UNikolay Ivanovich Lobachevsky (1792-1856) - Isazi sezibalo saseRussia, ongomunye wabasunguli be-non-Euclidean geometry, ovelele emfundweni yaseyunivesithi nasemfundweni yomphakathi. UMphathi Wezesayensi Kwezesayensi.
Iminyaka engama-40 wafundisa e-Imperial Kazan University, kufaka neminyaka eyi-19 njengomphathi wayo.
Kunamaqiniso amaningi athakazelisayo ku-biography kaLobachevsky, esizokhuluma ngaye kulesi sihloko.
Ngakho-ke, ngaphambi kwakho kune-biography emfushane kaNikolai Lobachevsky.
I-Biography kaLobachevsky
UNikolai Lobachevsky wazalwa ngoNovemba 20 (Disemba 1), 1792 eNizhny Novgorod. Wakhula futhi wakhulela emndenini wesikhulu, u-Ivan Maksimovich, nomkakhe, uPraskovya Alexandrovna.
Ngaphandle kukaNicholas, umndeni wakwaLobachevsky wazalelwa amanye amadodana amabili - u-Alexander no-Alexey.
Ubuntwana nentsha
UNikolai Lobachevsky washonelwa nguyise esemncane, lapho efa ngokugula okubi eneminyaka engama-40.
Ngenxa yalokho, umama kwakudingeka akhulise futhi ondle izingane ezintathu eyedwa. Ngo-1802, lo wesifazane wathumela wonke amadodana akhe ejimini yaseKazan ukuze athole "isondlo sombuso raznochinsky."
UNikolai uthole amamaki aphezulu kuyo yonke imikhakha. Wayenekhono ikakhulukazi kwezesayensi ngqo, kanye nokutadisha izilimi zakwamanye amazwe.
Kwakungaleso sikhathi se-biography yakhe lapho uLobachevsky aqala khona ukubonisa intshisekelo enkulu kwi-mathematics.
Ngemva kokuphothula esikoleni esiphakeme, uNikolai waqhubeka nezifundo zakhe eKazan University. Ngaphezu kwesayensi yomzimba neyezibalo, umfundi wayethanda i-chemistry kanye ne-pharmacology.
Yize uLobachevsky wayebhekwa njengomfundi okhuthele kakhulu, kwesinye isikhathi wayezitika ngemigilingwane ehlukahlukene. Kunecala elaziwayo lapho yena, kanye nozakwabo, befakwa esitokisini sokujeziswa ngokuvula irokhethi elenziwa ekhaya.
Ngonyaka wokugcina wezifundo zakhe, babefuna nokuxosha uNikolai enyuvesi "ngokungalaleli, izenzo ezimbi kanye nezimpawu zokungamhloniphi uNkulunkulu."
Noma kunjalo, uLobachevsky wayesakwazi ukuphothula iziqu ngamanyuvesi enyuvesi futhi wathola iziqu ze-master ku-physics kanye ne-mathematics. Lo mfundi onethalente wasala eyunivesithi, noma kunjalo, bafuna ukulalelwa okuphelele kuye.
Umsebenzi weSayensi nowokufundisa
Ehlobo lika-1811, uNikolai Lobachevsky, kanye nozakwabo, babheka inkanyezi enomsila. Ngenxa yalokhu, ezinyangeni ezimbalwa kamuva wethula umbono wakhe, awubiza ngokuthi - "Umbono wokunyakaza okwendilinga kwezindikimba zasezulwini."
Eminyakeni embalwa kamuva, uLobachevsky uqala ukufundisa abafundi izibalo kanye ne-geometry. Ngo-1814 wenyuselwa esikhundleni sezibalo ezimsulwa, kwathi eminyakeni emibili kamuva waba nguprofesa ongajwayelekile.
Ngenxa yalokhu, uNikolai Ivanovich wakwazi ukufundisa ama-algebra amaningi ne-trigonometry. Ngaleso sikhathi, wakwazi ukukhombisa amakhono avelele enhlangano, ngenxa yalokho uLobachevsky waqokwa njengomphathi we-Faculty of Physics and Mathematics.
Sisebenzisa igunya elikhulu kozakwethu nakubafundi, isazi sezibalo saqala ukugxeka uhlelo lwezemfundo eyunivesithi. Wayenombono ongemuhle ngeqiniso lokuthi isayensi ngqo yayihlehliselwe emuva, futhi ukunaka okukhulu kwakugxile kwezenkolo.
Ngaleso sikhathi se-biography yakhe, uNikolai Lobachevsky wenza incwadi yoqobo nge-geometry, lapho asebenzisa khona uhlelo lwe-metric. Ngaphezu kwalokho, encwadini umbhali wenza ukushiya ohlwini lwezincwadi ze-Euclidean. AbakwaCensors bayigxekile le ncwadi, bayivimba ukuthi ingashicilelwa.
Lapho uNicholas ngiqala ukubusa, wasusa uMikhail Magnitsky esikhundleni somphathiswa wasenyuvesi, wafaka uMikhail Musin-Pushkin esikhundleni sakhe. Lesi sakamuva sasiphawuleka ngokuba nenkani, kepha ngasikhathi sinye wayengumuntu olungile futhi ophakathi nenkolo.
Ngo-1827, endaweni yokuvota eyimfihlo, uLobachevsky wakhethwa waba ngumphathi weyunivesithi. UMusin-Pushkin waphatha isazi sezibalo ngenhlonipho, ezama ukungaphazamisi umsebenzi wakhe kanye nohlelo lokufundisa.
Esikhundleni sakhe esisha, uNikolai Lobachevsky wenza izinguquko eziningana ezindaweni ezahlukahlukene. Wayala ukuba bahlele kabusha abasebenzi, bakhe izakhiwo zemfundo, wahlomisa namalabhorethri, izingqapheli futhi wagcwalisa umtapo wezincwadi.
Iqiniso elithandekayo ukuthi uLobachevsky wenza okuningi ngezandla zakhe, enza noma yimuphi umsebenzi. Njengomphathi, wafundisa i-geometry, i-algebra, ithiyori yamathuba, imishini, i-physics, i-astronomy kanye nezinye izayensi.
Umuntu ubengangena esikhundleni somunye uthisha kalula, uma lokho bekungekho ngenxa yezizathu ezithile.
Ngalesi sikhathi se-biography, uLobachevsky uqhubeke nokusebenza ngenkuthalo kuma-geometry angewona ama-Euclidean, okuvuse intshisekelo yakhe enkulu.
Ngokushesha, isazi sezibalo saphothula uhlaka lokuqala lwethiyori yakhe entsha, sanikeza inkulumo ethi "Ukuboniswa Okufingqiwe Kwemigomo YeJiyomethri." Ngasekuqaleni kwawo-1830s, umsebenzi wakhe we-non-Euclidean geometry wagxekwa kakhulu.
Lokhu kwaholela eqinisweni lokuthi igunya likaLobachevsky lazanyazanyiswa emehlweni ozakwabo nabafundi. Noma kunjalo, ngo-1833 wakhethwa njengomphathi weyunivesithi okwesithathu.
Ngo-1834, ngokuzikhandla kukaNikolai Ivanovich, kwaqala ukushicilelwa iphephabhuku elithi "Scientific Notes of Kazan University", lapho ashicilela khona imisebenzi yakhe emisha.
Kodwa-ke, bonke oprofesa baseSt. Petersburg babesenombono ongemuhle ngemisebenzi kaLobachevsky. Lokhu kwaholela eqinisweni lokuthi akazange akwazi ukuvikela ithisisi yakhe.
Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi uMusin-Pushkin wasekela umphathi, ngenxa yalokho ukucindezela kwakhe kwehla ngandlela thile.
Lapho umbusi evakashele eyunivesithi ngo-1836, wajabula ngesimo sezinto, ngenxa yalokho waklomelisa uLobachevsky i-oda lokuhlonipha u-Anna, iziqu zesibili. Iqiniso elithandekayo ukuthi lo myalo wavumela indoda ukuthi ithole izikhulu zobukhosi.
Ngemuva kweminyaka emibili, uNikolai Ivanovich wanikezwa izicukuthwane futhi wanikezwa ijazi elinamagama - "wezinsizakalo enkonzweni nakwezesayensi."
U-Lobachevsky wahola i-Kazan University ngesikhathi somlando wakhe kusukela ngo-1827 kuya ku-1846. Ngaphansi kobuholi bakhe obunekhono, isikhungo semfundo sesibe ngesinye sezona ezihamba phambili futhi ezihlome kakhulu eRussia.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
Ngo-1832, uLobachevsky washada nentombazane egama linguVarvara Alekseevna. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi okhethiwe wezibalo wayekade emncane kunaye ngeminyaka engu-20.
Ama-biographer asaphikisana ngenani leqiniso lezingane ezizalwe emndenini weLobachevsky. Ngokwerekhodi, zingu-7 izingane ezisindile.
Iminyaka edlule nokufa
Ngo-1846, uMnyango wasusa uLobachevsky esikhundleni sokuba ngumphathi, ngemuva kwalokho u-Ivan Simonov waqokwa njengenhloko entsha yeyunivesithi.
Ngemuva kwalokho, uchungechunge olumnyama lwafika ku-biography kaNikolai Ivanovich. Wonakala kakhulu waze waphoqeleka ukuba adayise indlu nefa lomkakhe. Ngokushesha izibulo lakhe u-Alex wabulawa isifo sofuba.
Ngaphambi nje kokufa kwakhe, uLobachevsky waqala ukugula kaningi nokungaboni kahle. Ngonyaka ngaphambi kokufa kwakhe, washicilela incwadi yakhe yokugcina ethi "Pangeometry", eyaqoshwa ngaphansi kokuyalelwa ngabalandeli bakhe.
UNikolai Ivanovich Lobachevsky washona ngoFebhuwari 12 (24), 1856, ngaphandle kokuthola ukuqashelwa kozakwabo. Ngesikhathi sokufa kwakhe, ababephila ngesikhathi sakhe abakwazanga ukuqonda imibono eyisisekelo yobuhlakani.
Cishe eminyakeni eyi-10, umphakathi wesayensi emhlabeni uzowuthokozela umsebenzi wesazi sezibalo saseRussia. Imibhalo yakhe izohumushelwa kuzo zonke izilimi ezinkulu zaseYurophu.
Izifundo zika-Eugenio Beltrami, Felix Klein noHenri Poincaré zibambe iqhaza elibalulekile ekwamukelweni kwemibono kaNikolai Lobachevsky. Bafakazela ngokusebenza ukuthi i-geometry kaLobachevsky ayiphikisani.
Lapho umhlaba wezesayensi uqaphela ukuthi kukhona enye indlela ehlukile kune-Euclidean geometry, lokhu kwaholela ekuveleni kwemibono eyingqayizivele ezibalweni nakwe-physics.
