Ushokoledi nemikhiqizo eyenziwe ngayo isabalele futhi yehlukene kangangokuba, ngaphandle kokwazi umlando, umuntu angacabanga ukuthi umuntu ubedla ushokoledi kusukela kudala. Eqinisweni, ubumnandi obunsundu buze eYurophu buvela eMelika cishe ngesikhathi esifanayo namazambane notamatisi, ngakho-ke ushokoledi awukwazi ukuziqhayisa ngomlando weminyaka eyinkulungwane kakolweni noma i-rye. Cishe ngesikhathi esifanayo noshokoledi, amabhere, isiyence namawashi ephaketheni aqala ukusabalala kulo lonke elaseYurophu.
Ontanga
Manje ukukhangisa nokumaketha sekungene ezimpilweni zethu kangangoba ubuchopho, lapho buzwa ngokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwamavithamini, i-magnesium, i-calcium, umphumela we-tonic noma ezinye izinto zento noma umkhiqizo, kucisha ngokuzenzakalela. Kunzima ngathi ukucabanga ukuthi ngekhulu le-17, noma isiphi isiphuzo esimnandi kakhulu besingafaka umuntu esimeni sokuquleka. Noma yisiphi isenzo se-tonic sasibonakala njengesipho saphezulu. Futhi ukuhlanganiswa kokunambitheka okuhle kakhulu nokuvuselela amandla, nokuvuselela amandla emzimbeni kukwenza ucabange ngezihlahla zasezulwini. Kepha kwabaseYurophu bokuqala abayinambitha, ushokoledi wasebenza kanjalo nje.
Ngabo bonke ubumpofu bezindlela ezizwakalayo, ubumnandi abunakufihlwa
Kutholwe abaseSpain ngekhulu le-16, izihlahla zikakhokho zasakazeka ngokushesha kuwo wonke amakoloni aseMelika, futhi ngemuva kwamakhulu amabili eminyaka ushokoledi wayeka ukuba ngowesikhundla sobukhosi. Inguquko yangempela ekukhiqizweni nasekusebenziseni ushokoledi yenzeka ngekhulu le-19. Futhi akukhona nokusungula ubuchwepheshe bokukhiqizwa kwamabha chocolate. Iqiniso ukuthi sekukwazile ukukhiqizwa ushokoledi, njengoba manje besengasho, "ngokungezwa kwezinto zokusetshenziswa zemvelo". Okuqukethwe kwebhotela lukakhokholethi kwehlele ku-60, 50, 35, 20, futhi ekugcineni kwaba ngu-10%. Abakhiqizi basizwa ukunambitheka okuqinile koshokholethi, noma ekugxileni okuphansi kukweqa okunye ukuthanda. Ngenxa yalokho, manje singaqagela nje ukuthi hlobo luni lweshokholethi uKhadinali Richelieu, uMadame Pompadour nabanye abathandi abasezingeni eliphezulu balesi siphuzo abaphuzile. Ngempela, manje ngisho nasemaphaketheni kashokoledi omnyama, ngencazelo equkethe umkhiqizo omsulwa, kunemibhalo eqoshiwe ephrintiwe encane enezimpawu ±.
Nawa amanye amaqiniso nezindaba ezingathakazelisa futhi zingasebenziseki kuphela kubathandi abakhulu bakashokoledi.
1. Ushokoledi usudliwe eYurophu kusukela ngo-1527 - isikhumbuzo seminyaka engama-500 sokubonakala kwalo mkhiqizo Ezweni Elidala kungekudala sizofika. Kodwa-ke, ushokoledi uthole ukubukeka okujwayelekile kwebha enzima eminyakeni engaba ngu-150 edlule. Ukukhiqizwa ngobuningi kwamashokholethi eYurophu kwaqala ngo-1875 eSwitzerland. Ngaphambi kwalokho, yayidliwa ifomu eliwuketshezi lamazinga e-viscosity ahlukahlukene, okokuqala kubanda, bese kuyashisa. Baqala ukuphuza ushokoledi oshisayo ngengozi. Ushokoledi obandayo uvuseleleke kangcono lapho ufuthelana, futhi umlingisi, ogama lakhe ligcinwe emlandweni, ngokusobala akazange abe nesineke sokulinda ukuthi isiphuzo size sehle.
U-Valiant Cortez wayengazi ukuthi ukhipha hlobo luni lwe-gin esikhwameni sekhofi
2. Umuntu angathola ubuthi ushokoledi obulalayo ngokweqile. I-Theobromine, eyi-alkaloid eyinhloko equkethwe kubhontshisi we-cocoa, iyingozi emzimbeni ngemithamo emikhulu (kulokhu, ngokuyinhloko, ayiyona yodwa phakathi kwama-alkaloids). Kodwa-ke, umuntu uyilingisa kalula. Umkhawulo wokumunca wenzeka lapho ukugxila kwe-theobromine kuyigremu elilodwa ngekhilogremu elilodwa lesisindo somuntu. Ibha yetshokholethi engu-100-gram iqukethe ama-milligram ayi-150 kuye kwangama-220 we-theobromine. Okusho ukuthi, ukuze uzibulale, umuntu onesisindo esingu-80 kg udinga ukudla (futhi ngejubane elisheshayo) amabha ka-chocolate ayi-400. Lokhu akunjalo ngezilwane. Izinto eziphilayo zamakati nezinja zimunca i-theobromine kancane, ngakho-ke, kubangani bethu abanemilenze emine, ukuhlushwa okubulalayo kuncane ngokuphindwe kahlanu kunokwabantu. Ngenja noma ikati elingamakhilogremu amahlanu, ngakho-ke, ngisho ne-chocolate eyodwa kuphela ingaba yingozi. E-United States, ushokoledi ukhanga kakhulu amabhere. Abazingeli bavele bashiye uswidi ekuhlanzeni nasekuqamekeleni. Ngale ndlela, ngenkathi eyodwa yokuzingela, cishe amabhere angama-700 - 800 abulawa eNew Hampshire kuphela. Kepha kuyenzeka futhi ukuthi abazingeli ababali isilinganiso noma bephuzile. Ngo-2015, umndeni ozingelayo wabane wakhubeka ngalokhu. Umndeni wonke ushone ngokuboshwa inhliziyo.
3. Ngo-2017, i-Ivory Coast neGhana babalelwa cishe kuma-60% womkhiqizo kabhontshisi wecocoa womhlaba. Ngokwezibalo, iCote D'Ivoire ikhiqize ama-40% wezinto zokusetshenziswa zikashokoledi, kanti iGhana eyakhelene nayo ikhiqize ngaphezulu kancane kuka-19%. Eqinisweni, akulula ukudweba umugqa phakathi kokukhiqizwa kukakhokho kula mazwe. EGhana, abalimi be-cocoa bajabulela ukwesekwa nguhulumeni. Banemiholo eqinisekisiwe (ngokwezindinganiso zase-Afrika, kunjalo), uhulumeni usabalalisa izigidi zezithombo zezihlahla zikashokoleti mahhala minyaka yonke futhi aqinisekise ukuthengwa kwemikhiqizo. E-Côte d'Ivoire, nokho, ukhokho utshalwa futhi uthengiswe ngokwendlela yobungxiwankulu basendle: ukuqashwa kwabantwana, isonto lomsebenzi wamahora ayi-100, ukwehla kwamanani eminyakeni yokuvuna, njll. Kuleyo minyaka lapho amanani eCôte d'Ivoire ephakeme, uhulumeni IGhana kufanele ibhekane nokushushumbiswa kokhokho ezweni elingumakhelwane. Futhi kuwo womabili la mazwe kunezigidi zabantu ezingakaze zinambithe ushokoledi ezimpilweni zazo.
IGhana neCote D'Ivoire. Uma uqhela ngasenyakatho, ungashushumbisa isihlabathi. INiger iya eMali noma i-Algeria iya eLibya
4. IGhana neCote D'Ivoire kungathathwa njengabaholi maqondana nokukhula ekukhiqizeni ushokoledi oluhlaza. Kula mazwe, kule minyaka engama-30 edlule, ukukhiqizwa kukabhontshisi we-cocoa kukhuphuke ngama-3 kanye nama-4 ngokulandelana. Noma kunjalo, i-Indonesia ayilingani kule nkomba. Ngo-1985, kwakutshalwa amathani ayi-35,000 kuphela kabhontshisi we-cocoa kulelizwe elikhulu lesiqhingi. Eminyakeni engamashumi amathathu nje kuphela, umkhiqizo ukhule wafinyelela kumathani ayi-800,000. I-Indonesia ingahle isuse iGhana endaweni yesibili ohlwini lwamazwe akhiqizayo eminyakeni ezayo.
5. Njengenjwayelo emnothweni wanamuhla womhlaba jikelele, isabelo sebhubesi semali asitholwa ngumkhiqizi wezinto zokusetshenziswa, kepha sitholwa ngumkhiqizi womkhiqizo wokugcina. Ngakho-ke, awekho amazwe athumela amazwe ka-cocoa-bean phakathi kwabaholi ekukhiqizeni ushokoledi, noma esondele. Lapha, amazwe aseYurophu kuphela, kanye ne-United States neCanada, aphakathi kwabathumeli abaphezulu abayishumi abathumela ushokoledi. I-Germany ibihole iminyaka eminingi, ithumela imikhiqizo emnandi ebiza u- $ 4.8 billion ngo-2016. Ngemuva kwalokho iBelgium, iHolland ne-Italy ziza nomugqa ohloniphekile. I-United States isendaweni yesihlanu, iCanada isendaweni yesikhombisa, kanti iSwitzerland ivala eziyishumi ezihamba phambili. I-Russia ithumele imikhiqizo engu-547 million yemikhiqizo yoshokholethi ngo-2017.
6. Isazi-mlando esidumile sezokupheka uWilliam Pokhlebkin wayekholelwa ukuthi ukusetshenziswa koshokholethi ekwenzeni imikhiqizo yama-confectionery kuphazamise ukunambitheka kwabo kwasekuqaleni. Ukunambitheka kashokoledi kuphakeme kunabo bonke abanye kunoma iyiphi inhlanganisela. Lokhu kunjalo ikakhulukazi ngezithelo namajikijolo. Kodwa inhlanganisela yezinhlobo eziningana zikashokoledi, ehlukile ekugxileni kokunambitheka nokuthungwa, uPokhlebkin uthathwa njengokufanele ukunakwa.
7. Ngenxa yokunambitheka kwayo okuqinile, ushokoledi uvame ukuheha abanobuthi - ukunambitheka koshokholethi kucishe kudlule ngisho nobabayo obubi be-strychnine. Ekwindla ka-1869, isakhamuzi saseLondon, uChristiane Edmunds, efuna injabulo yomndeni, waqala ngokufaka ushevu kumfazi womuntu amkhethile (lona wesifazane, ngenhlanhla, wasinda), kwathi-ke, ukuphazamisa ukusola kuye, waqala ukufaka ubuthi kubantu esebenzisa indlela yelotho. Esewathengile amaswidi, wawafakela ushevu, wawabuyisela esitolo - awabathandi. U-Edmunds waquliswa icala futhi wagwetshwa intambo, kodwa kwathiwa uhlanya futhi wachitha impilo yakhe yonke esibhedlela. Ekuqaleni kohambo lwakhe lokuthandana, uChristine Edmunds wayeneminyaka engama-40 ubudala.
8. Ushokoledi awulimazi amazinyo noma isibalo. Esikhundleni salokho, ungumlingani wendoda ekulweleni amazinyo aphilile nokubukeka okuncane. Ibhotela likakhokho limboza amazinyo, lenze ungqimba olungeziwe lokuvikela phezu koqweqwe lwawo. Futhi i-glucose nobisi kumuncwa ngokushesha ndawonye ne-theobromine, futhi kudliwe ngokushesha nje ngaphandle kokudala amafutha. Umphumela wokumboza ibhotela le-cocoa uyasiza futhi lapho udinga ukuqeda ngokushesha indlala. Izingcezu ezimbalwa zeshokholethi zizonciphisa lo muzwa, futhi ibhotela lizodala ifilimu evikelayo ezindongeni zangaphakathi zesisu, zivikele ekulimaleni. Kepha, kunjalo, akufanele uthathe ukukhohlisa okunjalo komzimba.
9. Ngokuya kokusebenzisa komuntu ngamunye ushokoledi iSwitzerland ingaphambi kweplanethi. Izakhamizi zezwe lamabhange namawashi zidla isilinganiso esingu-8.8 kg woshokoledi ngonyaka. Izindawo ezilandelayo ze-12 eziklelweni nazo zihlala emazweni aseYurophu, i-Estonia ithatha indawo yesi-7. Ngaphandle kweYurophu, iningi lazo zonke izinto ezimnandi eNew Zealand. ERussia, ukusetshenziswa kukashokoledi kungama-4.8 kilograms ngomuntu ngamunye ngonyaka. Inani elincanyana loshokholethi liyadliwa eChina - kunebha eyodwa kuphela engu-100-gram ngeChina ngalinye ngonyaka.
10. UHenri Nestlé kwakufanele ngabe wangena emlandweni njengomsunguli wokudla kwezingane okulinganiselayo. Nguye owaphayona ukuthengiswa kwefomula yezinsana. Kodwa-ke, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, lapho uNestlé ethengisa isigxobo sakhe enkampanini ebizwa ngegama lakhe, beza noshokoledi, lapho isabelo se-cocoa powder sasingu-10% kuphela. Isinyathelo sokumaketha ngesibindi sasolwa ngokukhathazeka ngempilo yabathengi, kanti negama likaNestlé, owayengahlangene nakancane nenkohliso enezinhlaka ezinhle, kwavela ukuthi lalihlobene kakhulu nalo. Eminyakeni engaphezu kwengu-100 kamuva, uNestlé wacela iziphathimandla zase-US ukuba zivume ukukhiqizwa kukashokoledi, ongeke ube nokhokho. Esikhundleni salokho, kuzosetshenziswa uwoyela wemifino onamakha. Isicelo senqatshiwe, kepha ukubukeka kwaso kusikisela ukuthi okunye ukuguqulwa ekukhiqizeni ushokoledi akukude.
UHenri Nestlé
11. "I-Tank chocolate" iyi-chocolate ene-pervitin eyengeziwe (ebizwa nangokuthi "methamphetamine"). Isidakamizwa sasithandwa kakhulu phakathi kwamabutho oMbuso Wesithathu. IPervitin iqeda izinhlungu, ukukhathala, iyakhuphula futhi yengeze ukusebenza, ivuselele futhi inyuse ukuzethemba. Amasosha angaphambili anikezwa i-pervitin ezibhebheni. Kodwa-ke, labo ababenethuba bazithengela ngokwabo ushokoledi we-pervitin noma bacela izihlobo zabo ukuba zithumele imigoqo yomlingo evela eJalimane, lapho lawo tshokholethi athengiswa mahhala ngokuphelele. Ngokuqondana nomlando wale ndaba, le ndaba elandelayo idlala ngemibala ehlukene. E-United States, ngokukhethekile ukusebenza e-Iraq eshisayo (ngisho nangaphambi kwe-Operation Desert Storm ngo-1991), odokotela bezempi, kanye nochwepheshe bakwa-Hershey, bakha uhlobo olukhethekile lukashokholethi olwehlukile kushokoledi ojwayelekile endaweni encibilika ngokukhethekile. Abazange bacabange ngokuza nokupakisha okukhethekile njengebhubhu, kepha ngokushesha bathuthukisa izinhlobo ezintsha.
"Ushokoledi wamathangi"
12. Incwadi yonke izinikele embuzweni wokuthi ngabe ukusetshenziswa koshokoledi kuphambene yini nokuziphatha kobuKristu. Yabhalwa futhi yashicilelwa maphakathi nekhulu le-17 ngu-Antonio de Lyon Pinello. Le ncwadi iqoqo elibalulekile lamaqiniso nolwazi lokuthi iSonto LamaKatolika lizizwa kanjani ngoshokoledi. Isibonelo, eMexico, ingxoxo ngoshokoledi nokuthi ukusetshenziswa kwalesi siphuzo kuyayeka yini ukuzila kwakushisa kakhulu kangangokuba obaba besonto bathumela isithunywa esikhethekile kuPapa Pius V. Isisindo seSonto LamaKatolika, sithatha isiphuzo ebesingasazi phambilini, sakhafula sathi ukusetshenziswa I-muck enjalo ayinakuthathwa njengenjabulo. Ngakho-ke, abathandi bakashokoledi abaphuli inzilo. Kepha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ekupheleni kwekhulu le-16, bafunda ukwenza ikhofi libe mnandi, futhi leso siphuzo saqashelwa ngokushesha njengesono. Kuye kwaba nezimo zokushushiswa kwabathengisi bakashokoledi yiNkantolo Yamacala Ezihlubuki Engcwele.
13. Ubhontshisi we-cocoa uqobo awunambitheki njengoshokoledi. Ngemuva kokususa esithelweni, ifilimu evikelayo ye-gelatin iyasuswa kubhontshisi ishiywe emoyeni. Inqubo yokutholwa kokutholwa (ukuvutshelwa) ivunyelwe ukuthuthuka izinsuku ezimbalwa. Bese ubhontshisi uhlanzwa kahle futhi uthosiwe ngezinga lokushisa eliphansi - kufika ku-140 ° C. Kungaleso sikhathi kuphela lapho ubhontshisi uthola khona ukunambitheka kwesici nephunga likashokolethi. Ngakho iphunga laphezulu iphunga likabhontshisi we-cocoa obolile futhi owosiwe.
Ibha yetshokholethi eyikhulu-gram idinga ubhontshisi ongaba ngu-900-1000.
14. Ama-truffle ne-absinthe, ama-hay nama-rose petals, i-wasabi ne-cologne, u-anyanisi nokolweni, ubhekeni nosawoti wasolwandle, upelepele we-curry - noma yini efakwa kushokholethi ngama-couturiers avela ku-cocoa paste, aziqhenya ngokuzibiza ngo-chocolatier! Ngaphezu kwalokho, encazelweni yemikhiqizo yabo, abagcini nje ngokugcizelela ubuqili nokungajwayelekile kokunambitheka kwayo. Babheka ukucwaswa kwabo njengokucishe kube umzabalazo wohlelo - hhayi wonke umuntu, abathi, oyothola amandla okuphikisana nesikhathi samanje futhi enze umhlaba ukhanye. Ilungele inkampani yaseSwarovski - njengoba intanta ngokugeleza kusukela ngesikhathi sesisekelo, ngakho-ke bayaqhubeka nokuntanta. “I-Boutiqe Box” ingushokoledi ongenalutho (oqhamuka ku-cocoa ongcono kunabo bonke) ofafazwe ngama-flakes kakhukhunathi wegolide. Konke kufakwa ebhokisini elihlotshiswe ngamakristalu anegama. Ubuhle obudala njengoba umhlaba ubiza cishe ama- $ 300.
Ushokoledi ovela eSwarovski
15. Umcabango wokudala wabadali bakashokoledi awudluleli ekwakhiweni komkhiqizo kuphela. Kwesinye isikhathi umbono wabaklami abafaka amathayili amancane noma imigoqo ebunjeni obungavamile ngokuphelele ufanele ukunconywa. Futhi uma osofa bakashokoledi, izicathulo noma ama-mannequins abonakala njengokweqa ngokweqile, khona-ke ama-dominoes, abakhi be-LEGO noma isethi yamapensela eshokoledi abukeka eyangempela futhi enesitayela. Ngasikhathi sinye, izinto ziyasebenza: ngosizo lwama-dominoes ungakwazi "ukubamba imbuzi", uhlanganise imoto encane kusuka kusethi ye-LEGO, bese udweba amapensela kashokolethi angabi kubi kakhulu kunalawo enziwe ngokhuni. Baze beze ngesici sokulola ushokoledi.
