ESouth Pacific Ocean phakathi kweMelika ne-Asia kune-Easter Island. Isiqephu somhlaba kude nezindawo ezinabantu abaningi nemigwaqo yasolwandle enamandla bekungeke kudonse ukunaka kwanoma ngubani, uma kungenjalo ngemifanekiso emikhulu eqoshwe ezintabeni zentaba-mlilo emakhulwini eminyaka adlule. Awekho amaminerali noma izimila ezishisayo esiqhingini. Isimo sezulu sifudumele, kepha hhayi njengesincane njengaseziqhingini zasePolynesia. Azikho izithelo eziyinqaba, akukho ukuzingela, akukho ukudoba okuhlakaniphile. Izithombe zeMoai yizona ezikhanga kakhulu i-Easter Island noma iRapanui, njengoba ibizwa ngolimi lwendawo.
Manje lezi zithombe ziheha izivakashi, futhi kwake kwaba yisiqalekiso sesiqhingi. Abahloli bamazwe abanjengoJames Cook kuphela ababhukuda lapha, kodwa futhi nabazingeli bezigqila. Lesi siqhingi sasingahlangene ngokobulili nangokobuhlanga, kwaqubuka ingxabano egazini phakathi kwabantu, inhloso yayo kwakuwukucindezela nokubhubhisa izithombe ezazisemndenini wezitha. Ngenxa yokushintsha komhlaba, izimpi zombango, izifo nokusweleka kokudla, abantu bakulesi siqhingi sebanyamalala. Intshisekelo yabaphenyi kuphela nokuthanjiswa okuncane kokuziphatha okwavumela labo bantu abambalwa abaneshwa abatholakala esiqhingini ngabaseYurophu maphakathi nekhulu le-19 ukuba basinde.
Abaphenyi baqinisekisa intshisekelo yomhlaba ophucukile kulesi siqhingi. Izithombe ezingajwayelekile zinikeze ososayensi ukudla hhayi izingqondo kakhulu. Amahemuhemu asabalala ngokuphazanyiswa komhlaba, amazwe anyamalala futhi alahlekelwa impucuko. Yize amaqiniso efakazela ubuphukuphuku obungaphandle komhlaba bezakhamuzi zaseRapanui - ngenxa yezithombe eziyinkulungwane, abantu abathuthuke kakhulu abanolimi olubhaliwe namakhono athuthukisiwe ekusetshenzisweni kwamatshe banyamalala ebusweni bomhlaba.
1. I-Easter Island iwumfanekiso wangempela womqondo "wokuphela komhlaba". Lo mkhawulo, ngenxa yobubanzi bomhlaba, ngasikhathi sinye ungabhekwa njengesikhungo sobuso bawo, "inkaba yoMhlaba". Itholakala engxenyeni engahlalwa muntu yoLwandlekazi iPacific. Izwe eliseduze - futhi nesiqhingi esincane - lingaphezu kwamakhilomitha angama-2 000, ukuya ezwekazini eliseduzane - ngaphezu kwamakhilomitha angama-3 500, okuqhathaniswa nebanga elisuka eMoscow liye eNovosibirsk noma eBarcelona.
2. Isimile, i-Easter Island ingunxantathu ojwayele ukulingana kahle onendawo engaphansi kwamakhilomitha ayi-1702... Lesi siqhingi sinabantu abahlala cishe ku-6,000. Yize ingekho igridi kagesi kulesi siqhingi, abantu bahlala ngendlela ephucuzekile. Ugesi utholakala kuma-generator ngamanye, uphethiloli oxhaswe yisabelomali saseChile. Amanzi aqoqwa ngokuzimela noma athathwe ohlelweni lokuphakelwa kwamanzi olwakhiwe ngosizo lukahulumeni. Amanzi akhishwa emachibini asezintabeni zezintaba-mlilo.
3. Isimo sezulu sesiqhingi ngokwemibandela yedijithali sibukeka sisihle nje: isilinganiso samazinga okushisa saminyaka yonke simayelana nama-20 ° C ngaphandle kokushintshashintsha okukhulu kanye nemvula enesizotha - ngisho nango-Okthoba owomile kunezimvula eziningana. Kodwa-ke, kunama-nuances amaningi avimbela i-Easter Island ukuthi iphenduke i-oasis eluhlaza maphakathi nolwandle: inhlabathi empofu kanye nokungabikho kwanoma yiziphi izithiyo emimoyeni ebandayo yase-Antarctic. Azinaso isikhathi sokuthonya isimo sezulu jikelele, kepha zidala inkinga ezitshalweni. Lo mqondo uqinisekiswa ubuningi bezimila ezigodini zezintaba-mlilo, lapho umoya ungangeni khona. Ethafeni manje sekunezihlahla ezitshalwe ngumuntu kuphela.
4. Izilwane zalesi siqhingi zimbi kakhulu. Ezilwaneni ezinomgogodla womhlaba, kutholakala izinhlobo ezimbalwa zezibankwa kuphela. Izilwane zasolwandle zitholakala ngasogwini. Ngisho nezinyoni, iziqhingi zasePacific ezicebe kakhulu, zimbalwa kakhulu. Amaqanda, abantu bendawo babhukuda baya esiqhingini esisendaweni engaphezu kwamakhilomitha angama-400. Kukhona izinhlanzi, kodwa zincane kakhulu. Ngenkathi amakhulu nezinkulungwane zezinhlobo zezinhlanzi zitholakala eduze kwezinye iziqhingi eziseNingizimu Pacific Ocean, kunezinhlobo zazo ezingaba ngu-150 kuphela emanzini e-Easter Island.Nomawo amakhorali asogwini lwalesi siqhingi esishisayo cishe awekho ngenxa yamanzi abandayo kakhulu nemisinga enamandla.
5. Abantu bazama kaningi ukuletha izilwane "ezingenisiwe" e-Easter Island, kodwa isikhathi ngasinye zazidliwa ngokushesha kunesikhathi sokuzala. Lokhu kwenzeke ngamagundane adliwayo asePolynesia, ngisho nangonogwaja. E-Australia, babengazi ukuthi bazobhekana kanjani nabo, kepha esiqhingini babadla emashumini ambalwa eminyaka.
6. Ukube bekukhona amaminerali noma izinsimbi zomhlaba ezingavamile ezitholakale e-Easter Island, uhlobo lwentando yeningi ngabe lwasungulwa kudala lapho. Umbusi okhethwe ngokuthandwa kaninginingi wayezothola amadola ambalwa emgqonyeni kawoyela owakhiqiziwe noma izinkulungwane ezimbalwa zamadola ngekhilogremu elithile le-molybdenum. Abantu babezondliwa izinhlangano ezifana ne-UN, futhi wonke umuntu, ngaphandle kwalaba bantu ababaluliwe, babezoba sebhizinisini. Futhi lesi siqhingi sihamba ze njengokhozi. Zonke izinkathazo ngaye zilele kuhulumeni waseChile. Ngisho nokugeleza kwabavakashi okwenyukile eminyakeni yamuva akubonakali nganoma iyiphi indlela kumgcinimafa waseChile - lesi siqhingi asikhokhiswa intela.
7. Umlando wezicelo zokutholakala kwe-Easter Island uqala ngawo-1520s. Kubukeka sengathi umSpanish onegama elingajwayelekile elingelona elaseSpain u-Alvaro De Mendanya wabona lesi siqhingi. UPirate Edmund Davis wabika ngalesi siqhingi, okusolakala ukuthi ngamamayela angu-500 ukusuka ogwini olusentshonalanga yeChile, ngo-1687. Ukuhlolwa kofuzo kwezinsalela zabantu bokufika abavela e-Easter Island kuya kwezinye iziqhingi zoLwandlekazi iPacific kukhombisile ukuthi bayinzalo yamaBasque - laba bantu babedume ngemikhumbi yabo eyayizulazula olwandle olusenyakatho naseningizimu. Umbuzo wasizwa ukuvala ubumpofu besiqhingi esingadingekile. UmDashi uJacob Roggeven uthathwa njengomtholi, owenza imephu yesiqhingi ngo-Ephreli 5, 1722, usuku, njengoba ungaqagela, iPhasika. Kuliqiniso, bekusobala kumalungu ohambo lukaRoggeven ukuthi abaseYurophu base bevele bekhona. Abantu besiqhingi basabela ngokuthula kakhulu kumbala wesikhumba wabafokazi. Futhi izibani abazikhanyisile ukuheha ukunakwa zikhomba ukuthi izihambi ezinesikhumba esinjalo besezivele zibonwe lapha. Yize kunjalo, uRoggeven uqinisekise ukubekwa phambili kwakhe ngamaphepha abhalwe kahle. Ngasikhathi sinye, abeLungu baqala ngokuchaza imifanekiso yase-Easter Island. Bese kuqala imibhikisho yokuqala phakathi kwabaseYurophu nabakulezi ziqhingi - bakhuphukela emphemeni, elinye lamaphoyisa aphansi ethukile layala ukuthi livulele ngenhlamvu. Abantu abaningana boMdabu baseMelika babulawa, futhi amaDashi kwadingeka abaleke ngokushesha.
UJacob Roggeven
8. U-Edmund Davis, owaphuthelwa okungenani amamayela ayi-2 000, ngezindaba zakhe kwaqubula inganekwane yokuthi i-Easter Island yayiyingxenye yezwekazi elinabantu abaningi elinempucuko esezingeni eliphezulu. Futhi nangemva kobufakazi obuqinile bokuthi lesi siqhingi empeleni siyisiqongo esicijile, kunabantu abakholelwa enganekwaneni yezwe.
9. Abantu baseYurophu bazibonakalisa kuyo yonke inkazimulo yabo ngesikhathi bevakashele kulesi siqhingi. Abantu bendawo badutshulwa ngamalungu ohambo lukaJames Cook, kanye nabaseMelika abathumba izigqila, nabanye abantu baseMelika abathumba abesifazane bodwa ukuze babe nobusuku obumnandi. Futhi abaseYurophu uqobo bayakufakazela lokhu kuzingodo zomkhumbi.
10. Usuku olumnyama kakhulu emlandweni wezakhamizi zase-Easter Island lwafika ngoDisemba 12, 1862. Abasolwandle abavela emikhunjini eyisithupha yasePeru bafika ogwini. Babulala ngokungenaluzwela abesifazane nezingane, bathatha nabesilisa abangaba inkulungwane babagqilaza, ngisho nakulezo zikhathi kwakunzima kakhulu. AmaFulentshi amela abomdabu, kepha ngenkathi amagiya ezombusazwe ephenduka, kwasala izigqila eziyinkulungwane kuphela ezedlula ikhulu. Iningi labo beligula ngengxibongo, ngakho-ke bangu-15 kuphela abantu ababuyela emakhaya. Babephatha nengxibongo. Ngenxa yezifo nokuxabana kwangaphakathi, inani labantu bakulesi siqhingi lehliselwa kubantu abangama-500, kamuva ababalekela ezindaweni eziseduze - ngamazinga e-Easter Island - iziqhingi. I-brig yaseRussia "uVictoria" ngo-1871 yathola izakhamuzi ezimbalwa kuphela kulesi siqhingi.
11. UWilliam Thompson noGeorge Cook abavela emkhunjini waseMelika "i-Mohican" ngo-1886 benza uhlelo olukhulu kakhulu locwaningo. Bahlola bachaza amakhulukhulu ezithombe neziqephu, baqoqa namaqoqo amakhulu ezinto zakudala. AbaseMelika babuye bagubha umgodi wentaba-mlilo eyodwa.
12. Ngesikhathi seMpi Yezwe Yokuqala, owesifazane waseNgilandi uCatherine Rutledge wayehlala kulesi siqhingi unyaka nesigamu, eqoqa yonke imininingwane engaba khona ngomlomo, kubandakanya izingxoxo nabanochoko.
UKatherine Rutledge
13. Impumelelo yangempela ekuhloleni i-Easter Island yeza ngemuva komkhankaso kaThor Heyerdahl ngo-1955. I-pedantic Norwegian ihlele lolu hambo ngendlela yokuthi imiphumela yalo icutshungulwe iminyaka eminingana. Izincwadi eziningana nama-monographs sekushicilelwe njengomphumela wocwaningo.
I-Tour Heirdal ku-Kon-Tiki raft
14. Ucwaningo lukhombisile ukuthi i-Easter Island inentaba-mlilo nje kuphela. ILava yathela kancane kancane intaba-mlilo engaphansi komhlaba etholakala ekujuleni okungaba ngamamitha ayi-2 000. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, yakha ithafa elisesiqhingini esinamagquma, indawo ephakeme kakhulu ephakama cishe ngekhilomitha ngaphezu kogu lolwandle. Abukho ubufakazi bokuthi intaba-mlilo engaphansi kwamanzi iphelile. Ngokuphambene nalokho, ama-microcrater asemithambekeni yazo zonke izintaba zase-Easter Island akhombisa ukuthi izintaba-mlilo zingalala izinkulungwane zeminyaka, bese zimangaza abantu abanjengalabo abachazwe encwadini ka-Jules Verne ethi “The Mysterious Island”: ukuqhuma okucekela phansi yonke indawo yesiqhingi.
15. I-Easter Island ayiyona insali yezwekazi elikhulu, ngakho-ke abantu ababehlala kuyo kwakudingeka basuke ngomkhumbi besuka kwenye indawo. Kunezinketho ezimbalwa lapha: izakhamizi zesikhathi esizayo zePhasika zivela eNtshonalanga noma eMpumalanga. Ngenxa yokushoda kwezinto eziyiqiniso lapho kukhona amaphupho, zombili lezi zindawo zokubukwa zingathethelelwa. UThor Heyerdahl wayengumuntu ovelele "waseNtshonalanga" - umsekeli wombono wokuhlala kwalesi siqhingi ngabokufika abavela eNingizimu Melika. AmaNorway afuna ubufakazi benguqulo yakhe kukho konke: ngezilimi namasiko abantu, izimbali nezilwane, ngisho nasemisakazweni yolwandle. Kepha yize ayenegunya elikhulu, wehluleka ukukholisa abaphikisi bakhe. Abasekeli bohlobo "lwasempumalanga" nabo banezimpikiswano zabo kanye nobufakazi, futhi babukeka bekholisa kakhulu kunezimpikiswano zikaHeyerdahl nabasekeli bakhe. Kukhona futhi inketho ephakathi: abaseNingizimu Melika baqala ngomkhumbi baya ePolynesia, bathatha izigqila lapho futhi bazihlalisa e-Easter Island.
16. Akukho ukuvumelana ngesikhathi sokuhlala kwesiqhingi. Yaqala ukubhalwa ngekhulu lesi-4 AD. e., ke ngekhulu le-VIII. Ngokuya ngokuhlaziywa kwe-radiocarbon, ukuhlala kwe-Easter Island kwenzeka kakhulu ngekhulu le-XII-XIII, kanti abanye abacwaningi baze bathi yangekhulu le-XVI.
17. Izakhamizi zase-Easter Island zazinemibhalo yazo yezithombe. Ibibizwa nge- "rongo rongo". Izazi zolimi zathola ukuthi ngisho nolayini babebhalwa kusuka kwesobunxele kuye kwesokudla, kanti olayini abangajwayelekile babhalwa ukusuka kwesokudla kuye kwesobunxele. Okwamanje akukwazeki ukucacisa i- "rongo-rongo".
18. AbaseYurophu bokuqala abavakashele kulesi siqhingi baqaphela ukuthi abahlali bendawo babehlala, noma kunalokho balala ezindlini zamatshe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngaphandle kobuphofu, babesele benokuhlukaniswa komphakathi. Imindeni ecebile yayihlala ezindlini ezi-oval eziseduze nezinkundla zamatshe ezazisebenza ngemikhuleko noma ngemikhosi. Abantu abampofu bahlala kabusha ngamamitha ayi-100-200. Kwakungekho ifenisha ezindlini - zazenzelwe indawo yokukhosela kuphela lapho isimo sezulu singekho kahle noma ukulala.
19. Okuhehayo okuyinhloko kwalesi siqhingi yi-moai - imifanekiso yamatshe emikhulu eyenziwe ikakhulu nge-basalt volcano tuff. Zingaphezu kuka-900 zazo, kepha cishe isigamu esisele ezinkwalini zilungele ukulethwa noma zingaqedwa. Phakathi kwalezi ezingakaqedwa kunesithombe esibunjiwe esikhulu kunazo zonke ezinokuphakama okungaphansi nje kwamamitha angama-20 - asihlukanisiwe ngisho nensika yamatshe. Okude kakhulu kwezifanekiso ezifakiwe kungamamitha ayi-11.4 ukuphakama. "Ukukhula" kwawo wonke ama-moai kusuka ku-3 kuye kumamitha we-5.
20. Ukulinganiswa kwasekuqaleni kwesisindo sezithombe kwakususelwa ebunzimeni bama-basalts aqhamuka kwezinye izifunda zomhlaba, ngakho-ke izinombolo kwavela ukuthi zazihlaba umxhwele kakhulu - izithombe zaziba nesisindo samashumi amathani. Kodwa-ke, kwavela ukuthi i-basalt e-Easter Island ilula kakhulu (cishe u-1.4 g / cm3, ubukhulu obulinganayo bunepumice, okukuyo yonke indawo yokugezela), ngakho-ke isisindo sabo esimaphakathi sifinyelela kumathani ayi-5. Ngaphezulu kwamathani ayi-10 anesisindo esingaphansi kuka-10% wawo wonke ama-moai. Ngakho-ke, i-crane yamathani ayi-15 yayanele ukuphakamisa izithombe ezibunjiwe njengamanje (ngo-1825, zonke izithombe zibekiwe). Kodwa-ke, inganekwane mayelana nesisindo esikhulu sezithombe zaziqine kakhulu - ilula kakhulu kubasekeli bezinguqulo ezenziwa yi-moai ngabamele impucuko eseyathuthuka kakhulu, njengabafokazi, njll.
Enye yezinguqulo zokuhamba nokufakwa
21. Cishe zonke izithombe ezibunjiwe ezabesilisa. Iningi lihlotshiswe ngamaphethini ahlukahlukene nemiklamo. Ezinye izithombe zibekwe phezu kwezisekelo, ezinye zisemhlabathini, kepha zonke zibheka ngaphakathi kwesiqhingi. Ezinye zalezi zithombe zinezivalo ezinkulu ezimise okwamakhowe ezifana nezinwele eziluhlaza.
22. Ngenkathi, ngemuva kokumbiwa, isimo sezinto esezinkwalini saya ngokusobala, abacwaningi bafinyelela esiphethweni: umsebenzi wamiswa cishe ngokushesha - lokhu kwaboniswa izinga lokulungela kwezibalo ezingakaqedwa. Mhlawumbe umsebenzi wamiswa ngenxa yendlala, ubhadane noma ukungqubuzana kwangaphakathi kwabahlali. Kungenzeka ukuthi isizathu sasisalambile - izinsiza zesiqhingi ngokusobala zazinganele ukondla izinkulungwane zabantu futhi ngasikhathi sinye ziqukethe inani elikhulu labantu ababandakanyeka ezithombeni kuphela.
23. Izindlela zokuthuthwa kwalezi zithombe, kanjalo nenhloso yokubaza e-Easter Island, kungundabamlonyeni. Ngenhlanhla, abacwaningi bakulesi siqhingi abagijimi ekuhlolweni, esizeni nasesimweni sokuzenzela. Kwavela ukuthi lezi zithombe zingahanjiswa zombili zimile "zimile", futhi "ngemuva" noma "esiswini". Lokhu akudingi inani elikhulu labasebenzi (inani labo kunoma yikuphi likalwa ngamashumi). Izindlela eziyinkimbinkimbi azidingeki noma yiziphi - izintambo nezingodo zokugoqa zanele. Cishe isithombe esifanayo siyabonakala ekuhlolweni kokufakwa kwezifanekiso - imizamo yabantu abambalwa yanele, kancane kancane iphakamisa isithombe ngosizo lwe-levers noma izintambo. Imibuzo isalokhu ikhona. Ezinye zezithombe azikwazi ukufakwa ngale ndlela, futhi izivivinyo zenziwa kumamodeli asezingeni eliphakathi, kepha umgomo wokuthi kungenzeka ukuthi kuthuthwe ngesandla kufakazelwe.
Ezokuthutha
Khuphuka
24. Kakade ngekhulu lama-XXI ngesikhathi sokumbiwa kwatholakala ukuthi ezinye zezithombe zinengxenye engaphansi komhlaba - ama-torsos ambiwa emhlabathini. Ngesikhathi kumbiwa kwatholakala nezintambo nezingodo, ezazisetshenziselwa ukuthutha.
25. Ngaphandle kokuba kude kwe-Easter Island kusuka empucukweni, izivakashi eziningi ziyasivakashela. Kuzofanele sinikele ngesikhathi esiningi, kunjalo. Indiza evela enhlokodolobha yaseChile iSantiago ithatha amahora ama-5, kodwa izindiza ezinethezekile ziyandiza - umugqa wokufika esiqhingini ungaze wamukele iShuttles, futhi wawakhelwa wona. Esiqhingini uqobo lwaso kunamahhotela, izindawo zokudlela nolunye uhlobo lwengqalasizinda yezokungcebeleka: amabhishi, ukudoba, ukudilika, njll. Ukube bekungezona lezi zithombe, lesi siqhingi besizodlula indawo yokubiza yase-Asia engabizi kakhulu. Kepha ngubani owayezofika kuye maphakathi nomhlaba?
Isikhumulo sezindiza i-Easter Island
