URene Descartes

URene Descartes (1596-1650) - Isazi sefilosofi saseFrance, isazi sezibalo, umakhenikha, i-physicist kanye ne-physiologist, umakhi we-analytical geometry kanye nesimanjemanje se-algebraic, umbhali wendlela yokungabaza okukhulu kwifilosofi, indlela ku-physics, umhambisi we-reflexology.

Kunamaqiniso amaningi athakazelisayo ku-biography ye-Descartes, esizokhuluma ngayo kulesi sihloko.

Ngakho-ke, ngaphambi kwakho kune-biography emfushane kaRene Descartes.

Umlando we-Descartes

URené Descartes wazalelwa edolobheni laseFrance iLae ngoMashi 31, 1596. Iqiniso elithandekayo ukuthi kamuva leli dolobha lalizobizwa ngeDescartes.

Isazi sefilosofi esizayo sasivela emndenini omdala, kodwa ompofu. Ngaphezu kwakhe, abazali bakaRene babenamadodana amanye ama-2.

Ubuntwana nentsha

UDescartes wakhula futhi wakhulela emndenini weJaji uJoaquim nomkakhe uJeanne Brochard. Lapho uRene eneminyaka engu-1 ubudala, umama wakhe wadlula emhlabeni.

Njengoba ubaba wakhe ayesebenza eRennes, wayengavamile ukuba sekhaya. Ngalesi sizathu, umfana wakhuliswa ngugogo wakhe ongumama.

UDescartes wayeyingane ebuthakathaka kakhulu futhi egulayo. Kodwa-ke, wamunca ngokulangazela ulwazi oluhlukahlukene futhi wayethanda isayensi kangangokuba inhloko yomndeni yambiza ngokuthi "isazi sefilosofi esincane."

Ingane ithole imfundo yakhe yamabanga aphansi e-Jesuit College yaseLa Flèche, lapho kugcizelelwe kakhulu isifundo semfundiso yenkolo.

Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi lapho uRene ethola ulwazi olungaphezulu lwenkolo, kwaba khona ukungabaza okukhulu kwezazi zefilosofi ezazivelele ngaleso sikhathi.

Lapho eneminyaka engu-16, uDescartes waphothula ekolishi, ngemuva kwalokho wafundela ubumeli isikhashana ePoitiers. Ukuba ngumuntu owenza iziqu zomthetho, le nsizwa yaya eParis, lapho yaqala khona ukujoyina amasosha. URene walwa eHolland, eyayilwela inkululeko yayo, futhi wabamba iqhaza nasempini yesikhashana ePrague.

Ngaleso sikhathi se-biography yakhe, uDescartes wahlangana nesazi sefilosofi esidumile kanye nesazi sezibalo u-Isaac Beckmann, owathonya ukuthuthuka kwakhe kobuntu.

Ebuyela eParis, uRene washushiswa amaJesuit, amgxeka ngokucabanga ngokukhululeka futhi asolwa ngokuhlubuka. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, isazi sefilosofi saphoqeleka ukuba sishiye izwe lakubo laseFrance. Wathuthela eHolland, lapho achitha khona iminyaka engaba ngu-20 enza izifundo zesayensi.

Ifilosofi

Ifilosofi kaDescartes yayisuselwe kubumbili - umqondo owawushumayela imigomo emi-2, engahambelani futhi engafani.

URene ukholelwe ukuthi kunezinto ezi-2 ezizimele - ezifanele futhi ezibonakalayo. Ngasikhathi sinye, wabona ukutholakala kwezinhlobo ezi-2 zezinto - ukucabanga nokunwetshwa.

UDescartes uphikise ngokuthi umdali wazo zombili lezi zinhlangano nguNkulunkulu. Wabadala ngokulandela imigomo nemithetho efanayo.

Usosayensi uhlongoze ukwazi umhlaba osizungezile ngokusebenzisa ukuqonda. Ngasikhathi sinye, wavuma ukuthi ingqondo yomuntu ayiphelele futhi ingaphansi kakhulu komqondo ophelele woMdali.

Imibono kaDescartes emkhakheni wolwazi yaba yisisekelo sokuthuthukiswa kokuhleleka.

Ngokwazi okuthile, indoda ivame ukungabaza amaqiniso amisiwe. Inkulumo yakhe edumile isekhona kuze kube yilolu suku: "Ngicabanga - ngakho-ke, ngikhona."

Descartes indlela

Usosayensi wayekholelwa ukuthi okuhlangenwe nakho kuyasiza engqondweni kuphela kulezo zimo lapho kungenakwenzeka ukuthola iqiniso ngokucabanga nje. Ngenxa yalokho, wehlisela izindlela ezi-4 eziyisisekelo zokuthola iqiniso:

1. Umuntu kufanele aqale kokusobala kakhulu, ngaphandle kokungabaza.
2. Noma imuphi umbuzo kufanele uhlukaniswe ube izingxenye ezincane eziningi njengoba kuzodingeka kwisisombululo saso esikhiqizayo.
3. Udinga ukuqala ngokulula, udlulele kokuyinkimbinkimbi ngokwengeziwe.
4. Esigabeni ngasinye, kudingeka ukuthi kuqinisekiswe ubuqiniso beziphetho ezitholakele ukuze kube nolwazi lweqiniso nolunenhloso ekugcineni kwesifundo.

Ababhali bomlando kaDescartes bathi le mithetho, isazi sefilosofi ebesinamathela kuyo njalo lapho kubhalwa imisebenzi yakhe, ikhombisa ngokusobala isifiso senkcubeko yaseYurophu yekhulu le-17 ukushiya imithetho ebekiwe nokwakha isayensi entsha, esebenzayo nenenhloso.

Izibalo kanye ne-physics

Umsebenzi oyisisekelo wefilosofi kanye nesayensi yeRene Descartes uthathwa njenge-Discourse on Method. Ichaza izisekelo ze-geometry yokuhlaziya, kanye nemithetho yokutadisha amadivayisi we-optical nezimo.

Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi usosayensi wayengowokuqala okwazi ukwenza kahle umthetho wokukhanyiswa okukhanyayo. Ungumbhali we-exponent - ideshi ngaphezulu kwenkulumo ethathwe ngaphansi kwempande, eqala ukukhomba amanani angaziwa ngezimpawu - "x, y, z", kanye nezimpawu - ngezimpawu "a, b, c".

URene Descartes athuthukise ifomu le-canonical of equations, elisasetshenziselwa ukuxazulula izinkinga. Wabuye wakwazi ukuthuthukisa uhlelo lokuxhumanisa olube nomthelela ekuthuthukiseni i-physics ne-mathematics.

UDescartes unake kakhulu ukutadisha imisebenzi ye-algebraic kanye ne "mechanical", ecacisa ukuthi ayikho indlela eyodwa yokufunda imisebenzi ye-transcendental.

Le ndoda yafunda izinombolo zangempela, futhi kamuva yabonisa isithakazelo ezinombolweni eziyinkimbinkimbi. Wethula umqondo wezimpande ezingezinhle ezicatshangelwe ezihlanganiswe nomqondo wezinombolo eziyinkimbinkimbi.

Impumelelo kaRené Descartes yaqashelwa abanye bososayensi ababaluleke kakhulu ngaleso sikhathi. Ukutholwa kwakhe kwakha isisekelo somsebenzi wesayensi ka-Euler noNewton, kanye nezinye izazi zezibalo.

Iqiniso elithandekayo ukuthi uDescartes wafakazela ubukhona bukaNkulunkulu ngokombono wesayensi, enikeza izimpikiswano eziningi ezibucayi.

Impilo yomuntu siqu

Akukho okuningi okwaziwayo ngempilo yomuntu uqobo yefilosofi. Ababhali bezincwadi zomlando abaningi beDescartes bayavuma ukuthi akakaze ashade.

Lapho esemdala, le ndoda yayithandana nenceku, eyakhulelwa yona yazala intombazane uFrancine. URene wayethandana ngokungazi nendodakazi yakhe engekho emthethweni, eyabulawa umkhuhlane obomvu eneminyaka engu-5.

Ukufa kukaFrancine kwaba yigalelo langempela kuDescartes kanye nosizi olukhulu kakhulu empilweni yakhe.

Ababephila ngesikhathi sezibalo bathi emphakathini wayezikhukhumeza futhi enama-laconic. Wayekuthanda ukuba yedwa yedwa, kodwa enkampanini yabangane wayesengakhululeka futhi asebenze ekukhulumisaneni.

Ukufa

Eminyakeni edlule, uDescartes washushiswa ngenxa yokucabanga kwakhe kwamahhala kanye nendlela entsha yesayensi.

Ngonyaka ngaphambi kokufa kwakhe, usosayensi wazinza eStockholm, wamukela isimemo esivela kuNdlovukazi yaseSweden uChristina. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi ngaphambi kwalokho babenezincwadi ezinde ezihlokweni ezahlukahlukene.

Cishe ngokushesha ngemuva kokuthuthela eSweden, isazi sefilosofi sabanjwa umkhuhlane omubi futhi safa. URené Descartes ushone ngoFebhuwari 11, 1650 eneminyaka engama-53.

Namuhla kukhona inguqulo ngokusho lapho uDescartes afakwa ubuthi nge-arsenic. Abasunguli bokubulawa kwakhe bangaba ngamanxusa eSonto LamaKatolika, ababemphatha ngendelelo.

Ngokushesha ngemuva kokushona kukaRené Descartes, imisebenzi yakhe yafakwa ku- "Index of Forbidden Books", kanti uLouis XIV wayala ukuba kuvinjelwe ukufundiswa kwefilosofi yakhe kuzo zonke izikhungo zemfundo eFrance.

Izithombe ngu-Descartes

Bukela ividiyo: Descartes - Meditations I u0026 II (May 2025).