphela, kodwa nakwizakhiwo zomhlaba. Imayelana noSir Christopher Rene. Kwavela ukuthi isazi sezibalo esivelele, isazi somzimba, kodwa, ngaphezu kwakho konke, umakhi (kukhona ngisho nesitayela sokwakha esibizwa nge- "Rena classicism"), akukho lutho lomuntu olwalungaphandle.
