Noma ikuphi ukudala kuyingxenye yesimangaliso esingaqondakali. Kungani izinkulungwane zabantu zidweba, kuyilapho u-Ivan Aivazovsky ethatha ihora ukupenda indawo yasolwandle engasho lutho kodwa eyingqayizivele? Kungani izinkulungwane zezincwadi zibhalwa nganoma iyiphi impi, kuyilapho “Impi Nokuthula” itholwa nguLeo Tolstoy, nethi “Emihlanganweni YaseStalingrad” kuphela uViktor Nekrasov? Le nhlansi yobunkulunkulu esiyibiza ngethalente iza kubani futhi nini? Futhi kungani lesi sipho sikhethwa ngezinye izikhathi? UMozart, cishe, wayengomunye wabantu ababehlakaniphe kakhulu abahamba ezweni lethu, futhi yini eyamnika ubuhlakani? Izingxabano ezingapheli, izingxabano nempi yansuku zonke yesinkwa, ngokubanzi, ilahlekile.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, utadisha ama-biographies abaqambi abadumile, amaqiniso asezingeni lokuphila okuzoxoxwa ngalo ngezansi, uyaqonda ukuthi akukho lutho lomuntu olungajwayelekile kubo ngezinga elikhulu kakhulu kunabantu abavamile. Cishe wonke umqambi ku-biography yakhe akanalo, cha, futhi ushelela ngisho "ngokuthandana nonkosikazi wakhe" (okusho ukuthi, umuntu onqabile noma ongakuvumeli ukuthi ubulawe yindlala noma akusindise ekubhaleni amanothi amahora ayi-12 ngosuku), "wathandana 15 indodakazi eneminyaka engu-Princess NN ", noma" wahlangana nomculi onethalente u-XX, okwathi ngeshwa wayethanda imali ngokweqile. "
Futhi bekungalunga uma kumayelana namasiko enkathi. Kepha ngasikhathi sinye nabaculi, ababebanjwa inkunzi esikhumbeni ngabalingani bempilo nababolekisi, kwakukhona ozakwabo abasebenzisa ithalente labo ngokunethezeka, okwenza umona walabo ababazungezile. UJean-Baptiste Lully, noma ngabe "iLanga King" seliphelelwe yisithakazelo kuye, wahola impilo yomuntu ocebile, noma egula, ecebile. Izikhathi eziningi waqalekiswa amahemuhemu, kepha engenacala ngokufa kukaMozart, u-Antonio Salieri waqeda impilo yakhe esemdala. Abaqambi abasha base-Italy basathola umklomelo weRossini. Ngokusobala, ithalente lomqambi lidinga uhlaka lwansuku zonke olujwayelekile lomqondo ovamile nolwazi.
1. Umlando we-opera yomhlaba waqala ngoClaudio Monteverdi. Lo mqambi ovelele wase-Italy wazalwa ngo-1567 eCremona, idolobha lapho amakhosi adumile uGuarneri, Amati noStradivari bahlala futhi basebenza khona. Kakade esemncane, uMonteverdi wakhombisa ithalente lokuqanjwa. Wabhala i-opera yakhe i-Orpheus ngo-1607. Nge-libretto encane kakhulu, uMonteverdi ukwazile ukwenza idrama ejulile. KwakunguMonteverdi owaba ngowokuqala ukuzama ukuveza umhlaba wangaphakathi womuntu ngomculo. Ukuze enze lokhu, kwakudingeka asebenzise amathuluzi amaningi futhi azibonakalise engumpetha wezinsimbi ovelele.
2. Umsunguli womculo waseFrance uJean-Baptiste Lully wayengowokudabuka e-Italy, kodwa uLouis XIV wayewuthanda umsebenzi wakhe kangangoba inkosi yelanga yaqoka uLully “umphathi wezomculo” (manje isikhundla sesizobizwa “ngongqongqoshe womculo”), wamphakamisela ebukhosini futhi wamnisela imali ... Maye, ngisho namakhosi amakhulu awanamandla okudalelwa - uLully ubulawe yisilonda esibhibhayo, ehlatshwe ngenduku yomqhubi.
3. Ingwazi u-Antonio Vivaldi, njengoba nazi, yafa iswele, impahla yayo yachazwa njengezikweletu, umqambi wayo wangcwatshwa ethuneni lamahhala labampofu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imisebenzi yakhe eminingi yalahleka isikhathi eside. Kungo-1920s kuphela, uprofesa weTurin Conservatory u-Alberto Gentili, owayefuna imisebenzi kaVivaldi impilo yakhe yonke, lapho athola khona inqwaba yamazwi, enqolobaneni yesigodlo saseSan Martino, amakhonsathi angama-300 nama-opera ayi-19 ngumqambi omkhulu. Imibhalo yesandla esakazekile kaVivaldi isatholakala, futhi umsebenzi wokuzidela wabeZizwe uyisihloko senoveli kaFrederico Sardelia "The Vivaldi Affair".
4. UJohann Sebastian Bach, ngaphandle kwemisebenzi yakhe ngisho nemfundo eyinhloko yomshayi wopiyano engacabangeki, ngesikhathi sokuphila kwakhe akazange athole ngisho nengxenye yekhulu yokuqashelwa kwamanje njengomqambi. Wayengumdlali odlala kahle kakhulu, njalo kwakudingeka ahambe edolobheni ngomuzi. Iminyaka lapho uBach athola umholo ohloniphekile yathathwa njengesikhathi esiyimpumelelo, futhi abatholanga iphutha ngemisebenzi ayibhala esemsebenzini. ELeipzig, ngokwesibonelo, bafuna kuye imisebenzi engemide kakhulu, hhayi njenge-opera, nokuthi "bavusa ukwesaba ezilalelini." Emishadweni emibili, uBach wayenezingane ezingama-20, lapho kwasinda khona eziyisi-7 kuphela eminyakeni eyikhulu ngemuva kokushona komqambi, ngenxa yemisebenzi yabaculi nabaphenyi, umphakathi jikelele walithakasela ithalente likaBach.
5. Phakathi neminyaka yomsebenzi womqambi waseJalimane uChristoph Willibald Gluck eParis (1772 - 1779), kwaqubuka ingxabano, eyabizwa ngokuthi "impi yamaGluckists kanye namaPikchinists." Olunye uhlangothi lwenziwe samuntu umqambi wase-Italy uPiccolo Piccini. Umbango wawulula: UGluck wayezama ukuguqula i-opera ukuze umculo okuyo ulalele umdlalo. Abasekeli be-opera yendabuko babephikisana, kepha babengenalo igunya likaGluck. Ngakho-ke, benze iPiccini isibhengezo sabo. Waqamba opera abahlekisayo base-Italy futhi wayengakaze ezwe ngempi ngaphambi kokuza eParis. Ngenhlanhla, uPiccini waba ngumuntu onempilo futhi wagcina ubudlelwane obufudumele noGluck.
6. "Ubaba kaSymphony noQuartet" uJoseph Haydn waba nelishwa ngabesifazane. Kuze kube yiminyaka engama-28, yena, ikakhulukazi ngenxa yobumpofu obedlulele, wayephila njenge-bachelor. Ngemuva kwalokho wathandana nendodakazi encane yomngani wakhe, kepha cishe ngosuku lapho uHaydn esezomcela khona umshado, le ntombazane yabaleka ekhaya. Ubaba uthe umculi uzoshada nendodakazi yakhe endala, ebineminyaka engama-32. UHaydn wavuma futhi wagqilazeka. Unkosikazi wakhe wayengowesifazane ochitha imali noxabanayo, futhi, okubaluleke kakhulu, wayedelela izinto zomyeni wakhe zomculo, yize bekungukuphela kwemali engenayo yomndeni. UMaria kungenzeka ukuthi wasebenzisa umculo weshidi njengephepha lokusonga noma ama-curlers. UHaydn uqobo wathi esekhulile wathi akanandaba nokuthi ushade nomculi noma umenzi wezicathulo. Kamuva, ngenkathi esebenzela iNkosana u-Esterhazy, uHaydn wahlangana no-Antonio noLuija Polzelli, umbhangqwana oshaya i-violinist futhi ongumculi. ULuigi wayeneminyaka eyi-19 kuphela, kepha, ngokusobala, wayesenolwazi oluningi lokuphila. Unikeze uHaydn, oseneminyaka engama-47 ubudala, ngomusa wakhe, kodwa ngokubuyisela waqala ukukhipha imali kuye ngokungenamahloni. Ukuthandwa nokuchuma kwafika kuHaydn noma ngabe kwakudingeka, ngokubanzi, kungadingeki.
7. Inganekwane, edume eRussia, yokuthi u-Antonio Salieri wafakela uWolfgang Amadeus Mozart ubuthi ngenxa yomona ngethalente lakhe nempumelelo yakhe, yatholwa e-Italy kuphela ngawo-1980, lapho umdlalo kaPeter Schaeffer u-Amadeus wawukhonjiswa e-Italy. Lo mdlalo ubudlalwa ngokusekelwe enhlekeleleni ka-Alexander Pushkin "Mozart noSalieri" futhi wabangela isiphepho sentukuthelo e-Italy. Ukuhleba ngengxabano phakathi kukaMozart noSalieri kwavela ngesikhathi sokuphila kwakhe. I-Salieri, ikakhulukazi, yayibangelwa ubuqili nobuqili. Kodwa nalawa mahemuhemu abesekelwe encwadini eyodwa kuphela evela kuMozart eya kuyise. Kuyo, uMozart wakhononda ngokuthengisa nangokuthengisa ngabo bonke abaculi base-Italy abasebenza eVienna. Ubudlelwano phakathi kukaMozart noSalieri babungebona ubungani babo, babenobungane impela, benza ngentokozo imisebenzi yale "mbangi". Mayelana nempumelelo, uSalieri wayengumqambi owaziwayo, umqhubi kanye nothisha, umuntu ocebile, umphefumulo wanoma iyiphi inkampani, futhi hhayi ngokudabukisayo, ebala i-misanthrope. UMozart, ohlala engenamali, ecwile ebudlelwaneni obungahlelekile, engakwazi ukuhlela imisebenzi yakhe, bekufanele ngabe abe nomona ngoSalieri.
8. Umsunguli wekhonsathi yezinwele ezikhanyayo uDmitry Bortnyansky, ngenkathi efunda e-Italy, wahlanganiswa ukusiza izwe lase-Motherland. U-Count Alexei Grigorievich Orlov, owafika eVenice ngesikhathi lapho uDmitry Stepanovich Bortnyansky wayekhona, wabandakanya umqambi ezingxoxweni eziyimfihlo nenxusa lase-Italy uMarutsi. UBortnyansky waxoxisana ngempumelelo enjalo u-Orlov wamethula emphakathini ophakeme. Bortnyansky wenza umsebenzi okhazimulayo, ukufinyelela ezingeni langempela ikhansela isimo (jikelele jikelele). Futhi “Uma iNkosi yethu ikhazimula eSiyoni,” ubhale ngaphambi kokuthola isikhundla sokuba ngujenene.
9. Ubaba uLudwig van Beethoven wayenesifiso esikhulu sokuthi indodana yakhe ilandele ezinyathelweni zikaMozart. Umculi wesonto lasenkantolo wafunda nomfana omncane amahora amaningana ngosuku. Kwesinye isikhathi, okwethusa umama wakhe, wahlela nezifundo zasebusuku. Kodwa-ke, ngemuva kokusebenza kwendodana yakhe yokuqala, uJohann Beethoven walahlekelwa yintshisekelo kumakhono akhe omculo. Noma kunjalo, ukunakwa okukhulu okukhokhelwe umculo kuthinte imfundo ejwayelekile kaLudwig. Akakaze afunde ukuziphindaphinda izinombolo futhi azi nezimpawu zokubhala ezimbalwa kakhulu zaseJalimane.
10. Inganekwane yokuthi lapho uNiccolo Paganini eqala ukugqashula izintambo ze-violin yakhe, futhi wakwazi ukuqedela ukusebenza kwakhe, edlala intambo eyodwa kuphela, unezimpande ezimbili. Ngo-1808, umculi we-violinist nomqambi womculo babehlala eFlorence, lapho ayengumculi wasenkantolo weNkosazana u-Eliza Bonaparte, udadewabo kaNapoleon. Okwenkosazana, uPaganini ayenobudlelwano obunothando naye, umqambi wabhala imisebenzi eminingana, kufaka phakathi i- "Love Scene", ebhalelwe izintambo ezimbili. Abathandekayo ngokunengqondo bafuna ukuthi umqambi abhale okuthile ngentambo eyodwa. UPaganini wagcwalisa isifiso sakhe ngokubhala nokwenza i-sonata yamasosha kaNapoleon. Lapha, eFlorence, uPaganini wayephuzile ngandlela thile ekhonsathini. Ngokushesha okukhulu, waya ezilalelini ngaphandle kokubheka ukusayinwa kwe-violin. Izethameli zikujabulele ukulalela i- “Sonata” kaHaydn, edlalwa, njalonjalo, ngokungenaphutha. Kwakungemva nje kwekhonsathi lapho kwatholakala khona ukuthi i-violin yayicushwe ngokuphelele ithoni ephezulu kunopiyano - uPaganini, ngenkathi enza umsebenzi wakhe, washintsha yonke iminwe yeSonata.
11. UGioacchino waseRussia, eneminyaka engama-37, wayengumqambi we-opera owayedume kakhulu, ecebile futhi edumile emhlabeni. Ingcebo yakhe yabalwa ezigidini. Umqambi wayebizwa nge- "Italian Mozart" kanye ne- "The Sun of Italy". Lapho umsebenzi wakhe usuphakeme, wayeka ukubhala umculo wezwe, wazikhawulela emaculweni esonto nasekufundiseni. Kunikezwa izincazelo ezahlukahlukene ngokushiya okubukhali kanjena komqambi omkhulu kwezobuciko, kepha akukho neyodwa yazo ethola ukuqinisekiswa kwamadokhumenti. Yinye into eqinisekile: UGioacchino Rossini ushiye lo mhlaba, ecebe kakhulu kunabalingani bakhe, abebesebenza emculweni bema ethuneni. Ngezimali ezashiywa ngumqambi, indawo yokulondolozwa kwezemvelo yasungulwa edolobhaneni lomqambi wasePesaro, kwasungulwa imiklomelo yabaqambi abasebasha nabathandi bezintandokazi, futhi lapho uRossini athandwa khona kakhulu, kwavulwa ikhaya labahlengikazi.
12. UFranz Schubert wayaziwa ngesikhathi esaphila njengombhali wezingoma osuselwa emavesini ezimbongi ezidumile zaseJalimane. Ngasikhathi sinye, wabhala ama-opera ayi-10 angazange asibone isigaba, nama-symphony ayi-9 angakaze enze yi-orchestra. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amakhulu emisebenzi kaSchubert yahlala ingashicilelwanga, futhi imibhalo yabo yesandla yaqhubeka itholakala emashumini eminyaka ngemuva kokuqanjwa komqambi.
13. Umqambi wezingoma odumile nomgxeki womculo uRobert Schumann wahlushwa i-schizophrenia impilo yakhe yonke. Ngenhlanhla, ukukhushulwa kwalesi sifo kwenzeka kaningi. Kodwa-ke, uma ukugula kuqala ukuzibonakalisa, isimo somqambi saba sibi kakhulu. Wazama kaningi ukuzibulala, ngemuva kwalokho yena waya esibhedlela sabagula ngengqondo. Ngemuva kweminye yale mizamo, uSchumann akazange aphume esibhedlela. Wayeneminyaka engu-46 ubudala.
14. UFranz Liszt akazange amukelwe eParis Conservatory - ayizange ibamukele abantu bakwamanye amazwe - kanti isigaba saseFrance somsebenzi womqambi nomshayi wopiyano saqala ngokudlala kuma-salon. Abathanda ithalente elineminyaka engu-12 ubudala baseHungary bamnikeza ikhonsathi e-Italy Opera House, eyayinenye yezinsimbi zomculo ezihamba phambili. Ngenye yezinombolo ngemuva kwengxenye lapho uFerenc osemusha adlale khona i-solo, i-orchestra ayizange ingene ngesikhathi - abaculi balalele ukudlala kwe-virtuoso encane.
15. I-opera edumile "Madame Butterfly" nguGiacomo Puccini yathatha isimo sayo samanje kude ngokushesha. Ukusebenza kokuqala kukaMadame Butterfly, okwabanjwa ngoFebhuwari 17, 1904 eTeatro alla Scala eMilan, kwehlulekile. Ezinyangeni ezimbili umqambi wabuyekeza ngokungathí sina umsebenzi wakhe, futhi ngoMeyi, uMadame Butterfly waba yimpumelelo enkulu. Kodwa-ke, lokhu kwakungekhona okuhlangenwe nakho kokuqala kukaPuccini ekusebenzeni kabusha imisebenzi yakhe. Phambilini, ngenkathi efaka i-opera i- "Tosca", wafaka kuyo yonke into esanda kubhalwa - umculi odumile uDarkla, owayedlala indawo ephambili, wayefuna ukuziculela eyakhe i-aria, wayithola.
16. ULudwig van Beethoven, Franz Schubert, umqambi odumile wase-Austrian u-Anton Bruckner, umqambi waseCzech u-Antonín Dvořák nomunye u-Austrian Gustav Mahler bafa ngemuva nje kokuqeda umsebenzi kwi-Ninth Symphonies yabo.
17. Kwaziwa kabanzi okuthiwa. IMighty Handful kwakuyinhlangano yabaqambi baseRussia, eyayihlanganisa uModest Mussorgsky, u-Alexander Borodin, uNikolai Rimsky-Korsakov nabanye abaqambi abathuthukayo. Imisebenzi ye- "Belyaevsky Circle" ayaziwa kangako. Kodwa ngaphansi kophiko lomsizi odumile uMitrofan Belyaev, cishe bonke abaqambi baseRussia babehlangene kusukela ngawo-1880. Kwakukhona ubusuku bangesonto lomculo obabanjwa, ngokwesimanje. ikhonsathi, amanothi ashicilelwe ngezinga lezimboni ngempela. Kuphela eLeipzig, uBelyaev washicilela amanothi abaqambi baseRussia asezingeni eliphakeme kumqulu wama-512, abiza kuye ama-ruble ayisigidi. Umvukuzi wegolide waseRussia akazange abashiye abaqambi ngisho nangemva kokufa kwakhe. Indlu eyisisekelo neyokushicilela ayisungulayo yayiholwa nguRimsky-Korsakov, u-Anatoly Lyadov no-Alexander Glazunov.
18. I-operetta edume umhlaba wonke yomqambi wezingoma wase-Austria uFranz Lehár "Umfelokazi Ojabulayo" kungenzeka ukuthi akazange akubone ukukhanya kosuku. Umqondisi wenkundla yemidlalo yaseshashalazini yaseVienna "i-an der Wien", lapho uLehár enza khona umsebenzi wakhe, wawuphatha kabi lo mdlalo, yize akhokhela ukuzilolonga nokwenza kahle. Amasethi nezingubo zokugqoka kwakwenziwa ngalokhu okutholakalayo, kwakudingeka bazilolonge ebusuku. Kwafika eqophelweni lokuthi ngosuku lokukhishwa kwesizini, wathembisa ukukhokhela uLehar ukuze anqabe lo mdlalo futhi angahloniphi itiyetha ngomdlalo ongcolile. Umqambi wayesevele ekulungele ukuvuma, kodwa abalingisi baphazamisa, ababengafuni ukuthi umsebenzi wabo umosheke. Umbukiso waqala. Isenzo sokuqala sesiphazanyiswe ukushayelwa ihlombe kaningana. Ngemuva kweyesibili, kwaba nokujabula okukhulu - izethameli zabiza umbhali nabalingisi. Akukho lutho olunqikaza, kanye noLehar nabadlali, umqondisi weshashalazi waphuma wayokhothama.
19. IBolero, eyaba yingoma yomculo ngumqambi waseFrance uMaurice Ravel ngekhulu lama-20, empeleni, ingumsebenzi ojwayelekile othunyelwe. Umdansi odumile u-Ida Rubinstein ngawo-1920 wafuna (ukuthi imaphi amalungelo okwakumele awafune kuRavel, umlando awuthule) ukuhlela umsebenzi womqambi waseSpain u-Isaac Albeniz “Iveria” wemidanso yakhe. URavel uzame, kodwa washeshe wabona ukuthi kwakulula ngaye ukubhala umculo awudingayo eyedwa. Wazalwa kanjalo "uBolero".
20. Ekuqaleni komsebenzi wakhe, umbhali we "Silva" kanye ne "Circus Princess" u-Imre Kalman wabhala umculo "obucayi" - izingoma zomculo, izinkondlo, ama-opera, njll. Izethameli azizange zizamukele ngentshiseko enkulu. Ngokwamukelwa ngumqambi waseHungary, waqala ukubhala ama-opereta naphezu kokuthandwa okuvamile - awawathandi ama-symphony ami, ngizokwehlisa ukubhala ama-opereta. Futhi-ke impumelelo yafika kuye. Izingoma ezivela kuma-opereta womqambi waseHungary zaba ngumgwaqo nethavern zashaya usuku olulandelayo ngemuva kwama-premieres. I-operetta "Hollanda" isidlale ngaphezu kuka-450 eVienna. icala elingajwayelekile kakhulu labaqambi: umndeni wakwaKalman wawuhlala eVienna esigodlweni sangempela esinendlu evulekile. ukwamukela noma yiziphi izivakashi nsuku zonke.
