Ososayensi bathanda ukusho ukuthi noma iyiphi inkolelo-mbono ifanele okuthile uma ingavezwa ngolimi olulula olutholakala kumuntu ovamile ongahlelile. Itshe liwela phansi e-arc enjalo nakancane ngejubane elinjalo nakanjena, bathi, futhi amazwi abo aqinisekiswa ngokwenza. Into X engezwe kusixazululo Y izoyiguqula ibe luhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, futhi into engu-Z engezwe kusixazululo esifanayo izophenduka ibe luhlaza. Ekugcineni, cishe konke okusizungezile empilweni yansuku zonke (ngaphandle kwenani lezinto ezingachazeki ngokuphelele) kungachazwa ngokombono wesayensi, noma ngisho, njengesibonelo, noma yikuphi okwenziwa, kungumkhiqizo wawo.
Kepha ngesimo esiyisisekelo njengokukhanya, konke akulula kangako. Ezingeni eliyinhloko, lansuku zonke, konke kubonakala kulula futhi kucacile: kukhona ukukhanya, futhi ukungabi bikho kwabo ubumnyama. Ikhonjisiwe futhi ibonakalisiwe, ukukhanya kuza ngemibala ehlukene. Ngokukhanya okukhanyayo nokuphansi, izinto zibonakala ngokuhlukile.
Kepha uma umba ujule kancane, kuvela ukuthi uhlobo lokukhanya alukacaci. Izazi zemvelo ziphikisane isikhathi eside, zabe sezivumelana. Ibizwa nge- "Wave-corpuscle dualism". Abantu basho ngezinto ezinjalo "hhayi kimi, noma kuwe": abanye babheka ukukhanya njengomsinga wezinhlayiya-izinhlanganisela, abanye bacabanga ukuthi ukukhanya ngamagagasi. Ngokwezinga elithile, zombili izinhlangothi zazilungile futhi zingalungile. Umphumela uba i-classic push-push - kwesinye isikhathi ukukhanya kuyigagasi, kwesinye isikhathi - umfudlana wezinhlayiya, uzihlele ngokwakho. Lapho u-Albert Einstein ebuza uNiels Bohr ukuthi yikuphi ukukhanya, waphakamisa ukuthi lolu daba ludluliselwe kuhulumeni. Kuzothathwa isinqumo sokuthi ukukhanya kuyigagasi, futhi kuzofanele kungavunyelwe amaseli amafothokholi. Banquma ukuthi ukukhanya kungumsinga wezinhlayiya, okusho ukuthi ukuzithokozisa kokuphambuka kuzovinjelwa.
Ukukhethwa kwamaqiniso anikezwe ngezansi ngeke kusize ekucaciseni ubunjalo bokukhanya, kunjalo, kepha lokhu akuyona yonke inkolelo echazayo, kepha uhlelo oluthile nje lokuhleleka kolwazi ngokukhanya.
1. Kusukela ezifundweni ze-physics yesikole, abaningi bayakhumbula ukuthi isivinini sokusakazeka kokukhanya noma, ngokunembile, amagagasi kagesi ku-vacuum angama-300,000 km / s (empeleni, angama-299,793 km / s, kepha ukunemba okunjalo akudingeki ngisho nasezibalweni zesayensi). Leli jubane le-physics, njengePushkin yezincwadi, liyikho konke. Imizimba ayikwazi ukuhamba ngokushesha kunejubane lokukhanya, u-Einstein omkhulu usishiyele. Uma ngokuzumayo umzimba uzivumela ukuthi weqe ijubane lokukhanya ngisho nangemitha ngehora, ngaleyo ndlela uzokwephula umthetho wezimbangela - okuthunyelwe okungathi umcimbi wakusasa ungeke uthonye owedlule. Ochwepheshe bayavuma ukuthi lesi simiso asikafakazelwa, kuyilapho bephawula ukuthi namuhla asinakuphikiswa. Futhi abanye ochwepheshe bahlala emalabhorethri iminyaka bese bethola imiphumela ephikisa ngokuyisisekelo isibalo esiyisisekelo.
2. Ngo-1935, ukubekwa kokungenzeki kokudlula isivinini sokukhanya kwagxekwa ngusosayensi ovelele waseSoviet uKonstantin Tsiolkovsky. I-cosmonautics theorist yasisekela kahle isiphetho sayo ngombono wefilosofi. Ubhale ukuthi isibalo esinqunywe ngu-Einstein siyefana nezinsuku eziyisithupha eziseBhayibhelini ezithathe ukudala umhlaba. Kuphela kuqinisekisa umbono ohlukile, kepha akunakuba ngenye indlela kungaba isisekelo sendawo yonke.
3. Emuva ngo-1934, usosayensi waseSoviet uPavel Cherenkov, ekhipha ukukhanya ketshezi ngaphansi kwethonya lemisebe ye-gamma, wathola ama-electron, isivinini sawo esasidlula isivinini sesigaba sokukhanya endaweni ethile. Ngo-1958, uCherenkov, kanye no-Igor Tamm no-Ilya Frank (kukholakala ukuthi laba ababili bokugcina basiza uCherenkov ukuthi aqinisekise lo mkhuba owatholwa) bathola umklomelo weNobel. Umbono we-theoretical awuthumanga, noma ukutholakala, noma umklomelo awuzange ube nomthelela.
4. Umqondo wokuthi ukukhanya kunezinto ezibonakalayo nezingabonakali ekugcineni wakhiwa kuphela ngekhulu le-19. Ngaleso sikhathi, imfundiso yokuzulazula yokukhanya yayibusa, futhi ososayensi, sebebolile ingxenye yohlu olubonwa ngamehlo, baqhubeka. Okokuqala, kwatholakala imisebe ye-infrared, kwabe sekulandela imisebe ye-ultraviolet.
5. Akunandaba ukuthi siwasola kangakanani amazwi ezangoma, umzimba womuntu ukhipha ukukhanya ngempela. Kuyiqiniso, ubuthakathaka kangangokuba akunakwenzeka ukumbona ngeso lenyama. Ukukhanya okunjalo kubizwa ngokuthi ukukhanya oku-ultra-low, kunesimo sokushisa. Kodwa-ke, amacala aqoshwe lapho umzimba wonke noma izingxenye zawo zikhanya ngendlela yokuthi ibonakale kubantu abaseduze. Ngokukhethekile, ngo-1934, odokotela babona owesifazane waseNgilandi u-Anna Monaro, owayephethwe yisifuba somoya, ukukhanya endaweni yesifuba. Ukukhanya kwakuvame ukuqala ngesikhathi senhlekelele. Ngemuva kokuphothulwa, ukukhanya kwanyamalala, ukushaya kwesiguli kwashesha isikhashana futhi izinga lokushisa lenyuka. Ukukhanya okunjalo kungenxa yokusabela kwamakhemikhali - ukukhanya kwamabhungane ezindizayo kunemvelo efanayo - futhi kuze kube manje akunayo incazelo yesayensi. Futhi ukuze sibone ukukhanya okuncane kakhulu komuntu ojwayelekile, kufanele sibone izikhathi eziyinkulungwane kangcono.
6. Umqondo wokuthi ukukhanya kwelanga kunomfutho, okungukuthi, uyakwazi ukuthonya imizimba ngokomzimba, kungekudala uzoba neminyaka eyi-150 ubudala. Ngo-1619, uJohannes Kepler, ebheka izinkanyezi ezinomsila, waqaphela ukuthi umsila wanoma iyiphi inkanyezi enomsila uhlale uqondiswe ngqo ngakuhlangothi olubhekene neLanga. UKepler uphakamise ukuthi umsila wenkanyezi enomsila ubuyiselwe emuva yizinhlayiya ezithile zezinto ezibonakalayo. Kuze kwaba ngo-1873 lapho omunye wabaphenyi abakhulu bokukhanya emlandweni wesayensi yomhlaba, uJames Maxwell, aphakamisa khona ukuthi imisila yezinkanyezi ezinomsila yathintwa yilanga. Kwaphela isikhathi eside, le nkolelo yahlala iyinkolelo-mbono yokuhlola izinkanyezi - ososayensi basho iqiniso lokuthi ilanga lalinomfutho, kepha abakwazanga ukukuqinisekisa. Ku-2018 kuphela, ososayensi abavela e-University of British Columbia (Canada) bakwazile ukufakazela ubukhona be-pulse ekukhanyeni. Ukuze benze lokhu, kwakudingeka benze isibuko esikhulu basibeke egumbini elingalodwa kuwo wonke amathonya angaphandle. Ngemuva kokuthi isibuko sikhanyiswe ngogongolo lwe-laser, izinzwa zikhombisile ukuthi isibuko siyadlikiza. Ukudlidliza bekukuncane, bekungakwazi nhlobo ukukalwa. Kodwa-ke, ukutholakala kwengcindezi elula sekufakazelwe. Umqondo wokwenza izindiza zasemkhathini ngosizo lwamaseyili amakhulu elanga, avezwa ngabalobi bezinganekwane zesayensi kusukela maphakathi nekhulu lamashumi amabili, empeleni, angagcwaliseka.
7. Ukukhanya, noma kunalokho, umbala wayo, uthinta ngisho nabantu abangaboni ngokuphelele. Udokotela waseMelika uCharles Zeisler, ngemuva kweminyaka eminingana yocwaningo, uthathe eminye iminyaka emihlanu ukubhoboza imbobo odongeni lwabahleli besayensi futhi ashicilele iphepha ngalokhu. UZeisler ukwazile ukuthola ukuthi ku-retina yeso lomuntu, ngaphezu kwamaseli ajwayelekile abhekele ukubona, kunamaseli axhumene ngqo nesifunda sobuchopho esilawula isigqi se-circadian. I-pigment kulawa maseli iyazwela kumbala oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Ngakho-ke, ukukhanya kwethoni eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka - ngokokuhlukaniswa kokushisa kokukhanya, lokhu kukhanya ngamandla amakhulu ngaphezu kuka-6,500 K - kusebenza kubantu abangaboni njengezinto ezifanayo njengabantu abanombono ojwayelekile.
8. Iso lomuntu lizwela ngokuphelele ekukhanyeni. Le nkulumo enkulu isho ukuthi iso liphendula ingxenye encane kakhulu yokukhanya - i-photon eyodwa. Ucwaningo olwenziwa ngo-1941 e-University of Cambridge lwabonisa ukuthi abantu, noma benombono ojwayelekile, basabela ezithombeni ezi-5 kwezingu-5 ezazithunyelwe kubo. Kuyiqiniso, ngalokhu amehlo kwakudingeka “ajwayele” ubumnyama phakathi nemizuzu embalwa. Yize esikhundleni sokuthi "ukujwayela" kulokhu kunembile ukusebenzisa igama elithi "adapt" - ebumnyameni, izigaxa zamehlo, ezibhekele ukubonwa kwemibala, ziyavalwa kancane kancane, kuthi izinduku ziqale ukusebenza. Banikeza isithombe se-monochrome, kepha babucayi kakhulu.
9. Ukukhanya kungumqondo obaluleke kakhulu ekudwebeni. Ukukubeka nje, lena yimithunzi ekukhanyeni nasekufiphiseni izingcezu zendwangu. Ucezu olugqame kakhulu lwesithombe ukukhanya okukhulu - indawo lapho ukukhanya kubonakala khona emehlweni wombukeli. Indawo emnyama isithunzi sayo sento ekhonjisiwe noma umuntu. Phakathi kwalezi zinto ezeqisayo kuneziningana - kunezi-5 - 7 - iziqu. Vele, sikhuluma ngokudwetshwa kwento, hhayi ngezinhlobo lapho umculi efuna ukuveza khona owakhe umhlaba, njll. Noma kusuka kubaculi abafanayo bokuqala bekhulu lama-20, izithunzi eziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka zawela emfanekisweni wendabuko - phambi kwabo, izithunzi zazipendwe ngombala omnyama noma ompunga. Futhi - ekupendweni kubhekwa njengefomu elibi ukwenza okuthile kukhanye ngomhlophe.
10. Kukhona into enelukuluku kakhulu ebizwa nge-sonoluminescence. Lokhu ukuvela kwesibani esikhanyayo sokukhanya kuketshezi lapho kwenziwa khona igagasi elinamandla le-ultrasonic. Le nto yachazwa emuva ngawo-1930, kepha ingqikithi yayo yaqondakala eminyakeni engama-60 kamuva. Kwavela ukuthi ngaphansi kwethonya le-ultrasound, i-cavitation bubble yenziwa ku-liquid. Iyakhula ngosayizi isikhathi esithile, bese iyawa kakhulu. Ngesikhathi sokuwa lokhu, amandla akhishwa, anikeze ukukhanya. Ubungako bebhamu elilodwa le-cavitation lincane kakhulu, kepha bavela ezigidini, banikeze ukukhanya okuzinzile. Isikhathi eside, izifundo ze-sonoluminescence zazibukeka njengesayensi ngenxa yesayensi - ngubani onentshisekelo kwimithombo yokukhanya eyi-1 kW (futhi lokhu kwaba impumelelo enkulu ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-21) ngezindleko ezinkulu? Ngemuva kwakho konke, i-generator ye-ultrasound ngokwayo idle ugesi izikhathi eziphindwe kayikhulu. Ukuhlolwa okuqhubekayo ngemidiya ewuketshezi nama-wavelength e-ultrasonic kancane kancane kwaletha amandla omthombo wokukhanya ku-100 W. Kuze kube manje, ukukhanya okunjalo kuhlala isikhathi esifushane kakhulu, kepha abanethemba lokuhle bakholelwa ukuthi i-sonoluminescence izovumela hhayi kuphela ukuthola imithombo yokukhanya, kepha futhi ibangele ukusabela kwe-thermonuclear fusion reaction.
11. Kungabonakala, yini engase ifane phakathi kwabalingiswa bemibhalo njengonjiniyela ophambene njengoGarin ovela ku- “The Hyperboloid of Engineer Garin” ka-Alexei Tolstoy nodokotela osebenzayo uClobonny osencwadini ethi “The Travels and Adventures of Captain Hatteras” kaJules Verne? Bobabili uGarin noClawbonny basebenzise ngobuciko ukugxila kwemishayo ekhanyayo ukukhiqiza ukushisa. Kuphela uDkt Clawbonny, esebule ilensi eqhweni, wakwazi ukuthola umlilo futhi wazidla yena nabangane bakhe ngenxa yendlala nokufa okubandayo, nonjiniyela uGarin, esedale insimbi eyinkimbinkimbi efana ne-laser, wabhubhisa izinkulungwane zabantu. Ngendlela, ukuthola umlilo ngelensi yeqhwa kungenzeka. Noma ngubani angaphindaphinda okwenzekile kuDkt Clawbonny ngokuqandisa iqhwa epuletini elihlanganayo.
12. Njengoba wazi, usosayensi omkhulu waseNgilandi u-Isaac Newton waba ngowokuqala ukuhlukanisa ukukhanya okumhlophe kube yimibala yoqweqwe lwenkosazana esiyijwayele. Kodwa-ke, ekuqaleni uNewton wabala imibala emi-6 ku-spectrum yakhe. Usosayensi wayeyingcweti emagatsheni amaningi esayensi nobuchwepheshe bangaleso sikhathi, futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo wayekuthanda kakhulu ukubhula. Futhi kuyo, inombolo 6 ithathwa njengobusathane. Ngakho-ke, uNewton, ngemuva kokucabangisisa okuningi, uNewton wengeza ku-spectrum umbala awubiza ngokuthi "indigo" - siwubiza ngokuthi "violet", futhi kwakukhona imibala eyisi-7 eyinhloko ku-spectrum. Isikhombisa inombolo enenhlanhla.
13. I-Museum of the History of the Academy of the Strategic Missile Forces ikhombisa ukusebenza kwe-laser pistol kanye ne-laser revolver. "Isikhali Sesikhathi Esizayo" senziwa esikoleni emuva ngonyaka we-1984. Iqembu lososayensi eliholwa nguSolwazi Viktor Sulakvelidze labhekana ngokuphelele nokudalwa okuhleliwe: ukwenza izingalo ezincane ezingabulali ze-laser, nazo ezingakwazi ukungena esikhunjeni somkhumbi-mkhathi. Iqiniso ukuthi izibhamu ze-laser zenzelwe ukuvikela osomkhathi baseSoviet ku-orbit. Bekufanele bacasule abaphikisi bese beshaya imishini ye-optical. Isici esitelekayo kwakuyi-laser yokupompa i-laser. Igobolondo lalifana nesibani esikhanyayo. Ukukhanya okuvela kuyo kwamuncwa yi-fiber-optic element ekhiqiza i-laser beam. Ibanga lokubhujiswa lalingamamitha angama-20. Ngakho-ke, ngokungafani nesisho, ojenene abahlali bezilungiselela kuphela izimpi ezedlule.
14. Abaqaphi basendulo be-monochrome namadivayisi wendabuko wokubuka ebusuku awakhiphanga izithombe eziluhlaza ngokuthanda kwabasunguli. Konke kwenziwa ngokwesayensi - umbala wakhethwa ukuze uzokhathala amehlo kancane ngangokunokwenzeka, uvumele umuntu ukuba alondoloze ukugxila, futhi, ngesikhathi esifanayo, anikeze isithombe esicacile. Ngokuya ngesilinganiso sale mingcele, kukhethwe umbala oluhlaza okotshani. Ngasikhathi sinye, umbala wabafokazi wawunqunywe kusengaphambili - ngenkathi kwenziwa ukuseshwa kobuhlakani bamanye amazwe ngeminyaka yama-1960, ukuboniswa komsindo kwezimpawu zomsakazo ezitholwe emkhathini kwavezwa kubaqaphi ngendlela yezithonjana eziluhlaza. Izintatheli ezinobuqili zaqhamuka ngokushesha nala "madoda aluhlaza".
15. Abantu babehlala bezama ukukhanyisa amakhaya abo. Ngisho nakubantu basendulo, ababegcina umlilo endaweni eyodwa amashumi eminyaka, umlilo awusebenzelanga ukupheka nokufudumeza kuphela, kepha nokukhanyisa. Kepha ukuze kukhanyiswe emigwaqweni ngokuhlelekile, kuthathe iminyaka eyizinkulungwane yentuthuko. Emakhulwini we-XIV-XV, iziphathimandla zamadolobha amakhulu amakhulu aseYurophu zaqala ukuphoqa abantu bendawo ukuba bakhanyise umgwaqo phambi kwezindlu zabo. Kodwa uhlelo lokuqala lokukhanyisa emigwaqeni lwangempela edolobheni elikhulu aluzange luvele kuze kube ngu-1669 e-Amsterdam. Isakhamuzi sendawo uJan van der Heyden uhlongoze ukubeka izibani emaphethelweni ayo yonke imigwaqo ukuze abantu bangehli emigodini eminingi futhi bahlaselwe ubugebengu. UHayden wayengumshisekeli weqiniso - eminyakeni embalwa edlule waphakamisa ukuthi kwakhiwe izicishamlilo e-Amsterdam. Lesi sinyathelo sijeziswa - iziphathimandla zanikela uHayden ukuba aqale ibhizinisi elisha elihluphayo. Endabeni yokukhanyisa, konke kwahamba njengohlelo - uHayden waba ngumhleli wenkonzo yokukhanyisa. Iziphathimandla zedolobha kufanele zidunyiswe, kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi kuzona zozimbili lezi zakhamizi ezihlala zikhona zathola imali enhle. UHayden akagcinanga ngokufaka izikhala zamalambu ezi-2 500 kuphela edolobheni. Wabuye wasungula isibani esikhethekile somklamo ophumelele kangangokuba izibani zikaHayden zasetshenziswa e-Amsterdam nakwamanye amadolobha aseYurophu kwaze kwaba maphakathi nekhulu le-19.
