Ku-toast eyenziwe elinye lamaqhawe efilimu ethi "Prisoner of the Caucasus or Shurik's New Adventures" - khumbula: "... ngoba ubala kahle ukuthi mangaki okusanhlamvu okusesikhwameni, mangaki amaconsi olwandle", njll., Ungangeza amagama ngenani likaphayini emhlabeni wethu. Izihlahla zikaphayini zitholakala eNyakatho Nenkabazwe ezindaweni ezinomkhawulo (ngokwezindawo ze-hemisphere). Kodwa-ke, lokhu akuvimbeli lesi sihlahla ukuthi sibe ngesokuqala emhlabeni maqondana nokudlondlobala, uma sibheka indawo ekhulayo, futhi, okungenani, okwesibili enanini lezihlahla (ezinye izazi zikholelwa ukuthi kunezihlahla eziningi ze-larch kulokhu). Zombili lezi zinkomba, zihlobene kakhulu - ngubani ongabala ngokunembile hhayi nje inani lezihlahla, kodwa futhi nendawo yokukhula kwazo ngokunemba okungenani ikhulu lamakhilomitha-skwele olwandle oluhlaza lwe-taiga?
Isihlahla sikaphayini esingathobeki siyakwazi ukuklanywa ezindaweni ezingahambisani kakhulu nendawo yaso yemvelo: inhlabathi enamatshe amancane, ukuntuleka komswakama kanye nokuntuleka kokuncintisana okuvela otshanini obude nasezihlahleni. UBaron von Falz-Fein utshale izihlahla zikaphayini enhlabathini emnyama engamamitha amabili emathafeni aseningizimu. Isihlahla sikaphayini esifanayo sihlobisa indawo yangaphambili yamaProkofeva eDonbass. Izitshalo ezinkulu zikaphayini zenziwa ngaphansi kohlaka lwecebo likaStalin lokuguqula imvelo. Cishe akekho noyedwa okhumbula lolu hlelo, futhi amahlathi okwenziwa kaphayini nama-groves kusanikeza injabulo yemvelo ezigidini zabantu.
Ukube bekungengenxa yezimo zomhlaba kanye nezebhayoloji, uphayini ubungaba yisihlahla esihle sokulungiswa kwezwe lokufakelwa. Lesi sihlahla asinazo izinambuzane zemvelo - izinhlaka eziningi kakhulu nama-phytoncides aqukethe izinkuni zikaphayini nezinaliti. Ngakho-ke, iziqu zezihlahla zikaphayini zihlanzekile ngokumangazayo futhi zisobala, futhi ukuba kuzo (uma, uNkulunkulu enqaba, awulahlekile) kuyintokozo enkulu. Futhi ngokubuka kokusebenziseka, uphayini ucishe ube yinto ekahle yokujoyina okuhlukahlukene, ukwakhiwa kanye namakhemikhali anamuhla.
1. Ngokombono wazo zonke izinkolo, izinkolelo, izinkolo, ngisho nasemlingo, uphayini umuthi okhombisa izinto ezinhle kakhulu. Udinga ukuzama kanzima ukuthola leyo mfanelo enhle iphayini ebingayifanekiseli. Uwuphawu lokungafi, impilo ende, ukuthembeka emshadweni, isivuno esikhulu, inzalo ecebile yemfuyo nokunye okuhle, kufaka phakathi, ngesikhathi esifanayo, nobuntombi. Imikhosi kaKhisimusi yesihlahla sikaphayini nayo ifanekisela izinto ezinhle. Izimpawu zikaKhisimusi zeza ezwenikazi iYurophu zivela eScandinavia.
2. Ngesikhathi seMpi Enkulu Yobuzwe, uphayini wasindisa okungenani izimpilo ezingamakhulu ezinkulungwane. Ukushoda okukhulu kakhulu kukavithamini C bekuzwakala ngaphambili nangemuva. Yebo, akekho noyedwa obengakunaka lokhu kushoda - uma kungekho ukudla okwanele okuyisisekelo, bambalwa abantu abanaka amavithamini - bangadla kangcono. Uhulumeni waseSoviet akazange ayishiyele le nkinga yazenzekela. Kakade ngo-Ephreli 1942, kwaba nomhlangano eRostov the Great, lapho kwathathwa isinqumo sokuqala ukukhiqizwa kokulungiselelwa kwamavithamini kanye nama-vitamin supplements kusuka kuzinaliti zikaphayini ngokushesha okukhulu. Ubuchwepheshe benzelwe ukuvuna, ukugcina, ukulungisa okuyinhloko kwezinaliti, kanye nenqubo yangempela yokukhipha i-glucose novithamini C kuyo. Izinaliti zizwakala zinomunyu kakhulu, ngakho-ke kwadingeka kusungulwe ubuchwepheshe bokuhlukanisa izinto ezinamakhemikhali nezinomunyu. Kuyacaca ukuthi eminyakeni yempi enzima kakhulu sasingekho isikhathi sokuthokozela kwamakhemikhali noma kwezobuchwepheshe. Kwakhiwa ubuchwepheshe obulula nenhle bokucubungula izinaliti zikaphayini. Ekugcineni, umunyu wasuswa ukuvutshelwa. Le yindlela okutholwe ngayo isiphuzo sezithelo, ama-30-50 amagremu awo ahlinzeka ngemfuneko yansuku zonke kavithamini C. Kodwa-ke, akuwona wonke ujusi owavutshelwa. Iziphuzo zezithelo ngohlobo lwazo oluhlanzekile zengezwe ku-kvass noma kumash (yebo, ngaphandle kwenhlanzi, okungukuthi, ngaphandle kwamavithamini, futhi umashi wawusizo, ngakho-ke wakhiqizwa ezindaweni zokuphuza zikahulumeni nezobuciko). Ekupheleni kwempi, bafunda ukuthi bangalungiselela kanjani ukugxila. Amagremu ayi-10 we-concentrate ayenele umthamo wansuku zonke kavithamini C.
3. Kumuntu ongakaze abone i-taiga, nguphayini ozoba ukuhlangana kokuqala nalo mqondo. Kodwa-ke, yize kunenqwaba yezihlahla zikaphayini, azidluli kule hlathi. Ngempela, i-pine taiga ingacatshangelwa esifundeni se-Urals. Kwezinye izindawo, idlula ezinye izihlahla. ENyakatho Yurophu, i-taiga iphethwe yi-spruce, ezwenikazi laseMelika, amahlathi e-spruce ahlanjululwe kakhulu nge-larch. Futhi ezindaweni ezinkulu eSiberia naseMpumalanga Ekude, larch evelele. I-Pine ikhona lapha kuphela ngesimo semisedari emifushane - isihlahla esincane somndeni kaphayini. Ngenxa yobukhulu bayo, imisedari emifushane kwesinye isikhathi ibizwa ngokuthi isihlahlana. Ikhula kakhulu kangangokuba umuntu angakwazi ukushushuluza ngqo eziqongweni ze-elfin embozwe yiqhwa.
4. Uma kwenziwa imbobo esihlahleni sikaphayini, i-resin izophuma cishe ngaso leso sikhathi kuso, ibizwa ngokuthi ubisi - isilonda esipholisayo. Abantu ababoni kude kakhulu ukusebenzisa i-resin ekukhiqizeni i-rosin, i-turpentine nemikhiqizo esekwe kubo. Eqinisweni, i-resin iqukethe i-70% ye-rosin ne-30% ye-turpentine cishe ngaphandle kokungcola. Kepha kufanelekile ukufaka i-resin ngaphansi kwengcindezi bese ulinda amashumi ezinkulungwane zeminyaka, futhi ungathola inhlaka eyigugu. Ngokuzimisela, ukusatshalaliswa nosayizi wediphozithi we-amber eYurophu kukhombisa ukuthi iphayini lalisabalele kangakanani e-Upper Cretaceous. Njalo ngonyaka ogwini lolwandle luphonsa amathani angama-40 we-amber. Ukukhiqizwa kwamadiphozi amakhulu kufinyelela kumakhulu amathani ngonyaka.
5. Amaphayini ngokuvamile ambozwa ngamagxolo ansundu alula. Kepha uphayini weparagine umbozwe ngamagxolo amhlophe angajwayelekile. Kulesi sihlahla, esiqanjwe ngegama lomhloli wamazwe waseRussia u-Alexander Bunge, owaba ngowokuqala ukuchaza lo phayini, izikali zokuxebula amagxolo zithola umbala omhlophe ongajwayelekile ngophayini. I-Bunge ayichazanga kuphela isihlahla sikaphayini kamuva esabizwa ngegama lakhe, kodwa futhi yaletha nembewu eRussia. Lesi sihlahla kwavela ukuthi asibekezeleli kahle amakhaza, kepha sahlulwa ngempumelelo eCaucasus naseCrimea. Lapho angatholakala namanje. Ama-Hobbyists akhulisa ngempumelelo iphayini le-Bunge njenge-bonsai.
6. Iphayini lisetshenziswe ngenkuthalo ekwakheni imikhumbi ngaso sonke isikhathi. Kuyiqiniso, akuzona zonke izinhlobo zikaphayini ezilungele ukwakhiwa kwemikhumbi. Ezifanele ziqoqwe ngaphansi kwegama "umkhumbi uphayini". Eqinisweni, lezi okungenani izinhlobo ezintathu. Okubaluleke kakhulu kulokhu iphayini ophuzi. Izinkuni zayo azisindi, zihlala isikhathi eside futhi zinamakhemikhali kakhulu. Izici ezinjalo zivumela ukusetshenziswa kukaphayini ophuzi ekwakheni omasila nezinye izipele. Iphayini elibomvu, njengohlobo oluqoshiwe futhi olujabulisa kakhulu, lisetshenziselwa ukuhlobisa kwangaphandle nangaphakathi nezinto eziqondile zokuthwala umthwalo ezifana nedeski naphansi kwe-bilge. Iphayini elimhlophe lisetshenziselwa ikakhulukazi ukudala izinto ezisizayo, lapho amandla akhethekile engadingeki khona.
7. Enyakatho neSt. Petersburg kune-Udelny Park. Manje yaziwa ngokuyinhloko njengendawo yokuphumula. Kepha yasungulwa njengesihlahla semithi yemikhumbi uqobo nguPeter I. Iqiniso ukuthi, ngayo yonke ingcebo yehlathi laseRussia, lalingekho ihlathi eliningi elifanele ukwakha imikhumbi. Ngakho-ke, umbusi wokuqala waseRussia wanaka ngokukhethekile ukutshala nokugcina amahlathi akhona. Ngaphandle kokuthi isihlahla sikaphayini sikhula size sibe ngosayizi wokumaketha okungenani iminyaka engama-60, futhi ngesikhathi sokuphila kwakhe izihlahla zikaphayini ngokusobala zazingeke zibe nesikhathi sokuya esikhumulweni semikhumbi, uPeter I uqobo watshala izihlahla zikaphayini ezintsha. Ukubona kusengaphambili okumangazayo kombusi ovelele! Esinye salezi zihlahla, ngokusho kwenganekwane, sikhula e-Udelny Park.
8. Iphayini yinto ethandwayo yokwenza ifenisha. Phakathi kwezinzuzo, yiqiniso, iphunga lamafutha abalulekile akhishwa yifenisha yophayini. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukutholakala kwama-phytoncides kwenza ifenisha kaphayini, noma kunalokho iphunga layo, i-agent yokuthambisa enhle kakhulu. Ifenisha eyenziwe ngophayini osezingeni eliphakeme ilungele imvelo futhi ayikwazi ukubunjwa. Ingabuyiselwa kalula: imifantu namachips kugcotshwa nge-wax. Uhlangothi lwe-flip lohlamvu lwemali: kunamathuba amaningi okungena kufenisha eyenziwe ngamabhodi angomile kahle. Indawo yefenisha yophayini inqunyelwe yizici eziningi. Ifenisha enjalo akufanele ibekwe ezindaweni ezikhanyiswe yilanga, eduze nemithombo yokushisa, nalapho kukhona ingozi yokulimala ngomshini - uphayini unezinkuni ezibuthaka. Yebo, njenganoma iyiphi ifenisha yokhuni oluqinile, ifenisha yophayini ibiza kakhulu kunezingcezu zefenisha ezenziwe nge-chipboard, ezisetshenziswa kabanzi.
9. Izithelo cishe zonke izinhlobo zikaphayini ezisabalele zimnandi, zinomsoco futhi ziphilile. Imbewu enkulu kunayo yonke inikezwa nguphayini wase-Italiya, kepha lokhu kungenxa yendawo yokuhlala efanelekile yezihlahla - inhlabathi e-Italy ayicebile kakhulu, kepha amatshe, amaphayini ase-Italy akhula ezintabeni eziphakathi, kanti isimo sezulu sifudumele futhi sinomswakama. Kunzima ukulindela umkhiqizo ofanayo kusuka emithini yokhuni ekhula eMedithera e-Italy kanye nezimo ezinzima ze-subpolar Urals noma iLapland.
10. Isihlahla esinemibala ehlukahlukene kanjalo, njengephayini, sakhanga, futhi ngaphezu kokukodwa, ukunakwa kwabadwebi. Ukudweba eJapan naseChina ngokuvamile kususelwa kuzinto zakudala - izithombe zezihlahla zikaphayini ochungechungeni olungapheli lwemidwebo yohlobo. U-Alexey Savrasov (imidwebo eminingana nama-watercolor amaningi), u-Arkhip Kuindzhi, u-Isaac Levitan, uSergey Frolov, u-Yuri Klever, uPaul Cezanne, u-Anatoly Zverev, uCamille Corot, uPaul Signac nabanye abaculi abaningi baveze amaphayini ezindaweni zabo. Kodwa ngaphandle, yiqiniso, umsebenzi u-Ivan Shishkin. Lo mculi ovelele waseRussia unikele ngemidwebo eminingi emapayini. Ngokuvamile, wayethanda ukupenda izihlahla namahlathi, kodwa wanaka kakhulu amaphayini.
