Ekhulwini lama-20, ezemidlalo sezisukile endleleni yokusebenzisa isikhathi sokuzilibazisa kwabambalwa abakhethiwe zaba umkhakha omkhulu. Esikhathini esifushane ngokomlando, imicimbi yezemidlalo iguquke yaba yimibukiso ebanzi, iheha amashumi ezinkulungwane zababukeli ezinkundleni zemidlalo nasezinkundleni zemidlalo namakhulu ezigidi kumabonakude.
Kuyadabukisa ukuthi le ntuthuko yenzeke ngemuva kwengxoxo engenazithelo futhi ebunayo ngokuthi yimuphi umdlalo ongcono: amateur noma uchwepheshe. Abasubathi bahlukaniswa futhi baxoshwa, njengezinkomo ezihlanzekile - lezi ziyizimfundamakhwela ezimsulwa nezikhanyayo, ithalente labo elizivumela ukuthi zisethe amarekhodi omhlaba, zingaphumuli ngokulambisa ngemuva kokushintshwa efektri, noma ngisho nochwepheshe abangcolile abafakwe i-doping abafaka amarekhodi ngokwesaba ukulahlekelwa ucezu lwesinkwa.
Amazwi ahluzekile ayezwakala njalo. Kodwa-ke, bahlala izwi limemeza ehlane. Emuva ngo-1964, elinye lamalungu e-IOC lasho embikweni osemthethweni ukuthi umuntu ochitha amahora angu-1 600 ngonyaka ekuqeqeshweni olunzulu akakwazi ukuhlanganyela ngokugcwele kunoma yimuphi omunye umsebenzi. Bamlalele futhi bathatha isinqumo: ukwamukela imishini evela kubaxhasi kuyindlela yokukhokha eguqula umsubathi abe nguchwepheshe.
Impilo noma kunjalo ikhombise ukungamukeleki kwemicabango emsulwa. Ngama-1980s, ochwepheshe babevunyelwe ukubamba iqhaza kuma-Olympiads, futhi emashumini ambalwa eminyaka umugqa ophakathi kwabafundi nabachwepheshe wathuthela lapho kufanele ube khona. Ochwepheshe bancintisana, futhi abadlali babo abaphefumulelwe badlala imidlalo ngenjabulo noma ngezinzuzo zezempilo.
1. Abadlali bezemidlalo abangochwepheshe bavele ngqo lapho imincintiswano yokuqala yavela, okungenani icishe ifane nezemidlalo, ngemincintiswano ebanjwa njalo. Oompetha bama-Olimpiki eGrisi lasendulo abahlonishwanga nje kuphela. Banikezwa ekhaya, izipho ezibizayo, ezigcinwe phakathi kweMidlalo yama-Olimpiki, ngoba iqhawe likhazimulisa idolobha lonke. Umpetha ophindaphindiwe wama-Olimpiki uGuy Appuleius Diocles waqongelela inani elilingana nama-dollar ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane eziyi-15 ngesikhathi semidlalo yakhe ngekhulu lesi-2 AD. Futhi babengobani, uma kungenjalo abasubathi abangochwepheshe, ababengama-gladiator amaRoma? Bona, ngokungafani nenkolelo evamile, bafe kakhulu kakhulu - kuyini ukuthi umnikazi abhubhise izimpahla ezibizayo ku-duel ebulalayo. Sebedlale enkundleni, ama-gladiator athola imali yawo futhi ayowugubha, ejabulela ukuthandwa kakhulu yizilaleli. Kamuva, abashayi besibhakela nabalwi bahamba emigwaqweni yangenkathi ephakathi njengengxenye yamaqembu esekisi, elwa nawo wonke umuntu. Akumangalisi ukuthi ngokuqala kwemincintiswano yezemidlalo, lapho amathikithi ayethengiswa khona futhi kubhejwa (ngasendleleni, hhayi umsebenzi wasendulo omncane kunemidlalo yezobuchwepheshe), kwavela ochwepheshe ababefuna ukwenza imali ngamandla abo noma ngekhono labo. Kepha ngokusemthethweni, umugqa phakathi kochwepheshe nabasafufusa wavela okokuqala ngo-1823. Izitshudeni, ezithathe isinqumo sokuhlela umncintiswano wokugwedla, azivumanga ukuthi zibone isikebhe “esiqeqeshiwe” esibizwa ngoStephen Davis. Eqinisweni, abafundi abanomnumzane bebengafuni ukuncintisana noma, ngisho nangaphansi, balahlekelwe ngumuntu osebenza kanzima.
2. Okuthile okufana nalokhu umugqa phakathi kwabaprofeshinali nabasafufusa wadonswa kwaze kwaba sekupheleni kwekhulu le-19 leminyaka - abanumzane babekwazi ukubamba iqhaza emincintiswaneni ngemiklomelo yamakhulu amakhilogremu, futhi umqeqeshi noma umqeqeshi owathola isisindo esingamaphawundi angama-50 - 100 ngonyaka wayengavunyelwe ukuncintisana. Le ndlela yashintshwa ngokuphelele nguBaron Pierre de Coubertin, owavusa inhlangano ye-Olympic. Kuwo wonke amandla akhe nokuzimisela, uCoubertin wayeqonda ukuthi ezemidlalo ngandlela thile zazizosabalala. Ngakho-ke, wakubona kunesidingo ukuthuthukisa izimiso ezijwayelekile zokunquma isimo somsubathi ongaconsi phansi. Lokhu kwathatha iminyaka eminingi. Ngenxa yalokhu, sathola ukwakheka kwezimfuneko ezine, obekungeke kwenzeke ukuthi uJesu Kristu aludlulisele esivivinyweni. Ngokusho kwayo, isibonelo, umgijimi olahlekelwe okungenani owodwa wemiklomelo yakhe okungenani kanye kufanele abhalise kubachwepheshe. Lo mbono waletha izinkinga ezinkulu enhlanganweni yama-Olimpiki futhi wacishe wayiqeda.
3. Wonke umlando walokho okuthiwa. imidlalo yama-amateur ngekhulu lama-20 ibilokhu ingumlando wokunikezelana nokuyekethisa. I-International Olympic Committee (IOC), Amakomidi Kazwelonke Wama-Olimpiki (ama-NOC) kanye Namaqembu Ezemidlalo Emhlabeni Wonke kuye kwadingeka ukuthi kancane kancane bakwamukele ukukhokhelwa kwabadlali. Babizwa ngemifundaze, izinxephezelo, imivuzo, kodwa ingqikithi ayizange ishintshe - abasubathi bathola imali ngqo ngokudlala imidlalo.
4. Ngokuphikisana nokuhumusha okwaba khona kamuva, i-NOC ye-USSR yaba ngeyokuqala ukugunyaza ukutholwa kwemali ngabasubathi ngo-1964. Lesi siphakamiso asisekelwanga nje kuphela amakomidi ama-Olimpiki wamazwe ososhiyali, kepha nama-NOC aseFinland, eFrance kanye nezinye izifundazwe. Kodwa-ke, i-IOC yayivele icindezelwe kangangokuba ukuqaliswa kwesiphakamiso kwakudingeka kulinde iminyaka engaphezu kwengu-20.
5. Iqembu lezemidlalo lokuqala elikhokhelwayo emhlabeni kwakuyi-baseball “Cincinnati Red Stokins”. I-baseball e-United States, naphezu komdlalo we-amateur omenyezelwayo, idlalwe ngochwepheshe kusukela ngo-1862, ababeqashwa ngabaxhasi ezikhundleni ezingamanga ngomholo okhuphukile ("u-bartender" wathola u- $ 50 ngesonto esikhundleni se-4 - 5, njll.). Abaphathi bakaStockins banqume ukuwuyeka lo mkhuba. Abadlali abahamba phambili baqoqwa ngesikhwama sokukhokha esingu- $ 9,300 ngesizini ngayinye. Phakathi nesizini, “amaStokins” anqobe imidlalo engama-56 ngokulingana okukodwa ngaphandle kokwehlulwa, futhi iklabhu ngenxa yokuthengiswa kwamathikithi lize laphuma lihlangene, lahola u- $ 1.39 (lesi akusona isiphepho).
6. I-baseball yobuchwepheshe e-United States idlule ochungechungeni lwezinkinga ezinkulu lapho ikhula. Amaligi namakilabhu avele futhi aqothuka, abanikazi bamaqembu nabadlali bashayisana kaningi, osopolitiki nezinhlangano zikahulumeni bazama ukugxambukela emisebenzini yamaligi. Ukuphela kwento eyahlala ingashintshi ukukhula kwamaholo. Ochwepheshe bokuqala “ababucayi” bathola imali engaphezu nje kwenkulungwane yamadola ngenyanga, okuyimali ephindwe kathathu kumholo wesisebenzi esinamakhono. Kakade ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, abadlali be-baseball bebengajabule nge-cap yeholo lama- $ 2,500. Ngemuva nje kweMpi Yezwe II, umholo omncane we-baseball wawungu- $ 5,000, futhi izinkanyezi zathola ngamunye u- $ 100,000. Kusukela ngo-1965 kuya ku-1970, iholo elijwayelekile lenyuka lisuka ku- $ 17 laya ku- $ 25,000, futhi abadlali abangaphezu kuka-20 bathola ngaphezu kuka- $ 100,000 ngonyaka. Umdlali we-baseball okhokhelwa kakhulu yi-pitcher yaseLos Angeles Dodgers uClayton Kershaw. Iminyaka eyisikhombisa yenkontileka, uqinisekisiwe ukuthi uzothola ama- $ 215 million - $ 35.5 million ngonyaka.
7. UMongameli we-5 we-IOC u-Avery Brandage wayengumpetha wokulinganisa wokuhlanzeka kwemidlalo yezemidlalo. Ehluleka ukwenza inqubekela phambili ebonakalayo kwezokusubatha, uBrandage, owakhula eyintandane, wenza imali enkulu kwezokwakha nasekutshaleni imali. Ngo-1928, uBrendage waba yinhloko ye-US NOC, kwathi ngo-1952 waba ngumongameli we-IOC. I-anti-Communist ne-anti-Semite, i-Brandage igudluzele eceleni noma yimuphi umzamo wokuthola ukuyekethisa kwabasubathi abaklomelisayo. Ngaphansi kobuholi bakhe, kwamukelwa izidingo ezingenasihe, ezenza kwaba nokwenzeka ukuthi kumenyezelwe noma yimuphi umsubathi njengomqeqeshi. Lokhu kungenziwa uma umuntu ephazamisa umsebenzi wakhe oyinhloko izinsuku ezingaphezu kwezingama-30, esebenza njengomqeqeshi kungakhathalekile ukuthi yimuphi umdlalo, ethola usizo ngezinto zokusebenza noma ngamathikithi, noma umklomelo obiza ngaphezu kuka- $ 40.
8. Kwamukelwa ngokujwayelekile ukuthi iBrandage ingumbono onomqondo omncane, kodwa-ke, kungakuhle ukubheka lo mcabango ngenye indlela. UBrandage waba ngumongameli we-IOC eminyakeni lapho i-USSR namanye amazwe wobusoshiyali bangena ngokoqobo enkundleni yezemidlalo yamazwe omhlaba. Amazwe ekamu lobusoshiyali, lapho abasubathi babesekelwa khona nguhulumeni ngokusemthethweni, bangenela umzabalazo wezindondo zama-Olimpiki. Izimbangi, ikakhulukazi ezaseMelika, bekufanele zihambe, futhi ithemba alizange limjabulise. Mhlawumbe iBrandage yavula indlela yehlazo nokushiywa ngaphandle okukhulu kwabamele iSoviet Union namanye amazwe wobusoshiyali enhlanganweni yama-Olimpiki. Iminyaka eminingi enguMongameli we-US NOC, lo mdlali ubengakwazi ukusiza kodwa azi ngemifundaze namanye amabhonasi atholwe abasubathi baseMelika, kepha ngasizathu simbe, ngaphezulu kweminyaka engama-24 yokubusa, akazange alisuse leli hlazo. Ubungcweti kwezemidlalo baqala ukumkhathaza kuphela ngemuva kokukhethwa njengomongameli we-IOC. Kungenzeka, igunya elikhulayo lomhlaba wonke le-USSR alivumanga ukuthi leli hlazo lishise.
9. Omunye wezisulu "zokuzingelwa kwezingcweti" ngumsubathi ovelele waseMelika uJim Thorpe. Kuma-Olimpiki ka-1912, uThorpe wawina izindondo ezimbili zegolide, wawina ithrekhi nensimu ye-pentathlon ne-decathlon. Ngokwenganekwane, iNkosi uGeorge waseSweden imbize njengomdlali ohamba phambili emhlabeni, futhi uMbusi waseRussia uNicholas II unikeze uThor umklomelo okhethekile. Lo msubathi wabuyela ekhaya njengeqhawe, kodwa ukusungulwa akuthandanga kakhulu uTrope - wayengumNdiya, owayecishe aqothulwe ngokuphelele ngaleso sikhathi. I-US IOC yaphendukela ku-NOC ngokulahla umsubathi wayo - ngaphambi kokunqoba kwe-Olimpiki, uThorpe wayengumdlali webhola oqeqeshiwe. I-IOC yasabela ngaso leso sikhathi, yaphuca uThorpe izindondo. Eqinisweni, uThorpe wayedlala ibhola (laseMelika) futhi walikhokhela. Ibhola lochwepheshe laseMelika belithatha izinyathelo zalo zokuqala. Amaqembu abekhona ngezinkampani zabadlali "abacoshe" abadlali phakathi kwabangani noma abantu ababaziyo kulo mdlalo. “Ochwepheshe” abanjalo babengadlalela amaqembu amabili ahlukene ngezinsuku ezimbili. UTrpe wayengumuntu osheshayo futhi oqinile, wamenywa ukuthi adlale ngenjabulo. Uma kwakudingeka ayodlala kwelinye idolobha, wayekhokhelwa amathikithi ebhasi nesidlo sasemini. Kwelinye lamaqembu, wadlala izinyanga ezimbili ngesikhathi samaholide abafundi, ethola isamba semali engu- $ 120. Lapho enikezwa inkontileka ephelele, uThorpe wenqaba - waphupha ngokudlala kuma-Olimpiki. UTrpe wakhululwa ngokusemthethweni kuphela ngo-1983.
10. Ngaphandle kokuthi imidlalo efana ne-baseball, i-hockey, ibhola laseMelika kanye ne-basketball akufani kangako, e-United States amaligi ale midlalo asebenza ngendlela efanayo. Kubantu baseYurophu, kungabonakala kungasendle. Amakilabhu - imikhiqizo - akuyona eyabanikazi bawo, kodwa ngeyeligi uqobo. Ithumela omengameli namabhodi wabaqondisi amalungelo okuphatha amakilabhu. Labo ababuyiselayo kumele balandele imiyalo eminingi, echaza cishe zonke izici zokuphatha, kusuka enhlanganweni kuye kwezezimali. Ngaphandle kokubonakala kuyinkimbinkimbi, uhlelo luzithethelela ngokuphelele - imali engenayo yabo bobabili abadlali namaqembu ikhula njalo. Isibonelo, ngesizini ka-1999/2000, umdlali webhasikidi owakhokhelwa kakhulu ngaleso sikhathi, uShaquille O'Neal, wazuza imali engaphezudlwana kuka- $ 17 million. Ngesizini ka-2018/1909, umdlali weGolden State uStephen Curry uthole izigidi ezingama-37.5 ngethemba lokukhulisa isichibi sibe yizigidi ezingama-45. U-O'Neill kwisizini ephelile ngabe uthathe indawo maphakathi nesikhombisa ngezinga leholo. Imali engenayo yeklabhu ikhula cishe ngesilinganiso esifanayo. Amanye amakilabhu angahle angabi nanzuzo, kepha i-League iyonke ihlala inenzuzo njalo.
11. Umdlali wethenisi wokuqala okhokhelwayo kwakunguFrench Susan Lenglen. Ngo-1920, wawina umqhudelwano wethenisi wama-Olimpiki e-Amsterdam. Ngo-1926, u-Lenglen wasayina inkontileka eyathola ama- $ 75,000 emidlalweni yokubonisa eyayise-United States. Uhambo, ngaphezu kwakhe, ubuhanjelwe ngumpetha wase-US uMary Brown, umpetha wama-Olimpiki amahlandla amabili ama-Olimpiki uVince Richards kanye nabadlali abambalwa abasezingeni eliphansi. Ukusebenza eNew York nakwamanye amadolobha kuphumelele, futhi ngo-1927 kwenziwa umqhudelwano wokuqala we-US Professional Championship. Ngawo-1930, kwaqala uhlelo lomqhudelwano womhlaba, futhi uJack Kramer waguqula ithenisi elikhokhelwayo. Kwakunguye, owayekade engumdlali wethenisi esikhathini esedlule, owaqala ukubamba imiqhudelwano ngokuzimisela komnqobi (ngaphambi kwalokho, ochwepheshe bamane badlala imidlalo eminingana eyayingahlobene). Kuqale ukuphuma kwezimfundamakhwela ezihamba phambili kuthenisi okhokhelwayo. Ngemuva komzabalazo omfishane ngo-1967, kwamenyezelwa ukuqala kwalokhu okubizwa nge- "Open Era" - kwamiswa ukuvinjelwa kwezimfundamakhwela ekubambeni iqhaza emiqhudelwaneni yezobuchwepheshe kanti okuphambene nalokho kwamenyezelwa. Eqinisweni, bonke abadlali ababambe iqhaza kule miqhudelwano sebengompetha.
12. Kuyaziwa ukuthi umsebenzi womsubathi okhokhelwayo awuvami ukuba mude, okungenani usezingeni eliphakeme. Kepha izibalo zikhombisa ukuthi kunembile ukubiza umsebenzi wobuchwepheshe njengofushane. Ngokwezibalo zamaligi aseMelika, umdlali we-basketball ojwayelekile ubedlala ezingeni eliphakeme kakhulu iminyaka engaphansi kwengu-5, abadlali be-hockey ne-baseball cishe iminyaka engu-5.5, nabadlali bebhola iminyaka engaphezudlwana nje kwemithathu. Ngalesi sikhathi, umdlali webhasikidi uyakwazi ukuhola cishe amaRandi ayizigidi ezingama-30, umdlali we-baseball - 26, umdlali weHockey - 17, nomdlali webhola “kuphela” $ 5.1 million. Kodwa izinkanyezi zokuqala ze-NHL zashiya i-hockey, zathola isikhundla sokuba umabhalane omncane, umsebenzi njengosilaha, noma ithuba lokuvula isitolo esincane somculo. Ngisho nosaziwayo uPhil Esposito wasebenza amatoho embonini yensimbi phakathi nezinkathi zeNHL kwaze kwaba ngu-1972.
13. Ithenisi elikhokhelayo ngumdlalo wabantu abacebe kakhulu. Yize kunezigidi zamaRandi emiklomelweni, iningi lochwepheshe lilahlekelwa yimali. Abahlaziyi babala ukuthi ukuze kulinganiswe izindleko zezindiza, ukudla, indawo yokuhlala, amaholo abaqeqeshi, njll. Nemali yomklomelo kuya kuziro, umdlali wethenisi kumele ahole cishe ama- $ 350,000 ngesizini ngayinye. Lokhu kubhekela impilo yensimbi eqanjiwe, lapho imiqhudelwano ingeqiwa futhi kungekho zindleko zokwelashwa. Kunabadlali abanjalo abangaphansi kuka-150 emhlabeni kwabesilisa nabangaphezu nje kwekhulu kwabesifazane. Vele kukhona izinkontileka zoxhaso nezinkokhelo ezivela ezinhlanganweni zamathenisi. Kepha abaxhasi baphendulela ukunakekela kwabo kubadlali abavela phezulu eziqongweni, futhi imifelandawonye ikhokha inani elilinganiselwe lemifundaze, hhayi kuwo wonke amazwe. Kepha ngaphambi kokuba uchwepheshe oqalayo aye enkantolo okokuqala ngqa, kufanele kutshalwe kuye amashumi ezinkulungwane zamaRandi.
14. U-Emmanuel Yarborough mhlawumbe ungumfanekiso omuhle kakhulu wokuphikisana phakathi kwezemidlalo yobungcweti neye-amateur kwezobuciko bempi. Indoda enesimo esihle enesisindo esingaphansi kwamakhilogremu angama-400 yenze kahle kakhulu kuma-sumo kubathandi bezinkosazana. I-sumo yobungcweti kuvele ukuthi ayimfanele - ochwepheshe bamafutha baziphatha kanzima kakhulu. U-Yarborough ungene ekulweni ngaphandle kwemithetho, eyaqala ukuthola imfashini, kepha futhi akaphumelelanga lapho - ukunqoba okungu-1 ngokuhlulwa okungu-3. UYarborough ushone eneminyaka engama-51 ngemuva kokuhlaselwa yisifo senhliziyo.
15. Imali engenayo yabasubathi abaqeqeshiwe nabahleli bezokuncintisana incike ngqo ezithakazelweni zezethameli. Ezinsukwini zokuqala zemidlalo yobungcweti, ukuthengiswa kwamathikithi kwakuwumthombo oyinhloko wemali engenayo. Engxenyeni yesibili yekhulu lama-20, ithelevishini yaba ngumsunguli wethrendi, enikeza isabelo sengonyama semali engenayo kwimidlalo eminingi. Noma ngubani okhokhayo ubiza ishuni. Kweminye imidlalo, imithetho yomdlalo bekufanele ishintshwe ngokuphelele ngenxa yokusakazwa kwethelevishini. Ngaphandle kwezinguquko zezimonyo ezenzeka cishe njalo ngonyaka kubhasikidi nakweHockey, ezemidlalo eziguqula kakhulu ithenisi, i-volleyball ne-table tennis. Kuthenisi, ekuqaleni kwawo-1970, umthetho weqiwa wokuthi umdlali wethenisi wawina isethi okungenani imidlalo emibili. Sikuqedile ukujikijela okude ngokwethula i-tie-break - umdlalo omfushane, owinile nawo owawina isethi. Kube nenkinga efanayo kwi-volleyball, kepha lapho iphinde yachukunyiswa iqiniso lokuthi ukuze lithole iphuzu, iqembu bekufanele lidlale insizakalo. Isimiso esithi “lonke ibhola liyiphuzu” senze i-volleyball yaba ngomunye wemidlalo enamandla kakhulu. Ngaphansi kwesithunzi sokuhudula ikhono lokushaya ibhola nganoma iyiphi ingxenye yomzimba, kufaka phakathi imilenze.Ekugcineni, ithenisi yetafula lenyuse usayizi webhola, lanciphisa inani lama-innings adlalwe ngumdlali oyedwa kulandelana lisuka ku-5 laya ku-2 futhi laqala ukudlala lafika kumaphoyinti ayi-11 esikhundleni samaphuzu angama-21. Izinguquko zikuthinte kahle ukuthandwa kwayo yonke le midlalo.
