Zimbalwa izehlakalo ezinkulu ezingaziqhayisa ngokuthi kunezinguqulo ezingaphezu kwe-100 ezenzelwe ukuzichaza. Ngisho nasendabeni yezimfihlakalo eziyinkimbinkimbi kunazo zonke, udaba luye luye ekukhetheni kwezincazelo eziningana ngokwenzekile. Izimfumbe zihlala ziyizimfihlakalo kuphela ngenxa yokushoda kobufakazi - akukho okuqinisekisa inguqulo yokuqagela.
Kepha ukungabi bikho kobufakazi nakho kunezibi. Uma singakwazi ukuqinisekisa uhlobo oluthile, lapho-ke akunakwenzeka ukuthi sizokwazi ukuphikisa ezinye. Ubufakazi obunqunyelwe busivumela ukuthi sibeke phambili izinhlobo ezixakile ngokuhambisana ngokugcwele nesaga saseMpumalanga, esithi isiwula esisodwa singabuza imibuzo eminingi kangangokuba amadoda ahlakaniphile ayizinkulungwane ahluleka ukuyiphendula.
Endabeni yemeteorite yaseTunguska, imibuzo iqala ngegama - mhlawumbe bekungeyona neze imeteorite. Yileli gama kuphela elamukelwa ngokujwayelekile ngenxa ye-hypothesis yokuqala. Sizamile ukuyibiza nge- “Tunguska Phenomenon” - ayibambekanga, izwakala ifiphele kakhulu. "Inhlekelele yaseTunguska" - akekho owafa. Cabanga nje, sekuwe amakhilomitha ayizikwele ambalwa ehlathi, ngakho-ke kunele kulo ehlathini ngezigidi zezinto ezinjalo. Futhi lo mkhuba awuzange ube "yiTunguska" khona manjalo, ngaphambi kwalokho wawunamagama amabili ngaphezulu. Futhi lokhu kuyisiqalo nje ...
Ososayensi, ukuze bangalahli ubuso, khuluma ngemiphumela ebalulekile, okusolwa ukuthi, yatholwa yimikhankaso eminingi eyalima i-taiga ifuna iqiniso. Kutholakale ukuthi izihlahla endaweni yenhlekelele zikhula kangcono, kanti inhlabathi nezitshalo kuqukethe izinto ezahlukahlukene, kubandakanya namaminerali angavamile. Izinga lemisebe cishe alidluli, kepha kubonakala i-anomaly kazibuthe, izizathu ezingacacile futhi ziqhubeka emoyeni ofanayo. Kunamakhulu wemisebenzi yesayensi, futhi ivolumu yemiphumela etholakele ingabizwa ngokudabukisayo kuphela.
1. 1908 ngokuvamile wayecebile kuzo zonke izinhlobo zezinto zemvelo ezifuna ukwazi. Into enkulu endizayo emise okwenhlamvu "V" yabonwa endaweni yaseBelarus. Izibani ZaseNyakatho zazibonakala eVolga ehlobo. ESwitzerland, iqhwa eliningi lawa ngoMeyi, kwase kuba nesikhukhula esinamandla.
2. Kuyaziwa ngokuthembekile ukuthi ngabo-7 ekuseni ngoJuni 30, 1908 eSiberia, endaweni enabantu abambalwa emgodini womfula iPodkamennaya Tunguska, okuthile kwaqhuma kakhulu. Abukho ubufakazi obufakazelwe bokuthi yini ngempela eqhume.
3. Ukuqhuma kwakunamandla amakhulu - "kwazwakala" ngama-seismographs emhlabeni jikelele. Igagasi lokuqhuma lalinamandla anele okuzungeza umhlaba kabili. Ubusuku kusuka ngoJuni 30 kuya kuJuni 1 abufikanga eNyakatho Nenkabazwe - isibhakabhaka besikhanya kakhulu ukuthi ungafunda. Umkhathi waba namafu kancane, kepha lokhu kwabonwa ngosizo lwezinsimbi kuphela. Awuzange ube khona umphumela obonwe ukuqhuma kwentaba-mlilo, lapho uthuli lulenga emkhathini izinyanga. Amandla wokuqhuma ayesukela kuma-megatoni ayishumi kuya kwangama-50 ku-TNT elinganayo, okuqhathaniswa namandla ebhomu le-hydrogen elacitshwa ngo-1959 ngo-Novaya Zemlya futhi waqanjwa ngegama "Unina ka-Kuz'kina".
4. Kwagawulwa ihlathi lapho kuqhuma khona ibanga elingamakhilomitha angama-30 (ngaphezu kwalokho, endaweni lapho kwaqala khona izihlahla, izihlahla zasinda, kwasala amagatsha namahlamvu kuphela). Umlilo uqale, kepha awuzange ube yinhlekelele, yize bekuphakama ehlobo - inhlabathi esendaweni yenhlekelele ibigcwele amanzi.
Ihlathi eliwile
Ihlathi lisenkabeni yokuqhuma. Kubizwa nangokuthi "telegraphic"
5. Abakwa-Evenks ababehlala eduze bathuswa ilento yasezulwini, abanye bashaywa phansi. Iminyango ikhishwe, izicingo zadilizwa, njll. Izibuko zaphuma zaya ngisho nasezindaweni eziqhelile. Kodwa-ke, akubanga khona ukulimala noma ukubhujiswa okukhulu.
6. Ezincwadini ezinikezelwe emcimbini owawusemgodini wePodkamennaya Tunguska umuntu angathola kaningi izikhombisi ezibukelini eziningi ze- "meteorite fall", njll. Lezi zibukeli zazingaba ziningi nganoma iyiphi indlela - bambalwa kakhulu abantu abahlala kulezo zindawo. Yebo, futhi kwaxoxwa nofakazi eminyakeni eminingana ngemuva kwesigameko. Kungenzeka, abacwaningi, ukuze bakhe ubudlelwano nabantu bendawo, babanikeze izipho ezithile, babaphatha, njll. Ngakho-ke kwavela inqwaba yofakazi abasha. Umqondisi we-Irkutsk Observatory, u-A.V.Voznesensky, usabalalise uhlu lwemibuzo olukhethekile, olwalugcwaliswe yizinqwaba zabamele isigaba somphakathi esifundile. Kumaphepha emibuzo kukhulunywa ngokuduma nokuzamazama komhlaba kuphela, ukundiza komzimba wasezulwini akubonwanga ngabaphendulile. Lapho ubufakazi obuqoqiwe buhlaziywa ngeminyaka yo-1950 ngumcwaningi waseLeningrad uN. Sytinskaya, kwavela ukuthi ubufakazi obumayelana nomkhondo womzimba wasezulwini behluke ngokuhlukile, futhi behlukaniswe ngokulinganayo.
Abahloli abane-Evenks
7. Embikweni wephephandaba lokuqala mayelana nemeteorite yaseTunguska kwathiwa yaphahlazeka phansi, futhi ingxenye yayo ephezulu kuphela enevolumu ecishe ibe ngama-60 m3 enamathela ebusweni3 ... Intatheli u-A.Adrianov ubhale ukuthi abagibeli besitimela esidlulayo bagijimela ukubheka isivakashi sasezulwini, kepha abakwazanga ukusondela kuye - imeteorite ibishisa kakhulu. Izintatheli zingena kanjena emlandweni. U-Adrianov wabhala ukuthi i-meteorite yawela endaweni yokuhlangana yeFilimonovo (lapha akazange aqambe amanga), futhi ekuqaleni i-meteorite yayibizwa ngeFilimonovo. Isizinda senhlekelele sitholakala cishe ku-650 km ukusuka eFilimonovo. Leli ibanga ukusuka eMoscow kuya eSt.
8. Isazi sokuma komhlaba uVladimir Obruchev wayengusosayensi wokuqala ukubona indawo yenhlekelele. Uprofesa weMoscow Mining Academy wayeseSiberia emkhankasweni othile. U-Obruchev ubuze ama-Evenks, wathola ihlathi eliwile futhi wadweba imephu yendawo yendawo. Enguqulweni ka-Obruchev, i-meteorite yayinguKhatanga - uPodkamennaya Tunguska eduze komthombo ubizwa ngokuthi uKhatanga.
UVladimir Obruchev
9. UVoznesensky, owathi ngasizathu simbe wafihla ubufakazi ababuqoqile iminyaka eyi-17, kuphela ngo-1925 wabika ukuthi umzimba wasezulwini wandiza cishe ukusuka eningizimu uye enyakatho ngokuchezuka okuncane - cishe okungu-15 ° - ukuya entshonalanga. Le nkomba iqinisekiswa ngucwaningo oluqhubekayo, yize lusaphikiswa abanye abacwaningi.
10. Uhambo lokuqala olunenjongo lokuya endaweni yokuwa kwe-meteorite (njengoba bekukholelwa ngaleso sikhathi) lwahamba ngo-1927. Kososayensi, wabamba iqhaza kulo Leonid Kulik kuphela, isazi samaminerali, owakholisa i-USSR Academy of Sciences ukuthi ikhokhele lolu hambo. U-Kulik wayenesiqiniseko sokuthi wayezofika esimeni semeteorite enkulu, ngakho-ke ucwaningo lwalukhawulelwe ekutholeni leli phuzu kuphela. Ngobunzima obukhulu, usosayensi wangena endaweni yezihlahla eziwile futhi wathola ukuthi izihlahla ziwa kakhulu. Lokhu kube ukuphela komphumela wohambo. Ebuyela eLeningrad, uKulik wabhala ukuthi usethole imigodi emincane eminingi. Ngokusobala, waqala ukucabanga ukuthi imeteorite yawela yaba yizicucu. Ngokwempilo, usosayensi walinganisela ubukhulu besibhakabhaka ngamathani ayi-130.
ULeonid Kulik
11. ULeonid Kulik izikhathi eziningana wahola imikhankaso eya eSiberia, enethemba lokuthola i-meteorite. Ukusesha kwakhe, okwakuhlukaniswa nokuphikelela okumangalisayo, kwaphazanyiswa yiMpi Enkulu Yobuzwe. UKulik wabanjwa futhi wabulawa yi-typhus ngo-1942. Ukufaneleka kwakhe okuyinhloko kwaba ukuthandwa kwezifundo ze-Tunguska meteorite. Isibonelo, lapho bememezela ukuqashwa kwabasebenzi abathathu kulo mkhankaso, amakhulu abantu asabela kulesi simemezelo.
12. Umfutho onamandla kunayo yonke ngemuva kwempi ocwaningweni lweMeteorite yaseTunguska wanikezwa ngu-Alexander Kazantsev. Umbhali wezindaba eziqanjiwe zesayensi endabeni ethi "Explosion", eyashicilelwa kumagazini i- "Around the world" ngo-1946, waphakamisa ukuthi kuqhume umkhumbi-mkhathi waseMartian eSiberia. Injini yabahambi basemkhathini yaqhuma ebangeni elingamakhilomitha ama-5 kuye kwayi-7, ngakho izihlahla ezisenkabeni yenhlekelele zasinda, yize zazilimele. Ososayensi bazama ukwenza uKazantsev abe yisithiyo sangempela. Wahlambalazwa emaphephandabeni, izifundiswa zavela ezinkulumweni zakhe, zizama ukuphikisa i-hypothesis, kodwa ku-Kazantsev konke kwakubukeka kunengqondo kakhulu. Ethukile, wasuka emcabangweni wezinganekwane ezinhle futhi wenza sengathi "konke bekunjalo" empeleni. Umthambo wamazinyo wamalungu ahlonishwayo wezintatheli kanye nezifundiswa wasabalala kulo lonke elaseSoviet Union, kodwa, ekugcineni, baphoqeleka ukuthi bavume ukuthi umbhali wenza lukhulu ukuqhubeka nocwaningo lwakhe. Izinkulungwane zabantu emhlabeni wonke zithathwe yisixazululo sokwenzeka kweTunguska (umbono kaKazantsev wethulwe ngisho nasemaphephandabeni amakhulu aseMelika).
U-Alexander Kazantsev kwadingeka alalele amagama amaningi angenamusa avela kososayensi
13. Ekupheleni kweminyaka yama-1950 eTomsk ngokuzithandela, kwakhiwa i-Complex Independent Expedition (KSE). Abahlanganyeli bayo, ikakhulukazi abafundi kanye noprofesa baseyunivesithi, bathathe uhambo oluningi lokuya endaweni yenhlekelele yaseTunguska. Azange kube khona okwenziwayo ophenyweni. Ukweqiwa okuncane kwesizinda semisebe kutholakale emlotheni wezihlahla, kepha ukutadisha kwezinkulungwane zezidumbu zabantu abafile kanye nemilando yezifo zabahlali bendawo akuqinisekisanga i-hypothesis "yenuzi". Encazelweni yemiphumela yolunye uhambo, kunezindima ezithile ezifana nokuthi "yizinhlobo zemvelo", "ithonya lenhlekelele yaseTunguska alilandelwanga" noma "kwenziwa ibalazwe lezihlahla".
Abahlanganyeli bomunye wemikhankaso ye-CSE
14. Kufike eqophelweni lokuthi abacwaningi, sebekwazi ngemikhankaso yangaphambi kwenguquko endaweni yenhlekelele, baqala ukufuna nokubuza (ngemuva kwengxenye yekhulu leminyaka!) Abahlanganyeli abasindile kanye nezihlobo zabo. Nakulokhu futhi, akukho okuqinisekisiwe, futhi ukutholakala kwezithombe ezimbili ezithathwe ekuqaleni kwekhulu kwakuthathwa njengenhlanhla. Abaphenyi bathola idatha elandelayo: okuthile kwawa esibhakabhakeni ngo-1917, 1920 noma ngo-1914; kwakusihlwa, ebusuku, ebusika, noma ekupheleni kuka-Agasti. Futhi ngokushesha ngemuva kwesibonakaliso sasezulwini, kwaqala impi yesibili yaseRussia neJapan.
15. Uhambo olukhulu lwenzeka ngonyaka we-1961. Bekukhona abantu abangama-78. Abatholanga lutho futhi. "Lo mkhankaso ube negalelo elikhulu ocwaningweni lwendawo yokuwa kwemeteorite yaseTunguska," sifunde esinye seziphetho.
16. I-hypothesis ezwakala kakhulu namhlanje ibukeka njengomzimba wasezulwini, oqukethe ikakhulu iqhwa, yandizela emkhathini womhlaba nge-engeli ebucayi (cishe ngo-5 - 7 °). Isifikile lapho kuqhume khona, yaqhuma ngenxa yokushisa nokucindezela okwandayo. Imisebe elula yashisa ihlathi, igagasi lokubhola lawisa izihlahla, izinhlayiya eziqinile zaqhubeka nokundiza futhi zandizela kude kakhulu. Kuyafaneleka ukuphinda - lokhu kumane kuyimpikiswano engeyona impikiswano.
17. Umbono wenuzi kaKazantsev ukude kakhulu nehaba. Kwakucatshangwa ukuthi endaweni yale nhlekelele kwaba nokuqhuma kwenqwaba ye-methane ekhishwe kumucu womhlaba. Izehlakalo ezinje zenzekile eMhlabeni.
18. Ngaphakathi kokwehlukahluka okuhlukahlukene kwalokho okuthiwa. Ngenguqulo ye- “comet” (iqhwa + eliqinile), isisindo esilinganisiwe sezinkanyezi ezinomsila eziqhumile sisuka kumathani ayizigidi ezi-1 kuye kweziyi-200. Lokhu kucishe kube izikhathi eziyi-100 000 kunenkanyezi enomsila eyaziwa kakhulu iHalley. Uma sikhuluma ngobubanzi, inkanyezi enomsila yeTunguska ingaba mncane ngokuphindwe ka-50 kunenkanyezi enomsila kaHalley.
19. Kukhona ne-hypothesis ngokuya kwayo lapho iqhwa leqhwa lamandla aphansi landizela emkhathini woMhlaba. Lapho ibhuleka emoyeni, yawa kakhulu. Ukuqhuma kwathola amandla amakhulu lapho kuguqulwa i-nitric oxide yaba yi-nitrogen dioxide (labo ababone amafilimu e-Fast and the Furious franchise bazoqonda), lokhu futhi kuchaza ukukhanya komkhathi.
20. Akukho nokuhlaziywa kwamakhemikhali okukodwa okuveze okuqukethwe okungathandeki kwanoma yiziphi izakhi zazo zamakhemikhali endaweni yenhlekelele. Njengomfanekiso: kolunye lolu hambo, kwathathwa izinhlolisiso eziyi-1280 zenhlabathi, amanzi nezitshalo okwathenjelwa kuzo ukuthola ulwazi ngokuhlungwa kwezinto ezingama-30 "ezisolisayo". Konke kwavela kwaba ngaphakathi kokuhlushwa okujwayelekile noma kwemvelo, ukweqa kwabo kwakungabalulekile.
21. Uhambo olwahlukahlukene lwathola amabhola kamazibuthe, afakaza ngemvelaphi yasemkhathini womzimba wasezulwini waseTunguska. Kodwa-ke, amabhola anjalo atholakala yonke indawo - akhombisa kuphela inani lama-micrometeorites awela phansi. Umbono wawuphikiswa kakhulu iqiniso lokuthi amasampuli athathwe nguLeonid Kulik angcoliswe kakhulu ekugcineni kwama-meteorites e-USSR Academy of Sciences.
22. Uhambo lwesayensi luphumelele ekunqumeni ukuxhumanisa kwendawo yokuqhuma. Manje sekunokungenani eziyisithupha zazo, futhi umehluko ufinyelela ku-1 ° kubude nobude. Ebusweni bomhlaba, lawa angamakhilomitha - ububanzi besigaxa esisuka lapho kuqhuma khona umoya kuya esisekelweni somhlaba sikhulu kakhulu.
23. Isizinda sokuqhuma kweTunguska sicishe sifanane nendawo yokuqhuma kwentabamlilo yasendulo eyanyamalala eminyakeni engaphezu kwezigidi ezingama-200 eyedlule. Iminonjana yokuqhuma kwale ntaba-mlilo icindezela isimo se-mineralogical emhlabathini futhi ngasikhathi sinye inikeze ukudla kwezinhlobonhlobo zemicabango - ngesikhathi kuqhuma izintaba-mlilo, izinto ezingaphandle kakhulu ziwela phezu komhlaba.
24. Izihlahla endaweni yokuqhuma zikhule ngokushesha okungu-2,5 - 3 ngokuphindwe kathathu kunezinye zazo ku-taiga engathintwanga. Ohlala edolobheni uzosola ngokushesha ukuthi kukhona okungahambi kahle, kepha u-Evenks uphakamise incazelo yemvelo kubaphenyi - bafaka umlotha ngaphansi kweziqu, futhi lokhu kukhulelwa kwemvelo kwasheshisa ukukhula kwehlathi. Izicucu ezivela ezihlahleni zaseTunguska, ezethulwe ukuhlwanyela ukolweni engxenyeni yaseYurophu yaseRussia, zikhuphule isivuno (izinkomba zezinombolo emibikweni yososayensi ngokukhalipha ziyekisiwe).
25. Mhlawumbe iqiniso elibaluleke kakhulu mayelana nesigameko esisesigodini saseTunguska. IYurophu inenhlanhla enkulu. Fly lokho okuqhume emoyeni ngamanye amahora ama-4 - 5, kanti ukuqhuma bekuzokwenzeka endaweni yaseSt. Uma igagasi lokushaqeka liwela phansi ezihlahleni, khona-ke izindlu ngokuqinisekile ngeke zilunge. Futhi eduze kwaseSt. Petersburg kunezindawo ezinabantu abaningi eRussia nezindawo ezingekho ngaphansi kwabantu eFinland naseSweden. Uma sengeza kulokhu i-tsunami engenakugwemeka, iqhwa ligijima phezu kwesikhumba - izigidi zabantu zizohlupheka. Ebalazweni, kubonakala sengathi umzila ozoya empumalanga, kepha lokhu kungenxa yokuthi imephu ingukuqagela kobuso bomhlaba futhi iphambukisa izinkomba namabanga.
