UJean-Paul Sartre

UJean-Paul Charles Aimard Sartre (1905-1980) - Isazi sefilosofi esingumFulentshi, omele ubukhona bukaNkulunkulu, umbhali, umbhali wemidlalo yokudlala, i-eseyi kanye nothisha. Owine i-1964 Prize in Literature, ayenqaba.

Kunamaqiniso amaningi athakazelisayo ku-biography kaJean-Paul Sartre, esizokhuluma ngaye kulesi sihloko.

Ngakho-ke, ngaphambi kwakho kune-biography emfushane kaSartre.

Umlando ka-Jean-Paul Sartre

UJean-Paul Sartre wazalwa ngoJuni 21, 1905 eParis. Wakhulela emndenini wesosha uJean-Baptiste Sartre nomkakhe u-Anne-Marie Schweitzer. Wayengukuphela kwengane yabazali bakhe.

Ubuntwana nentsha

Inhlekelele yokuqala ku-biography kaJean-Paul yenzeke eneminyaka eyodwa, lapho kudlula ubaba wakhe. Ngemuva kwalokho, umndeni wathuthela ekhaya labazali eMeudon.

Umama wayeyithanda kakhulu indodana yakhe, ezama ukuyinikeza konke akudingayo. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi uJean-Paul wazalwa enamehlo aqhwashazayo angamehlo futhi enameva esweni lakhe langakwesokudla.

Ukunakekelwa ngokweqile kukamama nezihlobo kuthuthukise kumfana izimfanelo ezinjenge-narcissism nokuzikhukhumeza.

Ngaphandle kokuthi zonke izihlobo zikhombise uthando oluqotho kuSartre, akazange aziphindisele. Iqiniso elithandekayo ukuthi emsebenzini wakhe "Lay", isazi sefilosofi sabiza impilo endlini ngesihogo esigcwele ubuzenzisi.

Ngezindlela eziningi, uJean-Paul akakholelwa kuNkulunkulu ngenxa yesimo esishubile emndenini. Ugogo wakhe wayengumKatolika, kanti umkhulu wakhe wayengumProthestani. Le nsizwa yayingufakazi kaningi wokuthi bahlekisa kanjani ngemibono yenkolo yomunye nomunye.

Lokhu kwaholela ekutheni uSartre abe nomuzwa wokuthi zombili lezi zinkolo azibalulekile.

Ngesikhathi esemusha, wafunda eLyceum, ngemuva kwalokho waqhubeka nokuthola imfundo e-Higher Normal School. Kwakungaleso sikhathi se-biography yakhe lapho aqala khona ukuba nentshisekelo emzabalazweni wokulwa namandla.

Ifilosofi Nezincwadi

Ngemuva kokuyivikela ngempumelelo incwadi yakhe yefilosofi futhi wasebenza njengothisha wefilosofi eLe Havre Lyceum, uJean-Paul Sartre waya emsebenzini waseBerlin. Ebuyela ekhaya, waqhubeka nokufundisa kuma-lyceums ahlukahlukene.

USartre wahlukaniswa ngomqondo omuhle kakhulu wamahlaya, amakhono aphezulu wokuqonda kanye ne-erudition. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi ngonyaka owodwa wakwazi ukufunda izincwadi ezingaphezu kuka-300! Ngasikhathi sinye, wabhala izinkondlo, izingoma nezindaba.

Kungaleso sikhathi lapho uJean-Paul aqala khona ukushicilela imisebenzi yakhe yokuqala ebalulekile. Inoveli yakhe ethi Nausea (1938) idale umsindo omkhulu emphakathini. Kuyo, umbhali ukhulume ngokungenangqondo kwempilo, isiphithiphithi, ukungabi nenjongo empilweni, ukuphelelwa yithemba nezinye izinto.

Umlingiswa oyinhloko wale ncwadi ufika esiphethweni sokuthi ukuba nencazelo kutholwa kuphela ngobuhlakani. Ngemuva kwalokho, uSartre wethula omunye umsebenzi - iqoqo lezindaba ezimfushane ezi-5 "Udonga", nazo ezihambisana nomfundi.

Ngenkathi kuqala iMpi Yesibili Yomhlaba (1939-1945), uJean-Paul wabuthelwa ebusosheni, kepha ikhomishini yamkhipha njengongakulungele ukusebenza ngenxa yokungaboni. Ngenxa yalokho, le nsizwa yabelwa amabutho emvelo.

Lapho amaNazi engena eFrance ngo-1940, uSartre wathunjwa, lapho ahlala khona cishe izinyanga eziyi-9. Kodwa ngisho nasezimweni ezinzima kangako, wazama ukuba nethemba ngekusasa.

UJean-Paul wayethanda ukuhlekisa omakhelwane bakhe emakamu ngezindaba ezihlekisayo, wabamba iqhaza emidlalweni yesibhakela futhi wakwazi nokwenza umdlalo. Ngo-1941, isiboshwa esingaboni kahle sakhululwa, ngenxa yalokho wakwazi ukubuyela ekubhaleni.

Eminyakeni embalwa kamuva, uSartre washicilela umdlalo olwa nama-fascist Izimpukane. Wayewazonda amaNazi futhi ngokungenaluzwela wagxeka wonke umuntu ngokungazami ukwenza imizamo yokumelana namaNazi.

Ngesikhathi se-biography yakhe, izincwadi zikaJean-Paul Sartre zase zivele zithandwa kakhulu. Wayejabulela igunya phakathi kwabamele umphakathi ophakeme naphakathi kwabantu abavamile. Imisebenzi eshicilelwe yamvumela ukuba ashiye ukufundisa futhi agxile kwifilosofi nasezincwadini.

Ngasikhathi sinye, uSartre waba ngumbhali wesifundo sefilosofi esibizwa nge- "Being and Nothing", esaba yincwadi eyinkomba yezifundiswa zaseFrance. Umlobi wakhulisa umqondo wokuthi akukho lutho, kodwa kuphela ukuqwashisa ngomhlaba ozungezile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umuntu ngamunye unesibopho sezenzo zakhe kuye kuphela.

UJean-Paul uba ngomunye wabamele ngokugqamile ubukhona bukaNkulunkulu, obulahla iqiniso lokuthi ngemuva kwezidalwa (izenzeko) kungaba khona uMuntu (uNkulunkulu) oyimfihlakalo, onquma "ingqikithi" noma iqiniso labo.

Imibono yefilosofi yomFulentshi ithola impendulo kubantu abaningi bakithi, ngenxa yalokho enabalandeli abaningi. Inkulumo kaSartre - "umuntu uzolahlwa ngokukhululeka", iba isiqubulo esidumile.

Ngokusho kukaJean-Paul, inkululeko yomuntu ekahle yinkululeko yomuntu ngamunye emphakathini. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi wayegxeka umbono kaSigmund Freud wokungazi lutho. Ngokuphambene nalokho, umcabangi umemezele ukuthi umuntu uhlala enza ngokuqonda.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngokusho kukaSartre, ngisho nokuhlaselwa okuxakile akuzenzakaleli, kodwa kusongwa ngamabomu. Ku-60s, wayesezingeni eliphakeme lokuthandwa, evumela ukuthi agxeke izikhungo zenhlalo nomthetho.

Ngenkathi ngo-1964 uJean-Paul Sartre efuna ukwethula iNobel Prize in Literature, wenqaba. Wachaza isenzo sakhe ngokuthi wayengafuni ukuba nesikweletu kunoma yisiphi isikhungo sezenhlalakahle, ebuza ukuzimela kwakhe.

USartre wayehlala enamathela emibonweni yangakwesobunxele, esethole idumela lokuba ngumlweli osebenzayo olwa nohulumeni okhona manje. Uvikele amaJuda, wabhikisha ezimpini zase-Algeria naseVietnam, wasola i-US ngokuhlasela iCuba, ne-USSR ngeCzechoslovakia. Indlu yakhe yaqhunyiswa kabili, amasosha angena ehhovisi ngejubane.

Ngokuqhubeka komunye umbhikisho, owadlondlobala waba yiziyaluyalu, isazi sefilosofi saboshwa, okwadala intukuthelo enkulu emphakathini. Ngokushesha lapho lokhu kubikwa uCharles de Gaulle, wayala ukuthi adedelwe uSartre, ethi: "IFrance ayizitshaleli iVoltaires."

Impilo yomuntu siqu

Ngenkathi esafunda, uSartre wahlangana noSimone de Beauvoir, owathola naye ulimi olufanayo ngokushesha. Kamuva, intombazane yavuma ukuthi isimtholile iphindwe kabili. Ngenxa yalokho, abantu abasha bahlala emshadweni womphakathi.

Futhi nakuba abashadile babefana kakhulu, ngesikhathi esifanayo ubuhlobo babo buhambisana nezinto eziningi ezingajwayelekile. Isibonelo, uJean-Paul wamkhohlisa obala uSimone, naye owamqhatha nabesilisa nabesifazane.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, abathandi babehlala ezindlini ezahlukahlukene futhi bahlangana lapho befuna. Omunye wamakhosikazi kaSartre kwakungowesifazane waseRussia u-Olga Kazakevich, anikezela kuye umsebenzi "The Wall". Ngokushesha uBeavoir wayenga u-Olga ngokubhala inoveli ethi Weza Ukuhlala emhlonipha.

Ngenxa yalokhu, uKozakevich waba "ngumngane" womndeni, ngenkathi isazi sefilosofi saqala ukuthandana nodadewabo uWanda. Kamuva, uSimone waba nobuhlobo obuseduze nomfundi wakhe osemncane uNatalie Sorokina, owathi kamuva waba yinkosikazi kaJean-Paul.

Kodwa-ke, lapho impilo kaSartre isiba nzima futhi esevele esembhedeni, uSimone Beauvoir wayehlala naye njalo.

Ukufa

Ekupheleni kwempilo yakhe, uJean-Paul waba mpumputhe ngokuphelele ngenxa ye-glaucoma eqhubekayo. Ngaphambi nje kokushona kwakhe, wacela ukuthi angahleleli umngcwabo omuhle futhi angabhali izinto ezingamanga ngaye, ngoba wayengabuthandi ubuzenzisi.

UJean-Paul Sartre ushone ngo-Ephreli 15, 1980 eneminyaka engama-74. Isizathu sokufa kwakhe kwakuyi-edema yamaphaphu. Cishe indlela abantu abangafika 50,000 endleleni yokugcina sefilosofi.